新发展研究生英语综合教程3.doc

一、 英译汉，汉译英PartA1 从前有一个人，他有一个梦。他梦到一片和平与和谐的土地。他梦到一个不以肤色评判人的地方。他梦到一个国家，在那里不同种族的孩子们在一起玩。他梦到一个国家，在那里所有的人都是平等的。有些人不喜欢他的梦，他们说这个梦永远不会实现。有些人则对他的梦喝彩，他们想实现这个梦。对一些人而言，这个崇高的理想已经实现，而对另一些人而言，还只是一个幻想. 这个人，马丁路德金博士，在1963年的一篇有名的演讲“我有一个梦”中表达了他的理想。其实这个根植于“美国梦”的理想，并不是个完全新奇的主张。从一开始，这个由移民所组成的国家，使欢迎渴望自由和追求生活新起点的人的到来。但不同种族的到来同时也造成了紧张的气氛。PartA1（答案） Once a man had a dream, he dreamed of a land of peace and harmony. He dreamed of a place where people were not judged by their skin color. He dreamed of a country where children of different races could play together. He dreamed of a nation where all people were equal. Some people didnt like his dream. They said it would never happen. Some people applauded his dream. They wanted to make it happen. This noble vision has come true for some. For others, its still just a fantasy. In 1963, this man, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , expressed his vision in the famous speech, I Have a Dream. But the dream rooted in the American Dream wasnt really new. From the beginning, this nation of immigrants welcomed people desiring freedom and a new start. However, the coming together of different races and ethnic groups created some tensions.PartB1 The United States is currently shifting from being a nation of immigrants Of mainly European descent to one of immigrants from other parts of the world, such as Asia and Latin America. The number of recent immigrants has skyrocketed.they desire to escape economic hardship in their native countries as well as seek a better education and a more prosperous life in America.the land of opportunity.Although there are frequent conflicts between the cultures they have brought with them from the old country and those found in America, most immigrants learn to adjust to and love their adopted land. Americans have also learned much from the customs and ideas of the immigrants and are often influenced by them in subtle and interesting ways.Immigrants bring their native cultural, political, and social patterns and attitudes, varied academic and religious backgrounds, as well as their ethnic arts, sports, holidays, festivals, and foods.They have greatly enriched American life. For immigrants from all parts of the world, the United States has been a melting pot in which the foreigners have sometimes remained culturally and linguistically what they were in their native lands, even as they move toward becoming citizens of the United States, a country whose people share a common cultural outlook and set of values.The melting pot does not melt away all recollections of another way of life in other placenor should it. On the contrary, immigrants should maintain the languages, skills, religions, customs and arts of their own heritage, even while they are working towards entering the mainstream of American culture.PartB1（答案） 目前，美国正在从一个主要由欧洲移民构成的国家向来自世界各地（如亚洲、拉丁美洲）的移民构成的国家转变，其移民数量骤增。这些移民渴望摆脱本国的经济困境，希望到美国这个充满机遇的国家寻求更好的受教育的机会和更富足的生活。尽管他们带来的本国文化与美国本土文化时有冲突，但大多数移民都学会了如何适应并热爱这片收养他们的土地。 美国人从移民的习俗和观点中也学到了许多东西，其生活的各个方面都受到了移民的影响，这种影响常常是潜移默化、妙趣横生的。而移民不仅带来了本土在文化、政治和社会生活方面的模式和态度、不同的学术和宗教背景，同时也带来了各民族独特的艺术、体育、节假日和食品等等。他们极大地丰富了美国人的生活. 对于来自世界各地的移民而言，美国成为了一个“大熔炉”他们逐渐成为美国公民，与其他美国人同享一套文化价值观，与此同时，这些移民有时还保留了本国的文化和语言。大熔炉并不会将移民们在本国生活的记忆完全抹去本来也不该如此。 相反地，在融入美国主流文化的同时，移民们仍然应该保留语言、技能、宗教、习俗和艺术等方面的民族遗产.PartA2: 按照查尔斯达尔文的理论，自然选择依据四个原则。第一，繁殖是在自然环境内发生的。第二，一个物种的基因，即包含个体特征的生命基本单位，要传给后代。这些基因具有一定程度的随机可变性；也就是说，将不同的特征分散到一个物种的各个成员。第三，由于一个物种的成员具有不同的特征，一些成员在自然环境中的生存机会比其他成员多一些，把遗传特征传给下一代的机会也多一些。第四，世世代代以来，在自然环境中帮助生存的那些遗传特征往往会在一个物种中变成共同的特征，而不曾帮助生存的那些遗传特征往往会消失。PartA2（答案）: According to Charles Darwin, natural selection is based on four principles. First, reproduction occurs within a natural environment. Second, the genes of a species, the basic units of life that contain the individuals traits, are passed on to offspring. These genes have a degree of random variability; that is, different characteristics are distributed among the members of a species. Third, because the members of a species possess different characteristics, some members have a better chance of surviving in the natural environment than do othersand of passing their particular genetic traits to the next generation. Fourth, over thousands of generation, those genetic traits that aid survival in the natural environment tend to become common in a species, while those that do not tend to disappear.PartB2: With the publication of On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Charles Darwin in 1859 showed conclusively that species evolved and were not immutable over time. This revolutionary idea permitted an explanation of the fossil record that did not need to invoke the Biblical story of the Flood or the view that all extinct animals and plants had perished as a result of this global catastrophe. It became possible to compare modern and fossil animals and to construct lineages through time that documented the changes that had occurred, and the distribution of fossil forms began to take on new significance. It became apparent that assemblages of fossils betray climatic preferences at any given time and climatic change through time. Another 12 years elapsed before Darwin applied has theory of evolution and its mechanism, natural selection acting upon a pool Of normal biological variation to the case of man; the delay more likely was because of lack of fossil evidence than lack of courage. The so-called Darwinian tautology, The survival of the fittest is the survival of those best fitted to survive, gives an insight into the adaptations of living organisms that lead to an increase in their chances of survival and of leaving more offspring than their rivals. The closer the adaptation to the environment, the greater the chances of survival. This pathway leads to specialization:fish need water in which to swim, birds need wings with which to fly, koalas need eucalyptus leaves to eat nothing else will do.PartB2（答案）: 随着物种起源的发表，查尔斯达尔文在1859年就决断性地宣传了物种是在进化的，而且并非经久不变。这种革命性的理念可以用化石记录做出解释，而无须求助于圣经中大洪水的故事，也无须求助于那种认为由于这场全球性的灾难所有动植物都灭绝了的观点。现在已经可以对现代动物和化石动物进行比对以划定年代表，其中记录了曾经发生过的很多变迁，而各类化石的分布也开始具有了新的重要意义。显然，某个化石集中的地方反映出某一特定时段内的气候特点和长时期内的气候变化。12年后，达尔文才把他的进化论应用于人类，其中包括进化机制、自然选择对众多的正常生物变异所起的作用。之所以拖这么长的时间与其说是因为勇气不足，倒不如说因为缺少化石证据。 达尔文所反复强调的“适者生存是最适应生存的物种才能生存”使人类对有机生命体的适应能力有了深入了解。有机生命体的适应能力增加了其存活的机会，也增加了其比竞争对手繁殖更多后代的机会。越适应环境，生存下去的几率也就越高。这条道路导致了特化作用：鱼需要水才能游，鸟有了