2-准确翻译文言文阅读材料中的句子.doc

准确翻译文言文阅读材料中的句子四川省伍隍中学 闵文 2004年高考文言文句子翻译的分值达到8分，充分体现了新课标对中学语文教学人文性的要求。随着高考改革，文言文句子翻译将可能单独选用文段，题料除之前的史传文学外，寓言、游记和短论等亦可能涉及，以充分体现新课标对中学生文化修养培养要求。 文言文句子翻译复习中，我建议在充分阅读教本的同时，加大对解题步骤的常规训练，培养学生动笔前有意识地去辨识可能成为评分点的常见词语的能力，翻译时做到点面结合，文从字顺，以尽力减少失分。 一、文言句子翻译判分标准 按照高考评分要求，对所译句子能译出大意，文句通顺，即可得1分；译出每个关键词得1分，一个句子往往设23个关键词，。考核点以常见实词（古今同用但意思发生变化的词）和少量虚词为主。句式不作为判分点，个别生冷词语如果出现，只作干扰，不列为评分点。 二、以教本为纲，提高文化修养 要准确翻译高考文言文阅读材料中的句子，最根本的一条是要有较厚的古文化修养，作为高考考生就必须熟悉所学教材的内容，熟悉常见的一些古文化常识，古文化现象，尤其要吃透教材中一些常见的古汉语实词、虚词、固定句式，尤其是高考语文大纲所规定的实词和虚词，必须熟悉它们在教材中的常规用法，了解它们在古今不同的用法和意义。我感到，在高考的第一、二轮复习中，古文的复习应以教本为纲，结合一些练习题，积累古汉语词汇，收集它们的一些用法，并适时迁移使用这类知识。学生在文言句子翻译中出错失分，最大的硬伤就是对一些常见易忽视的词语缺乏应有的感悟，丢掉教材，以现代汉语方式释古汉语。 例：把下面文言文阅读材料中画线的句子翻译成现代汉语。 戊子，上（指唐太宗）谓侍臣曰：“朕观隋炀帝集，文辞奥博，亦知是尧、舜而非桀纣，然行事何其反也！”魏征对曰：“人君虽圣哲，犹当虚己以爱人，故智者献其谋，勇者竭其力。炀帝恃其俊才，骄矜自用，故口诵尧、舜之言而身为桀、纣之行，曾不自知，以至覆亡也。”上曰：“前事不远，吾属之师也！” （资治通鉴唐纪） （1）亦知是尧、舜而非桀纣，然行事何其反也 真的不掉线吗？、？译：_ （2）前事不远，吾属之师也！ 译：_ 典型误译举隅：1、（隋炀帝）也懂得要学习尧、舜而不是桀、纣，然而做事为什么又反了呢！ 2、以前的事例相隔不久，是我的老师呀！ 由此误译可以发现，该生一是未能找准判分词“何其”、“属”等，而导致漏译或误译，二是对常见词的词义把握不准，如“是”、“非”二词。三是不能将教材中的知识迁移使用，如“属”字可谓多处出现，如“吾属且为虏也”（鸿门宴），“有良田美池桑竹之属”（桃花源记）。文中的“曾”字也多处出现，如“曾不如孀妻弱子”（愚公移山）。 可译作：（1）（隋炀帝）也知道称赞尧和虞舜，指斥夏桀和商纣，可是他做事多么相反啊（或译为“可是他做事为什么那样相反呢”）！ （2）以前的事情离我们不远，是我们的借鉴（或老师）啊！ 三、点面结合，译准句子 对于翻译句子而言，点面结合的含义有两层：一是以文段为面，以所译句子为点，由面及点，求“通”而不只求“懂”；二是译句子时以句意为面，以关键词为点，由面及点。点上得分，以面上得分为基础。 例：把文言文阅读材料中的句子翻译成现代汉语。 太宗入德超之谗，疑曹彬不轨。普再相，为彬辩雪保证，事状明白。太宗叹曰：“朕听断不明，几误国事。”即日窜逐德超，遇彬如旧。 （宋史赵普传） 译：_ 坚持点面结合，一定要译准句意，能译出各句大意记4分，译准重点词语“入”、“不轨”、“再”、“保证”、“听断”、“几”、“遇”各得1分。典型失误是漏译或误译关键词“入”、“再”、“遇”，而此类词皆为常见实词。 可译为：太宗听信了德超的谗言，怀疑曹彬违犯法纪。赵普再次担任宰相，（他）真的不掉线吗？、？为曹彬辩解担保，事情的情形都弄清了。太宗叹息道：“我听信谗言，决断不明，差点误了国家大事。”当天就驱逐了德超，像原来一样对待曹彬。 四、小练习 将下面文言短文中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。 五官莫明于目，面有黑子，而目不知，写在其为明也？客有任目而恶镜者，曰：“是好苦我。吾自有目，乌用镜为？”久之，视世之所称美人，鲜当意者，而不知其面之黑子，泰然谓美莫亡若。左右匿笑，客终不悟，悲夫！ （1）是好苦我。 译：_ （2）久之，视世之所称美人，鲜当意者。 译：_ （3）左右匿笑，客终不悟，悲夫！ 译：_ 附答案： 1、这（镜子）让我好苦恼（或痛苦）。 2、时间久了，（他）看当世所认可的美人，（竟）很少（有）符合自己心愿的人。 3、身边的人暗中笑（他），门客最终不能体悟，悲哀啊！ 真的不掉线吗？、？Description (Mainly)1. 說出你認為對你最有用的一本書，並解釋原因。The most helpful book for me is the famous English novel “Jane Eyre” written by Charlotte Bronte. The heroine called Jane Eyre is outwardly of poor appearance but plucky, she posses great courage and indomitable spirit to battle against unfair fortune as the governess to the daughter of attractive Mr. Rochester. It encourages people to challenge fate and take a positive and independent attitude to fight for freedom and equality, thus allowing access to our own happiness. The most useful book for me is the English dictionary. Firstly, many English words have more than one meaning and always confuse me. The dictionary can help me get over by offering many detailed explanations and examples. In addition, I can also learn how to apply the new words into writing and speaking by studying the examples earnestly.真的不掉线吗？、？Furthermore, I can learn a lot of knowledge beside new words. For example, it is very likely that a good dictionary illustrate a specific animal or plant with a picture. Thus, we get more information out of the dictionary.2. Describe the most important decision that you made in your life.The most important decision that I have ever made is when I was 19 years old, I chose chemistry as my major in my college. Its of great importance because it determines what I will learn and what I will do the next four years. What is more, it partly determines my future career for the rest of my life. After four years of study, I think I made a right decision, because I do like chemistry and have learned a lot of skills. I also have learned how to create an idea and implement it in my study and scientific research, which is an important ability during my lifetime.3. 空閒時間用來做什麼?4. What will you do to relax yourself?(3) I always prefer to spend spare time with my friends in a 真的不掉线吗？、？coffee house, because I like the quiet atmosphere and soft music there. There is one such coffee house near my university, sometimes we go there to enjoy the delicious coffee and cookies on the weekends, and all the things provided there are not very expansive. We can just sit down and share our experience with each other. So I think a coffee house is an ideal place to have a good time with friends. (4) I always prefer to go to a coffee house with my friends to relax myself, because -5.當你去restaurant或cafe得時候最care about的features有那些Actually, when I go to a restaurant or caf I only care about some basic features. First of all, the most important thing I concern with is the sanitary condition. Its directly related to consumers health, you will feel uncomfortable to sit down 真的不掉线吗？、？in a dirty house and use the dirty dishware. In addition, I think a good service is also necessary; I dont want to wait for a meal for a long time and the waiter/waitress shouldnt give you a cold face at least. Besides, the taste of foods provided also plays a crucial role for me to judge a restaurant or caf.6. 描述一件自己印象深刻的celebration或者moment。The most memorable moment is my graduation dinner party with all my classmates. It was such a special day that full of happiness and sorrow. We had studied and lived for 4 years and then we had to say goodbye to our friends. I will never forget the day we cried together and jointed in embrace. We were going different places of China and even the world, so we gave best wishes to our dear friends. Because the day means the end of one part of our lives and embarks on our promising future.7. Describe a social or politics celebration events in your culture.8. Favorite time of a year真的不掉线吗？、？(7) Spring Festival may be the most important celebration event in China, which symbolizes the beginning of a new year. It allows us to depart from bad luck and all displeasure together with the past as well as long for a much better future. In addition, the festival provides all Chinese people in the world an opportunity to gather with family or friends, enjoying delicious food, watching TV celebrating programs, sharing experience in the past year and receive best wishes from each other and so on. (8) My favorite time of a year is the Spring Festival, which symbolizes-9. 說出你所居住的城市中你最喜歡的地方，給出原因。10. 描述一件童年很happy的event，然後explain why it is memorable11. Describe an enjoyable event in your childhood真的不掉线吗？、？12. some good news and why13. Describe an object which is very important to you.14. Describe a special opportunity given to you15. What do you miss most when you are away from home?16. Describe a letter or poem or .that is important to you(9) My favorite place is the Lianfeng Mountain Park, which locates the small Bei Daihe city east of China, abut on Bohai Sea. You can enjoy the fresh air among the brushy trees as well as the euphonic birds singing. More amazingly, it doesnt take long to go to theseaside. Just imagine the blue sky and ocean together with the beautiful sunshine on the beach. Furthermore, I like to collect rainbow seashells on the beach. More important, on the seaside I happened to make friends with a pretty and kind girl with the same favor for seashells. She gave me some heart-shaped seashells, which are very unique, as a remembrance. The trip to the small city is really interesting and memorable. 真的不掉线吗？、？(10,11) The most happy event in my childhood is the trip to my favorite place Lianfeng Mountain Park, which locates -(12) One of the good news for me is when my parents told me well go to the Lianfeng Mountain Park, which locates-(13) One of the important object for me is a unique seashell as a gift from one of my friends. It recalls my member of the trip to Lianfeng Mountain Park, which locates-(14) I once had an opportunity to my favorite place Lianfeng Mountain Park, which locates-(15) I miss the beautiful scenery in my hometown the most, especially the Lianfeng Mountain Park, which locates-(16) An important letter for me is from one of my friends I met during my trip to the Lianfeng Mountain Park, which locates-. It recalls my memory of the beautiful scenery, the fresh air among -真的不掉线吗？、？17.Favorite roomMy favorite room is my bedroom. Its not very big but I can do many things in the room. Firstly, its the place I study, I have a big book shelf with different types of readings, ranging from scientific books to literature works, newspapers to magazines. In addition, my bedroom is also the place I relax and exercise myself indoor, I can listen to the music, surf the internet and doing some boxing to keep fit and healthy. Besides, the room is decorated all by myself, just the way I like. So my favorite bedroom gives me a lot of fun. 18. The most efficient transportation in your country。 be free of traffic problem and other factors faster than bus and automobiles frequently and punctuallyThe most efficient transportation in our country is subway. First of all, it can be free of traffic problems and many other factors that may influence the normal operation of transportation. In addition, it runs much faster than bus or automobiles even in rush hours and will never stop for a 真的不掉线吗？、？traffic jam. Besides, the subway trains come frequently and punctually, thus make it easier for passengers to make schedule. All these advantages make subway the most efficient transportation. 19. 說近100年最important的invention之一worldwide connection possible; promote development of science & technology; provide entertainment.The most important invention in the recent century would definitely be the internet, which has changed our life so tremendously. First of all, it makes the worldwide connection possible so that it can help human beings to work much more conveniently and efficiently. In addition, it has greatly promoted the development of science and technology by a number of websites and databases of information. Besides, it can provide people with entertainment, such as watching movie, chatting room and even shopping. So the internet is really an amazing invention. 20.描述一個你參加過的學校I like my university, Nanjing university, which locates the center area of Nanjing. We have dormitories, teaching buildings and refectories named by number and research buildings named by subject. So you can easily find a specific spot. There is also a large playground and gym with a number of exercise facilities. Furthermore, it has beautiful scenery in the campus, and there are lots of trees, flowers and grasses, so you can enjoy the fresh air and the euphonic birds singing in the morning. 21. 學生放假應該做些什麼？Students might have many choices to spend a vacation as long as they can make the vacation time interesting or helpful. For example, you can visit your families or friends, go to concerts or do many other things for relaxation. You can also plan a trip to the city or somewhere you are longing for, which will help to broaden your view and knowledge. Furthermore, you can also choose to have a vacation internship, and the experience will increase your income as well as make you familiar with the society. So there is never lack of choices.23.老師的character24.What do you think are the characteristics of a good parent?25.說一個你敬佩的人的好性格A good teacher should bear many excellent qualities. First of all, a teacher should have 真的不掉线吗？、？outstanding teaching ability and an open mind. In other words, its important to be good at encouraging students to think, decide and attempt, and the teacher should be willing to learn and accept new things. Furthermore, a teacher is supposed to be patient and sincere to all the students even though they make mistakes in class. A teacher should also be an honest and humble person, who opens heart to surrounding people and never refuses to acknowledge her shortcomings, even to her students. These qualities can make a good teacher.26. Characteristics of friendsGood friends should bear several qualities. First of all, a friend indeed is a friend in need. A good friend should be willing to help you when you are in trouble, comfort you when you are frustrated. Furthermore, good friends should also be honest people, who can open heart to others and never refuse to acknowledge their shortcomings. I feel comfortable and safe to get along with these types of friends, and they can always offer their opinions for your goods. So I think friends like this deserve to be credited as the good ones. 27.good leader應有哪些qualities？A good leader should bear some necessary qualities. First of all, a leader should own the ability of team building and help each individual in the team to perform their very best. In addition, a good leader should master impressive professional knowledge and skills, in order to decide the direction of team development and help the subordinates to solve practical problems. Furthermore, a good leader should respect the work and be willing to work with other team members. These qualities can make a good leader. 28.描述一次challenging experience，以及如何解決這個challengeI once had a tough experience last semester when I was invited to show my dance with my friends in a large-scale celebration evening. It was challenging because we had only less than two weeks for preparation. Even worse, it was the end of the term and we were all busy with our final exams. In such a short time, as a leader, I investigated new dancing actions after my work during the daytime and taught other members every night. We taught and learned together and encouraged each other when we were frustrated. Finally, we had achieved a fantastic performance. 29.說說你向別人要求幫助的經歷，別人是怎麼樣幫助你的At the end of last semester I had a tough experience when I was invited to show my dance in a large-scale celebration evening, I had less than two weeks for preparation and I was so busy with my final exams. I told my dilemma to one of my friends who is also good at dancing and has relatively more spare time. He asked me not to be gloomy and promised 真的不掉线吗？、？to investigate the dancing actions instead of me. He learned new dancing actions during the daytime and taught me every night. It did save me a lot of time and I successfully accomplished both the performance and exams. 30.最想學的一個技能The skill I want to command is to repair large-scale machines, which is of great help in my scientific research. Firstly, if I can repair apparatus in my laboratory all by myself, I wont depend on others. Asking others for solution usually cost considerable time and money. I even have to please them in order to solve the problem as soon as possible. In addition, if I master the skill of machine-reparation, Ill be more familiar with the machine and working principle and can offer help to others. Thats why I want to learn the skill of machine-reparation. 31. 理想的職業32. 你的目標是什麼I prefer to be a leader, because I want to implement my dream and I think I can meet the qualities required for a good leader. First of all, a good leader should have the ability of team building, and I believe that I can help each individual in the team to perform their very best due to my excellent communicating skills. Furthermore, the experience of being a leader will make me more mature and capable, because I will learn more from the process of planning, organizing and solving unexpected events. So I prefer the position of a leader to a follower. 真的不掉线吗？、？Preference or Selection 33. 和朋友在一起，喜歡在restaurant，caf還是在家 34. 你和朋友在一起的時候喜歡去哪個地方？為什麼？ 35. 你通常喜歡去什麼park或者public area。Similar to No.336. 森林,沙漠,平原.你喜歡住在哪種環境裏? Similar to No.937. Computer have improved our lives while others think computers have caused problems Similar to No.1938. 你是願意當leader還是當followerSimilar to No.3139. 電視對於現代社會有正面作用還是負面作用，選擇其中之一並解釋原因。In my view, television has a positive effect for modern society. Firstly, it offers us an efficient and convenient way to get the latest news. You can directly see what has happened around the entire world just in your home. Moreover, television also has brought us a visual enjoyment and broadened our knowledge by different types of programs. Finally, television can release job seeking pressure at some extent, by providing a job chance for people who are willing to be engaged in related career.40. Which one acts more influence on your newspaper, TV or teachers?41. 人是被電視，報紙，廣播上的資訊影響得多，還是家人朋友得影響多真的不掉线吗？、？I think people nowadays are influenced more by the media rather than their family or friends. For one thing, people are exposed to information from media much more than they spend time with family or friends. It is inevitable for one to absorb things from them and change a previous perception. In addition, modern people are more and more independent. They are not easy to be affected by another person. But they might believe what on the media, because these are more factual things. So I think the media influence people more42. 你是喜歡自己在家裏吃還是去外面餐館吃？為什麼？(1) cheaper; (2) prepare freely, fun, (3) creative process.I prefer eating at home to dining out for many reasons. For one thing, Its much cheaper to eat at home. For a student as me, it can easily cause budget tension by frequently eating out. Furthermore, I can prepare the food just the way I like. Sometimes it can