信管导论翻译(完整版P53)英文翻译.doc

Some Assumptions about the Field of Information SystemsThe paper rests on some assumptions about the nature of the field of information system (by whatever name),the field being applied rather than basic science, the necessary practitioner connection, the nature of organizations employing information system, and the complementary rather than alternative nature of different views of information system. Although the field theoretically may develop a research agenda and conceptual foundations separate from its education mission, there is likely to be interaction.本文建立在一些关于信息系统（不论其名称）领域的性质，应用领域的性质而不是基础科学，必要的执业连接，组织招聘信息系统的性质，是补充性的而不是替代性的对信息系统不同意见的性质的假设上的。虽然这个领域理论上可以开发从其教育任务中分离出来的一项议事日程研究和概念基础教育，但是很有可能是相互影响的。 A Field by Whatever NameIn North America, the terms information system (IS) and management information system (MIS) are identical in meaning and interchangeable in use. They refer to the system providing information technology-based information and communication services in an organization. These terms, and similar terms such as information management, also refer to the organization function that manages the system. The system terms and function names are broad in scope and encompass information technology systems and applications for transactions and operations, support of administrative and management functions, organizational communications and coordination, and for adding value to products and services. The academic field may be termed information systems (or IS), management information system (MIS), information management, or management of information systems (MoIS). In other countries, there may be variations, such as informatics (often modified by organization, administration, or a similar term to differentiate from informatics as computer science). 以任何名字命名的领域在北美，信息系统（IS）和管理信息系统（MIS）是相同的意义而且是可以互换使用的。他们指在一个组织提供以信息技术为基础的信息和通信服务系统。这些条款和类似条款，如信息管理，也指管理系统组织功能。系统的术语和函数名的范围很广，包括交易和业务的信息技术系统和应用程序，支持行政和管理职能，组织的沟通与协调，并附加价值到产品和服务中。学术字段可以被称为信息系统（IS），管理信息系统（MIS），信息管理，信息管理系统（MOIS）。在其他国家，可能会存在差异，如信息（经常被组织、政府修改的，或类似的术语来区分信息学和计算机科学）。The changes in terminology in the field reflect changes in the scope and consequently the research agenda. When computers were first utilized in organizations in the mid-1950s, the applications were primarily simple processing of transaction records and preparation of business documents and standard reports. This use was termed data processing (DP) or electronic data processing (EDP). The business function for developing and managing the processing systems was also termed data processing. By the mid-1960s, many users and builders of information processing systems developed a more comprehensive vision of what computers could do for organizations. This vision was termed a management information system (MIS). It enlarged the scope of data processing to add systems for supporting management and administrative activities including planning, scheduling, analysis, and decision making. The business function to build and manage the management information system was often termed MIS.在该领域的术语的变化反映了范围的变化，因此也反映了议程研究的变化。在20世纪50年代中期，当计算机在组织首次被利用时，使用的应用程序主要是简单的交易记录和处理业务文件和标准的报告的编制。这些使用被称为数据处理（DP）或电子数据处理（EDP）。业务处理系统的开发和管理的功能也被称为数据处理。20世纪60年代中期，许多用户和信息处理系统的制造商开发出了电脑可以为组织做的视野更加全面的系统。这一视野被称为管理信息系统（MIS）。它扩大了系统数据处理的范围来支持协调管理和行政活动，包括规划，调度，分析和决策支持。建立和管理的管理信息系统的这项业务功能通常被称为管理信息系统。In the 1980s and 1990s,there was a merging of computer and communications technologies in organizations. The organizational use of information technology was extended to internal and external networks, systems that connect an organization to its supplies and customers, and communications systems that enable people in organizations to perform work alone or in groups with greater effectiveness and efficiency. Many organizations were able to achieve competitive advantage by the use of information and information technology in products, services, and business processes. Innovative applications based on information technology created value by providing services any time, at any location, and with extensive customization. Web-based communication and transaction applications become common. Information technology-based systems were employed to change organization structures and processes. There emerged a tendency to employ simple, general terms such as information systems or information management to identify both the multifaceted information technology systems and the corresponding organization function.在1980年代和1990年代,在组织中有一个合并的计算机和通信技术。组织使用信息技术是由内部扩展到外部的网络，连接一个组织和他的供应商与客户的系统,以及使人们在组织单独或群体执行工作有更大的有效性和效率的通信系统。通过信息和信息技术在产品、服务和业务流程中的使用，许多组织都能够实现竞争优势。革新的应用基于通过在任何时间,任何地点,以及广泛的定制创造价值的信息技术。网络基础通信和事务应用程序成为常见的的技术。信息技术基础系统被用来改变组织的结构和业务程序。出现了倾向于使用简单,一般条款例如信息系统或者用来标识出多方面的信息技术系统和相应的组织功能的信息管理。Information Systems as an Applied Academic Field Must Connect to PracticeInformation systems is a relatively new organization function and academic field. Although there have been some changes in other business functions and related academic field, the set of organization functions has remained reasonably stable since the advent of modern management and organization theory and practice. What then is the basis for a new function and a new academic field? 信息系统作为一个应用型学术领域必须联系实际信息系统是一个相对较新的组织功能和学术领域。虽然在其他业务功能及相关学术领域已经有了一些变化，但是自从现代管理和组织理论和实践问世以来，信息系统仍保持了相当稳定的组织功能。那么，什么是一个新的功能和新的学术领域的基础呢？Organizations have separate function because of the benefits of specialization and the limits of humans in dealing with specialized bodies of knowledge and practice. There is a separate marketing function because there is a specialized body of marketing knowledge and specialized marketing activities that are performed best by specialists. The entire organization needs some understanding of marketing, counting, finance, etc. , but not everyone can be expected to have sufficient depth of knowledge and skill to perform all activities. Using accounting as an example, everyone uses accounting reports and provides input into accounting, but end-user accounting in which each person decided on the chart of accounts to use and the rules and procedures for accounts and reports would result in confusion and lack of performance of vital functions. The accounting function has specialists who deal with the chart of accounts, financial reporting, reports to governments and regulators, analysis of financial results, etc. .组织有独立的功能，因为专业化的好处和人们在处理知识和实践的专门机构的局限性。它有一个单独的营销功能，因为有一个由表现最好的专业人员执行的专门的营销知识和专业的营销活动机构。整个组织需要一些懂得营销，会计，金融等行业的专业人士，但不是每个人都如预料的有足够深度的知识和技能去执行所有的活动。就拿会计来说，每个人都使用会计报表和提供会计投入，但最终用户的账户中，每个人决定的会计科目表的使用和用来计算和报告的规则和程序，都可能会导致混乱和缺乏重要功能的表现。会计功能有专家，他们处理会计科目表，财务报告，政府和监管机构的报告，分析财务业绩等。 Information systems emerged as a separate organization function because of the need for specialized development and operational activities and specialized management procedures. It is possible to outsource many technical activities, but the core activities of strategic planning for information systems, determining requirements, obtaining and implementing systems, providing support, evaluation, and so forth require technical and managerial specialists.信息系统作为一个独立的组织功能出现，因为专业开发、业务活动和专门的管理程序的需要。外包许多技术活动是可能的，但是信息系统，确定需求，获取和实施系统，提供支持、评价等的核心业务的战略规划等等都需要技术和管理专家。Academic fields emerge when there is a body of specialized knowledge and practice that can be provided by an academic discipline. There is a strong mapping of organizational and societal needs to the fields of study in colleges and universities. The observed systems and activities of organization functions provide the basis for research. This logic is demonstrated in the development of the academic field of information systems.学术领域出现时，有一个可以由一门学科提供的专业知识和实践的机构。组织和社会的在高校等领域的研究的需要是一个很强的映射。所观察到的系统和活动的组织功能提供了研究的基础。这种逻辑是体现在信息系统学术领域的发展。There is a direct relationship between the activities of the information systems function in an organization and the academic field of information systems. The academic field describes the structure and activities of the function and explains why they are needed, why they are organized and conducted the way they are, and alternatives that may be applied and conditions suggesting their use. The academic body of knowledge not only describes and explains but also guides the development and application of practice by suggesting concept-based improvements. The rationale for the explanations, suggestions, and alternatives are