动词的非谓语形式有三种.doc

动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词(一) 不定式、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主动to buildto have builtto be buildingto have been building 被动to be buildto have been build 不定式由“ to十动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“ not to do”不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语不定式的逻辑主语有时用“ for十名词或代词宾格”构成 1不定式的用法： l) 作主语不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用 it作形式主语例； To see is to believe It is right to give up smoking 2)作宾语不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语。往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用 it作形式宾语例： I find it interesting to study work with him.3)作宾语补足语例如： He asked me to do the work with him. 注意 ：在 feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice, observe，see，watch，have, let，make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带 to但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带 to例 I often hear him sing the song He is often heard to sing the song 注意：不定式动词在介词 but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词 do的各种形式，这些介词后的不定式不带 to，否则要带 to如： She could do nothing but cry. What do you like to do besides swim? I have no choice but to go 4)作定语例如： I have some books for you to read 注作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词例如：He is looking for a room to live in There is nothing to worry about Please give me a knife to cut with但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是 time，place或 way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去例如： He had no money and no place to live.注当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同试比较： A) Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗? B) Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗? (不定式 to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的 me或someone else) 5)作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件例如： I came here to see you(目的) We were very excited to hear the news(原因) He hurried to the school to find nobody there(结果) To look at him, you would like him(条件)目的状语还可以用 in order to或 so as to来表示如： In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard We ran all the way so as not to be late不定式也可在作表语用的形容词后面作状语例如： I am very glad to hear it The question is difficult to answer“ too十形容词或副词十不定式”作状语例如： He is too old to do that另外句子中有 enough这个词时，常用不定式作状语例如： The room is big enough to hold us 6)作表语例：My job is to help the patient 7)作独立成分例；To tell the truth， I dont agree with you. 8)不定式与疑问词 who，which，when，where，how，what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等例如： He didnt know what to say.(宾语) How to solve the problem is very important(主语) My question is when to start. (表语) 注意：在与 why连用时，只用于 why或 why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带 to. 例如: Why not have a rest? 9)不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式。多数情况下是容易判别的，但有时的确比较复杂，请注意以下几点： A)不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。 Have you got a key to unlock the door? B)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式 I have got a letter to write( I write letter) He needs a room to live in( He lives in a room) I know what to do( I do what) 但这句如改为下列形式，不定式就得用被动形式：I know what is to be done. 这是因为 what is to be done是宾语从句，从句中的主语 what是动词 do的动作对象 C)不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了 for one或 for people例如： He is hard to talk to( to talk to him) The book is difficult to understand. ( to understand the book.) 但如果强调句中的受事者时，亦可用不定式被动式，例如： The handwriting is very difficult to be read. The box is too heavy to be lifted D)在 “there十be” 的结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式，如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式 There is a lot of work to do. ( Somebody has to do the work) There is a lot of work to be done ( The work has to be done.) 请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的： There is nothing to do. 意为无事可做，感到十分乏味 There is nothing to be done意为某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常2不定式的时态 l)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生，或是在它之后发生例如： I saw him go out 2)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式例如： I am very glad to be working with you 3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式例如: Im sorry to have kept you waiting. 3不定式的语态 当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。例如： He asked to be sent to work in the countryside It is possible for our hopes to be realized 2.分词的用法 l)作定语 分词短语做定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词做定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前例如: The man standing by the window is our teacher. The excited people rushed into the building 注意：现在分词作定语时，它表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。例如： The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window 现在分词作定语的差异： 现在分词在句中作定语时，不仅存在前置与后置的区别，而且存在状态、时间与形式上的差异。 一、状态差异 现在分词作定语明显存在状态差异。一般来讲，前置的现在分词静感强。而后置现在分词动感强。学习时要注意体会这一点。 例1：The labouring people are the wisest. 例2：The farmers labouring here are not afraid of snakes 能前置的现在分词为数不太多，常见的大都是已被形容词化了的现在分词。这一点主要表现在有些现在分词前常有程度副词，有些现在分词甚至还有比较等级。 例3: I have brought very exciting news to you 例4：This is the most exciting story that I have ever read 二、时间差异 时间差异指现在分词表示的动作发生的时间差异。有些现在分词作定语时表示正在进行的动作。这些现在分词若改为定语从句宜用进行时态。 例5：Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise? Did you tell the children who were playing there not to make any noise? 例6：The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday. The American president who is visiting China now will return on Saturday.有些现在分词作定语时则表示经常性动作或现在(或当时)的状态。此类现在分词若改为定语从句宜用一般时态，而不宜用进行时态。若译成汉语也应注意体现这一点。 例7：They stayed at a hotel standing by the lake. 例8：The temple standing on top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty. 三、形式差异 从形式来看，前置现在分词多为单个分词，而后置现在分词多为短语。换句话说，若用现在分词作定语，单个分词要前置，分词短语要后置。但也不能绝对如此，要视情况而定。要是强调动感，即使是单个分词也应后置。 例9：Look! The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary 从内容来讲，前置现在分词多为不及物动词，没有自己的宾语或状语。后置现在分词可带宾语或状语。有时前置现在分词也可有自己的宾语或状语，不过要置于分词前，且中间要有连词符号。当然，带比较级时除外。 例10：Barking dogs seldom bite 例 11：The person translating the songs can speak seven languages. 例 12：England and America are English-speaking countries值得说明的是，现在分词的完成式与被动式一般都不能用作前置定语，只能作后置定语，使用时应慎重。例 13：We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here 2)作状语 分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状况等。例； Being a student, I must study hard.(原因) While reading the book, he nodded from time to time(时间) The teacher stood there surrounded by the students(方式) 注：分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致 注：表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词 while或 when引出 注：有时“with( without)十名词(或代词宾格)十分词”的结构，表示伴随状况例； He lay half dead，with all his ribs broken 注：当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时：分词必须有自己的主语例如: Time permitting, I will finish another lesson3)作表语例如： The news is inspiring. /The glass is broken 4)作宾语补足语例如:We saw the teacher making the experiment. 注意.感官动词feel，hear，listen to，see，watch，notice，observe，look at(一感二听五看)及find等既可以接现在分词又可以接过去分词充当补足语，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是有差别的，用现在分词，表示动作正在发生，(即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束)，用不定式表示动作发生了，(即动作全过程结束了)。例如： I saw the girl getting on the tractor I saw the girl get on the tractor and drive off He had his clothes washed. (他叫别人洗了衣服) We had the fire burning all day(我们使火燃烧了一整天)。 注意：“ have十宾语十现在分词”表示主体使客体处于某状态或干什么事；“ have十宾语十过去分词”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air moving against your face.The air can be felt moving against your face, if you wave your book in front of your face.The next morning she found the man lying in bed, dead.The next morning the man was found lying in bed, dead. 2.表示“致使”动词get，have，leave等既可以接现在分词又可以接过去分词充当补足语。-Good morning. Can I help you?-Id like to have the package weighed, madam.(MET89)3.表示“意欲；命令”的动词如like，want，wish，order等常接过去分词充当补足语。如：You must tell us exactly what you would like done.你必须准确地告诉我们该做什么。The father wants his daughter taught the piano.这位父亲想让女儿学钢琴。I wish it done quickly.我希望很快将此事做完。注意：set，start，catch常跟现在分词作宾语补足语，make常跟过去分词作宾语补足语。如：He looked around and caught a man putting his hand into the pocket of a passenger.(2004年北京春季卷)典例精析：1. I smell something _ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? (2007全国I)A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt答案：A。解析：smell something burning“闻着什么东西在燃烧而发出糊味”强调这个动作正在进行。burning作宾语补足语。something burnt “烧焦了的东西”表示一种状态。所以选A。2. After a knock at the door, the child heard his mothers voice _ him. (2007年上海卷)A. calling B. called C. being called D. to call答案：A。解析：hear sb. doing sth.意为“听到某人在做某事”。动词+ing表示主动，the child heard his mothers voice calling him表示“孩子听见他母亲喊他”。hear sth. done表示“听见某事被做了”。所以选A。3. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _ in a short period. (2007年福建卷)A. improved B. improving C. to improve D. improve答案：A。解析：have sth. done表示“使某事被做”，have her written English improved “使她的书面英语得到提高”。动词+ed形式作宾语补足语表示被动。have sb. doing sth.意为“使某人一直在做某事”表主动。have sb. do sth.意为“使某人做某事”表主动，do前必须省略to。所以选A。4. - Did Peter fix the computer himself?- He _, because he doesnt know much about computers. (2007安徽)A. has it fixed B. had fixed it C. had it fixed D. fixed it答案：C。解析：have sth. done表示“使某事被做或请别人做某事”，动词+ed形式作宾语补足语表示被动。由because he doesnt know much about computers可判断出2011年高考英语非谓语动词考点及精品练习题(十)典型陷阱题分析1. Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _ a good college.A. enter B. to enterC. entering D. entered【陷阱】容易误选A。有的同学一看到空格前的情态动词 could 就断定此处应填动词原形 enter。【分析】其实正确答案应是B。此句为省略句，即在 could 后省略了动词 do，若把句子补完整应为Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短语(to enter a good college)是用作目的状语的，而不是与情态动词(could)一起构成谓语。请再看类似例句：(1) They did what they could to comfort her. 他们尽量安慰她。(2) They did everything they could to save her life. 他们尽一切力量拯救她的性命。值得指出的是，这也并不是说今后只要遇到类似结构的题就一定选带to不定式。请看以下试题：(4) He ran as fast as he could _ to catch the early bus.A. to hope B. hopeC. hoping D. hoped此题的答案是 C不是A，其中的现在分词短语 hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴随状语。(5) He spent every minute he could _ spoken English.A. practise B. to practiseC. practising D. practised此题答案选 C，这与前面动词 spent 的搭配有关，即 spend (in) doing sth。若将此句补充完整，即为 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English.(6) Before going abroad he devoted all he could _D_ his oral English.A. improve B. to improveC. improving D. to improving此题答案选D，注意两点：一是 devote to 是固定搭配，意为“把贡献给”；二是其中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时要用动名词。2. He knows nothing about it, so he cant help _ any of your work. A. doing B. to doC. being doing D. to be done【陷阱】容易误选B，根据 cant help doing sth 这一结构推出。【分析】其实答案应选A。比较以下结构：cant help to do sth = 不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth = 禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事又如下面一题，答案也是 B：She cant help _ the house because shes busy making a cake.A cleaning B. to cleanC. cleaned D. being cleaned再请看以下试题：While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need.A. to persuade B. persuadingC. being persuaded D. be persuaded此题应选C，句中的 cant help 意为“禁不住”（注意根据句意用被动形式）。3. All her time _ experiments, she has no time for films.A. devoted to do B. devoted to doingC. devoting to doing D. is devoted to doing【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。【分析】此题最佳答案为B。现分析如下：(1) devote 意为“致力于，献身于”，主要用 devoteto或be devoted to，其中的to 是介词，不是不定式符号，故后接动词时要用动名词，不用不定式。(2) 选A错误：若将 do 改为 doing 则可以。(3) 选B正确：all her time devoted to doing experiments为独立主格结构，用作状语。(4) 选C错误：因为all her time 与 devote 为被动关系，故应将devoting改为devoted。(5) 选D错误：若单独看 All her time is devoted to doing experiments，此句并没有错，但问题是逗号前后两个简单句没有必要的连接方式，所以从整体上看仍不对，假若在后一句的句首加上and或so，则可选D，或将D将中的is 改为 being也可选它。请做以下类似题（答案均选A）：(1) All the preparations for the project _, were ready to start. A. completed B. have been completedC. had been completed D. been completed(2) Such _ the case, I couldnt help but_ him.A. being, support B. was, support C. has been, supporting D. is, to support比较以下各题，答案选B，因为句中使用了并列连词and：(1) All the preparations for the project _, and were ready to start. A. completed B. have been completedC. had been completed D. been completed(2) Such _ the case, I couldnt help but_ him.A. being, support B. was, support C. has been, supporting D. is, to support4. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult.A. not make B. not to makeC. not making D. do not make【陷阱】容易误选C，受题干中的逗号的影响，认为是现在分词表结果的用法。【分析】其实答案应选B，句中的逗号相当于连词 and 或 but，not to make it more difficult 是对逗号前的不定式 to make life easier 的补充说明。此句的意思是“新技术的目的是为了使生活变得更容易，而不是使生活变得更困难”。两个不定式同时用以说明句子主语 purpose 的内容。请做以下类似试题（答案选B）：The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but _ work for young people. A. provide B. to provideC. providing D. provided5. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back.A. to be tied B. being tiedC. tied D. having tied【陷阱】容易误选B。【分析】最佳答案为C。从意义上看，hands 与 tie 的关系应属被动关系，故排除D。在A、B、C三个选项中，选项A比较容易排除，因为不定式表示将来意义，在此与语境不符。现将B和C作一比较：B为现在分词的被动式，它表示两层意义，一是表被动，二是表进行，也就是说 his hands being tied 的实际意思是“他的手正在被捆住”，这显然与语境不符。而C为过去分词，它也表示两层意义，一是表被动，二是表示动词的完成或完成后的状态，此句中的 with his hands tied behind his back 可视为手被捆在背后的一种状态。由此可知最佳答案为C。请看下面一题：Anyone _ trying to take knives on heard flights would be caught by the police. A. finds B. foundC. being found D. will find答案选B而不选C，其中的过去分词表示被动和完成。比较下面两题，最佳答案是D不是A，现在分词的被动式表示被动和进行：(1) The court hears about 120 cases a year; visitors are welcome to see a case _.A. argued B. to be arguedC. to be arguing D. being argued(2) The silence of the library was sometimes broken by an occasional cough or by the sound of pages _.A. turned B. having turnedC. to be turned D. being turned6. Remind me _ the medicine tomorrow. A. of taking B. takingC. to take D. take【陷阱】容易误选A。受 remind sb of (doing) sth 这一常用结构的影响。【分析】最佳答案为C。比较以下三个结构：remind sb of about sth = 使某人想起某事remind sb of doing sth = 提醒某人做过某事（暗示动作已发生）remind sb to do sth = 提醒某人去做某事（暗示动作尚未发生）请看两个例句：I reminded him of his promise. 我提醒他做过的诺言。My wife reminded me of seeing that film. 我妻子提醒我曾经看过那部电影。Can you remind me to phone her tomorrow? 你明天能否提醒我给她打电话?7. Once your business becomes international, _ constantly will be part of your life.A. you fly B. your flightC. flight D. flying【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。【分析】最佳答案为D。由于空格后出现了constantly这一副词，这就说明不能选B或C，因为B、C均为名词，不能受副词 constantly 的修饰。A和D均是可能的，因为其中有动词 fly。但若选A，you fly 是一个主谓结构，与其后的谓语 will be 相冲突，所以只能选D，即动名词flying在此用作主语。8. Not only should you get used _ under difficult conditions but you also you pay more attention _ your work well. A. to work, to do B. to working, to doingC. to work, to doing D. to working, to do【陷阱】容易误选A，认为两个空白处均应填不定式。【分析】正确答案为B，因为 get used to与pay attention to 这两个结构中的to均为介词，不是不定式符号，故后接动词时要用动名词，不能动词原形。类似地，以下各结构中的 to 也是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时也应用动名词，而不是动词原形：look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事be opposed to doing sth 反对做某事object to doing sth反对做某事stick to doing sth 坚持做某事get down to doing sth 开始做某事take to doing sth 喜欢上做某事admit to doing 承认做了某事pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事devote ones time to doing sth 把某人的时间用于(奉献于)做某事be equal to doing sth 等于做某事，能胜任做某事What do you say to doing sth 你认为做某事怎么样9. Both of my parents insisted _ a computer for me, but I dont think it is necessary.A. to buy B. buyingC. on buying D. in buying【陷阱】容易误选B，误认为insist后不能接不定式，但可以接动名词。【分析】答案应选C。其实，动词 insist 后既不能接不定式也不能接动名词，因为insist 通常用作不及物动词；若语义上需接宾语，要借助介词 on或upon，即用于 insist on upon (doing) sth；但它有时的确也可用作及物动词，不过其宾语通常只能是 that 从句，而不能是普通的名词、代词或动名词。如：He insisted on seeing her home. 他坚持送她回家。I insisted that he (should) stay. 我坚持要他留下。10. “Do you have anything more _, sir?” “No. You can have a rest or do something