大学英语语法 第二十二讲 省略.doc

第二十二讲省 略 一、不用替代词的省略1 . 主语Don.t eat more than(what ) is good for you . I have done more than(what) is required . ( It ) Seems easy . ( It ) Sounds funny . ( It ) Looks like they are okay . ( He)Who breaks pays . 谁打破的谁赔。2 . 主语和部分谓语While ready to help her ( = While I was ready to help her ) , I didn.t know what she wanted . I met the girl while on a visit to Guangzhou( = While I was on a visit to Guangzhou) . ( It is) My mistake . ( It is) Very kind of you to help me . I shall go there if ( it is) possible . 3 . 助动词(Do) You understand ? ( Have) Children done their homework ? 4 . There(be) ( There.s) Nothing wrong . ( Is there)Anything I can do for you ? 5 . 主语+ 动词+ 宾语A: To whom did you lend the book ? B: To John . ( I lent the book) 6 . 名词短语的中心词An hour in the morning is worth two( hours) in the evening . 一日之计在于晨。He was always the first (man) to come and the last(man) to leave . 他总是到得最早, 离开最晚。7 . 所有格后面的名词Mary.s( dress) is a beautiful dress . He stayed in his uncle.s( house) during the summer vacation . 8 . 冠词1)两个名词并列时, 第二个名词前的冠词常可省略Both the old and ( the ) young took part in the singing competition . Is the baby a boy or ( a) girl ? 婴儿是男是女? 2)名词作同位语时, 其前的定冠词常可省略War hero Douglas Bader has come . The conference was held in Beijing, capital o f China .大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 803 一、不用替代词的省略As owner and editor o f the Pennsylvania Gazette, Benjamin Franklin made the periodical popular . 3)报刊标题Restaurant Fire Disaster 4)小型广告2nd fl flt in mod blk close West End, dble recep(A second floor flat in a modern block close to the West End with a double reception room . . .) 5)购物单Cleaner.s: collect clothes 取衣服Supermarket: eggs , sugar, salt , wine 超级市场: 售鸡蛋、糖、盐、酒6)注解Causes of 1st World War : massive re-armament . . . 7)通知, 告示( The) Flat ( is) on sale . 公寓出售。( The) Lift ( is) out of order . 电梯故障。8)说明、释义Cut along dotted line . pen: long thin object to write in ink Frame 车架(箭头所指) 9)书名( An) Outline of American History 美国史提纲9 . 并列结构中的同等句子成分Peter likes (Mary) , but John hates Mary . Jim came at eight but Henry ( came ) at nine . I like her more than ( I like) him . I noticed how the teacher asked the questions and ( how) they were answered . To some life is pleasure, and to others( life is) suffering . You may go by land or( by) water . It is a matter of life and( of ) death . 那是一件生死攸关的事。It doesn.t matter whether he is for( the plan) or against the plan . . 但:Does he prefer travelling by night or by day ? ( by 不可省, 表示的是两个不同的观念) 10 . 关系代词或关系副词1)作主语的省略(1)在以it , that , here, there 起首的句子中。例如: It wasn.t I( that) told her the news . That.s a thing( that , which) might happen to any man . Who is it ( that) took away my pen ? There was a girl ( who, that ) wanted to see you . Here are the students ( that , who) called on you yesterday . We are acquaintances, and that.s all ( that ) there.s to it . It is he himself ( that ) is hunted down . It wasn.t she ( that ) made the mistake . (2)在以what , who 等起首的疑问句中。例如:新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书804 第二十二讲省略 Who is it ( that) took away my pen ? What is the black spot ( that) moves about on the wall ? (3)在以we have 起首的句子中。例如: We have 20 essays ( that , which) should be read during the vacation . We have only about 200 hundred dollars ( that , which) can be put to use . (4)在形容词最高级或only, last , first + 名词+ that + ever 结构中。例如: He is the greatest man ( that ) ever breathed . She is the only girl ( that ) ever passed the test . He was the f irst man ( that was) ever saved during the disaster . (5)在I think, I admit , I believe, I feel , I know 插入语前作主语的关系代词。例如: He asked for the material ( that ) I think can not be provided . They talked about the plan ( that ) I believe is not practical . (6)几个that 关系从句修饰同一个先行词时, 只须保留第一个关系代词, 其后的均可省去。例如: It is said that we use hardly one hundred- thousandth of the heat that there is in coal and ( that) could be extracted from it . The dictionary ( that ) he compiled in 1993 and ( that ) he revised last year is very popular among college students . 2)作宾语和表语的省略that , whom, which 作宾语和表语时一般都可省。例如: The flat ( that ) he bought in 2001 and that he sold in 2002 is now again on sale . (两个that 关系从句修饰同一先行词时, 只可省略其中一个关系代词) I have given him anything ( that) he asked for . He is said to be everything ( that) an honest man should be . She is not the girl ( that ) she used to be . 3)作状语的省略He liked the place for the very reason ( that) she ever lived there . I liked the way ( that) she did it . This is the place ( that ) they swam across the river . Those were the years ( that) he was in trouble . This is the factory (where) he worked many years ago . It is for her ( that) I have to do it . Note: 在关系代词+ be( have) + come 结构中, 关系代词可连同be, have 一起省略。例如: It is a dream ( that has) come true . Here are the friends ( who have) come to see you . 11 . 物主代词在某些词组短语中, 物主代词可以省略。例如: He lost ( his) patience . 他不耐烦了。I felt at(my) ease . 我感到舒适。She took (her ) leave soon afterwards . 她不久后就离开了。Note: 有时候, 用不用物主代词含义不同。比较: I shall remember her for li f e . 我将永远记着她。( = forever ) I shall remember her for my li f e . 她救了我的命, 我将永远记着她。( = which she has saved)大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 805 二、用替代词的省略She kept house . 她照管家务。( = looked after ) She kept the house . 她足不出户。( = was confined to) 12 . as . . .as 结构中的省略这种省略通常有两种情况: 从句中与主句中重复的词可省; 在把两个时间、地点等相比较时, 第一个as 可省。例如: She looked a f ter the orphans as carefully as ( she looked) after her own children . He handles great things as easily as ( he handles) small things . He is now as diligent as ( he was) when he was in middle school . He can be ( as ) happy in hard times as in good days . He is ( as) optimistic now as before . Note: 在下面的句子中, 主要动词被省略。He obeys Alice as a son should ( obey) a mother . She fondled the cat as a mother would ( fondle) her child . He let the man go as a cat might ( let ) a mouse ( go) . He did his homework carefully as his sister had (done) hers . 13 . 全句省略某些表示愿望或假设的复合句常可将主句或从句省略。例如: If I could see her again(how happy I should be) ! ( It is pity) That such a great man should die ! I might have been a rich man( if I had taken her advice) . 二、用替代词的省略在某些情况下, 当我们省略掉某个词、词组或句子时, 还需要用某个替代词。常用的替代词有do( does) so, not , to, neither, nor, do so, do that , do it , one( ones) , the same 等。1 . do do 可以用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。例如: He speaks English more fluently than you do. ( = speak English) Did you see the film ? Yes , I did. ( = saw the film) Nelson hoped that they would all do their duty to the country as Englishmen should do . ( = should do their duty to the country) Henry never really succeeded in his ambitions . He might have done, one felt , had it not been for the restlessness of his nature . ( = succeeded in his ambitions) 2 . so 和not so 可以代替单词、词组或句子, 作call , expect , hope, do, fear , hear , imagine, suppose, speak, say, tell , think , believe, be afraid , see, notice 等的宾语; not 代替否定的句子, 用法与so 相似, 并可放在perhaps, probably, absolutely 等副词后。例如: He must be a worker . I imagine so. ( = that he is a worker ) Has she finished reading the book ? I hope so. ( = that she has finished reading the book) She was not angry at first , but became so after a while . ( angry) He is a great friend of mine and I hope he will always remain so . ( a great friend of mine) Is he the best student in the class ? I think so . ( = that he is . . .) I think not . ( = that he is not . . . . I don.t think he is . . . . Perhaps not)新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书806 第二十二讲省略 He will return at the weekend . I am afraid not . ( = that he will not return at the weekend) . 要注意的是, so 作替代词一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用, 口气比较婉转, 不表示肯定, 也不表示否定, 因此, 在表示肯定或怀疑的答句中不可用so。例如: A:Are they coming to the party ? B: I.m sure of it . (肯定) (正) I doubt it. (怀疑) (正) I.m sure so . (误) I doubt so . (误) . 同样, 在ask 和know 之后不可用so。例如: He knows that. (正) He knows so . (误) Why do you ask( that) ? (正) Why do you ask so . (误) . 另外, not 不可以用于个别表示说话的动词之后, 但主语是非特指的人称时除外。例如: She said so . (正) She said not . (误) John told me so . (正) John told me not . (误) . 但可以说They say not , It seems/ appears not , It says not 等。Note: so 可以放在句首或句尾, 但若谓语动词是see, notice 或hear, 则只能放在句首。例如: I believe ( say, think . . .) so . = So I believe ( say, think . . .) . So I see ( hear , notice) . (正) I see (hear , notice) so . (误) 下面句中的not she 相当于“no, she didn.t”, 语气较强: A: Did she pay you the money ? B: Not she . “not + 状语”也是一种常见的省略。例如: A:Will you go out for a walk ? B: Not this evening . ( = No, I won.t go out for a walk this evening . ) A: I want to talk with someone about it . B: Not with them . ( = I don.t want you to talk with them about it . ) not that 结构有时意为I don.t mean that . . .或I don.t say that . . ., 有时意为not because。例如: Why didn.t you come last night ? Not that I care, of course . If you need money, I can lend you somenot that I am rich, of course . She went to bed early . Not that she was ill , but that she was tired . 3 . to to 代替不定式, 常同refuse, want , seem, intend, mean, expect , hope, like, be afraid, prefer , care, oblige, forget , wish, t ry 等连用。例如: I asked him to see the film, but he didn.t want to( see the film) . Some people suggested that she reconsider the matter , but she refused to( reconsider the大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 807 二、用替代词的省略matter ) . Note: 动词hope, think , fear ,wish, be afraid 和so, to 连用的比较。一般情况是, so 所代替的多为句子, 而to 则只代替动词不定式。例如: Will you stay for lunch ? I hope so . ( = I will stay for lunch . ) I hope to . ( = stay for lunch) 作表语或同位语的不定式, 其符号to 有时可以省略(参阅第十一讲)。例如: The most urgent thing I have to do now is ( to) look into the matter . 如果省略的不定式结构中含有be, have 或have been, 一般要保留be, have 或have been。例如: A: Are you on holiday ? B: No, but I.d like to be . A: She hasn.t done it yet . B: She ought to have . 4 . 复合代词do so, do that 和do it 1) do so 可以替代动词加宾语, 也可以替代动词加状语She said she would go with me, but she didn.t do so . ( = go with me) Just finish off watering the flowers . And let me know when you.ve done so . ( = finished off watering the flowers) 2) do so 替代动词加宾语结构时, so 可以用it 或that 取代, 用it 指具体事物, 用that 表示较重的口气Henry is going to make the experiment and he wanted me to do it , too . They played cards after supper and I watched them do that . 3) do so( do that 和do it)一般只用于替代动态动词, 而不适合替代静态动词比较: Alice feels better today . I think she does . (正) Yes , so she does . (正) I think she does so . (误) Yes , she does that . (误) Yes , she does it . (误) Note: 在believe, know, hope, doubt 等动词后可以用that 表示附和别人的看法或说法, 但不用于回答问题。例如: He is a very capable man . I believe that . ( = so) It is a good film . I know that . (不可用so) that 可以替代可数名词或不可数名词, 只指物, 不指人, 其后要跟修饰语。例如: No bread eaten is so sweet as that earned by one.s own labour . 5 . one 和ones one 和ones 具有泛指性质, 常用来替代单数或复数可数名词, 不能替代不可数名词。使用时要注意下面几点: (1) one 和ones 与它们所替代的名词在“数”方面可以不一致。新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书808 第二十二讲省略 (2) one 和ones 与其所替代的名词在句法功能上可以不一致。(3) one 和ones 与其所替代的名词在所指意义上可以不同。(4) one 前面不带任何修饰语时, 可以替代整个名词词组。(5) one 前面有this 或that , ones 前面有these 或those, 或者二者前面有形成对比的形容词、最高级形容词或the next、the last 时, one 或ones 可省略。one 前面的形容词带定冠词the 时, one 也可省略。(6) one 或ones 后面可以跟修饰语, 可能是从句、介词短语或分词短语等。(7)所有格my, your , our, her 和their 被其相应的物主代词mine 等代替时, 不用one 或ones。(8) whose 和名词所有格之后不用one 或ones。基数词(one 等)和序数词( first 等)通常不同one 连用。own 也不可同one 或ones 连用。(9) another 和other 可以单独使用, 也可跟one, 复数形式可用other ones 或others。(10) which 和former, latter, either, neither 后可以跟one 或ones , 也可以不跟。He prefers the new edition to the old ones . (“数”方面不一致) Do you see the teachers over there ? The one wearing the grey coat is her father . (句法功能不一致, teachers 作宾语, one 作主语) I don.t like this film . I.d like to see a more interesting one . (所指对象不同) There are two pens on the desk; he only took the cheaper . ( one ) Let.s finish the exercise so we can go on to the next . (one) Of all his poems, I like the ones that were connected with nature . This is her pen, not yours . (不能说yours one 或your one) I prefer to use my own . (不能说my own one) Whose is it ? (不能说whose one) Her bike is better than her brother.s . (不能说brother.s one) Please try another ( one) . He has two English dictionaries, but I have seven . (不能说seven ones) The first film is better than the second . (一般不用second one) 比较: He ate salt fish instead of f resh( fish) . (正) He ate salt fish instead of f resh one . (误) He has known good luck and bad( luck) . (正) He has known good luck and bad one . (误) The grey cloth is better than the green( cloth) . (正) The grey cloth is better than the green one . (误) 6 . the same the same 一般指物, 可替代名词词组、从句、形容词词组或比较结构。例如: John ordered two fried eggs . I ordered the same . ( = two fried eggs . ) We can trust Jane . I think I could say the same of her husband . ( = that we can trust her husband) These apples are just as sour as the last ones we had . They taste the same . ( = as sour as the last ones we had) 7 . one 和that 作替代词的区别1)one 可替代人或物, that 只能代替物大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 809 三、状语从句和独立结构中的省略I have a brother , one in the army . Look at the clock , that on the wall . 2)one 只能替代可数名词, that 可替代可数名词和不可数名词The novel is as interesting as the one (或that) I read last year . The weather here is hotter than that in New York . 3)one 可以有前置或后置定语, 而that 只能有后置定语Your answer to the question is better than that of hers . Please look at the map, the one on the right wall . This is a red pen , and I have three other blue ones . 4)one(不加定语)表示泛指, that 表示特指The music is as sweet as that we heard yesterday . A poem written by an American poet is usually harder to understand than one by a Chinese poet . 三、状语从句和独立结构中的省略1 . 如果状语从句的主语与主句主语一致, 而且状语从句谓语中有be 动词, 可以将状语从句的主语连同be 动词一起省略引导这类状语从句的连词有when , while, though, if, unless , although 等。其结构模式一般为: 连词+ 现在分词过去分词介词短语名词代词+ 主句连词+ 副词形容词谓语从句+ 主句有时候, 主句也可以位于句首, 即“主句+ ( 连词+ 现在分词.)”; 主句也可以分开, 即“主句主语+ (连词+ 现在分词.) + 主句谓语”。例如: When in doubt , ask the chairman himself . (连词+ 介词短语) He came across the picture while on a visit to New York . (连词+ 介词短语) He could write poems when yet a child . (连词+ 名词) I must get it whatever the cost . (连词+ 名词) Here, as elsewhere, honesty is the best policy . (连词+ 副词) Our motherland is stronger than ever . (连词+ 副词) I know you better than her . (连词+ 代词) Don.t do it till too late . (连词+ 形容词) Her opinion, whether right or wrong, deserved our attention . (连词+ 形容词) You.ve done more than is required(what is required) . (连词+ 谓语) Don.t say more than is necessary( what is necessary) . (连词+ 谓语) The money is more than I can pay . (连词+ 从句) He is better than when I last saw him . (连词+ 从句) When he was asking the teacher, he was polite . When asking the teacher , he was polite . (连词+ 现在分词) Although he was f rightened , he managed to run away . Although f rightened, he managed to run away . (连词+ 过去分词)新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书810 第二十二讲省略 Don.t say anything unless you are asked . Don.t say anything unless asked . (连词+ 过去分词) I f it is taken good care o f , the bird can live as long as five years . I f taken good care o f , the bird can live as long as five years . (连词+ 过去分词) Note: 在省略时, 要将状语从句的主语和be 动词同时省略, 不可只省略主语或be 动词, 下面两句都是错的: Although he f rightened, he managed to run away . (误) Although was f rightened, he managed to run away . (误) 2 . 在作状语的独立分词结构中, 分词往往可以省略The meeting (being) over, the delegates walked out of the hall . The work ( having been) done, he left the office . 3 . because ill 还是because of being ill 并非所有的状语从句都可以省略主语和be 动词, 由after, because, before 等引导的状语从句一般要改写成介词短语等, 用动名词代替be 动词。例如: Because he was ill , he didn.t attend the meeting . Because ill , he didn.t attend the meeting . (误) Because of being ill , he didn.t attend the meeting . (正) Being ill , he didn.t attend the meeting . (正) After he was killed he was thrown away into the sea . A f ter killed , he was thrown away into the sea . (误) A f ter being killed, he was thrown away into the sea . (正) 4 . 在if it is possible, when it is necessary 等类似结构中, it is 常可省略I f possible, we.ll build another railroad in this area . Omit a word or two where possible . We.ll have the old house pulled down when necessary . You may write it in pen or in pencil , as required . Don.t do it unless required . Put a comma, where needed . Please tell me when f inished . 四、介词的省略1 . 在It is no use( in) doing sth . 等结构中, 动名词前的in(at)常可省略常见的这类结构有: It is no use (in) doing sth . It is no good ( in) doing sth . There is no hur ry (in) doing sth . be busy( late,weary) (in) doing sth . busy( employ, occupy) oneself ( in) doing sth . take turns ( in, at ) doing sth . be long ( in) doing sth . (迟做某事) There is no point (in) doing sth . (做某事无意义) There is no use ( good) ( in) doing sth . spend( lose, pass ,waste) time (money, energy) (in) doing sth .大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 811 四、介词的省略have trouble( hard time, difficulty, struggle, good time, business) ( in) doing sth . be employed, engaged, occupied (in) doing sth . 从事于, 忙碌于She employs herself (in) writing . 她从事写作。He is engaged ( in) preparing for the evening party . He has no business (in) saying such things about me . 他无权谈论我的长短。She lost no time (in) rewriting the book . 她很快就开始重写那本书了。. 但是, 当spend time(money) (in)doing sth . 结构用于被动语态时, in 不可省。例如: They spent a large sum of money ( in) building the tower . A large sum of money was spent in building the tower . 2 . 当关系代词(what, whose) , 关系副词(how, when) 以及whether 引导从句或不定式短语时, 其前面的of, about,as to 等常可省略I am not aware (of ) how he got it . She had no idea ( as to) what to do . He hesitated ( about) what to say next . 3 . 在表示一段时间或方式的短语中的for, in,