太奇系统班级英语翻译课堂笔记(南京东路20110828).doc

2012MBA系统班英语联考翻译听课笔记（南京东路 2011/08/28） 一、 中英文翻译特点掌握中英文翻译，首先要理解两种语言的特点与区别，首先，英语前重心，中文后重心；其次，英语是形合，而中文是意合。英语的独立句子之间必须有连词或者句点。 举例：1. 昨天我在街上遇见了一位故友。I met an old friend on the street yesterday.(解析： 上面例句中，故友是重心，中文在后而英文在前。)2. 春天来了，树都绿了。Spring coming, trees have turned green.(解析： 注意不能照着中文翻译成： Spring is coming, trees have turned green ,英语中独立的句子不能用逗号隔开，应该加连词，或者将两个句子中的某一个改成状语从句或定语从句。)3. 上海房价太高了，很多年轻人都离开了，造成了严重的人才流失。Owing to the high housing price in Shanghai, many young people have left the city, which has caused a serious brain drain.(解析： 错误翻译 The housing price is very high in shanghai, many young people have left the city ,caused a serious brain drain. 固定短语： brain drain 人才流失 )二、 中英文翻译标准翻译的历史背景（了解一下即可）：中国有着悠久的翻译历史，最早的翻译活动可追溯到周代。从有翻译活动开始，人们就在长期实践中探索总结出种种翻译思想或方法，这些思想包括对翻译性质、原则的认识，翻译的技巧等等，几乎涉及了翻译领域的方方面面，为建立系统的现代翻译学理论奠定了良好的基础。中国大规模的翻译活动开始于东汉的佛经翻译，在大量的翻译实践基础上，当时许多优秀的译者提出了自己的翻译理论。东晋的释道安首先提出“五失本，三不易”之说，提出译文要贴切原文，是直译理论的代表。到了唐代，玄奘认为佛经的翻译标准是“既需求真，又需喻俗”，求真就是要紧贴文本，忠实传达文本的原义，而喻俗则是要考虑到译入语的表达习惯。实际上，从玄奘开始，中国的翻译理论已经提出以直译为主，意译为辅，把翻译水平提高了一大步。到了清朝末年，严复在翻译赫胥黎的天演论时，提出了“译事三难，信达雅”的翻译标准。“信，达，雅”这一具有深远影响的翻译标准成为了中国翻译传统的重要组成部分。在这之后，中国译者对“信达雅”的讨论就从未终止过。“五四”运动之后，由于当时的学者提出文字革命，倡导大家使用白话文，这股潮流也影响到了译界。胡适发出“国语的文学，文学的国语”号召，主张译文使用白话。瞿秋白更明确地指出:“翻译除能够介绍原本的内容给中国读者之外还有一个很重要的作用:就是帮助我们创造出新的中国的现代言语”。从这里可以看出，当时的翻译活动担负着引进新思想、创新中国古老文字的重要使命，严复提出的“雅”的标准受到了广泛的质疑，但是信与达仍然是非常贴切的翻译标准。三十年代初，译界开展了信与顺的辩论。当时赵景深提出“宁错而勿顺，毋拗而仅信”，鲁迅则提倡“宁信而不顺”“忠实和通顺”的硬译。通过这些辩论，中国译界对原文内容和原文形式之间 的辨证关系有了更为深刻的理解。钱钟书“化境”，即归化，异化。信faithfulness达expressiveness雅elegance三、 中英文翻译技巧“九字一句话”，九字：抓结构，拼图法，串联法；一句话：哪里复杂拆哪里。 举例：1. Isnt it strange that Einstein had written the most unpopular books, which make him the most popular fellow in the world?爱因斯坦写了最生涩难懂的书，却成为世界上最受欢迎的人，这难道不奇怪吗？（解析：that 之后是主语从句，这里的unpopular 和 popular 不是反义词。）2. The idea of political and social equality, which we saw coming into the world as an extreme and almost incredible idea in the age of emperors and lords, was later asserted by bourgeois democracy, but never put into practice before the dawn of socialist system.在帝王时代，政治和社会平等思想产生的最初，被认为是极端的和不可思议的想法。（解析： 利用拆分法，将整个复杂句拆分成四个部分： “政治和社会平等思想”，“来到这个世界上”“帝王时代”“极端的和不可思议的想法”，将复杂的句子拆分成小部分，然后进行拼接。）四、 定语从句翻译定语从句与定义所起的作用一样都是起限定修饰的作用。有个小注意点。若英语中的主句较短而从句较长，在翻译成中文的时候，互换一下主从句的顺序。 举例：1. He who flatters one to the face will surely speak ill of one behind ones back.当面奉承的人背后必定诋毁。2. A flower which blooms in the green-house cannot stand weather. 温室的花朵经不起风雨。以下内容是我找到的一些较好的例子，大家仅作参考。定语从句的翻译可分为限制性和非限制性定语从句两种，翻译成汉语时不论是在语序方面还是重复先行词方面都有一定的讲究：限制性定语从句的翻译可分为以下几方面：1前置：这种定语从句一般比较短，翻译起来比较方便，和汉语的词序完全一样，例如：a.This is the finest weather that I have ever seen this month. 这是这个月我所看到的最好的天气。b.Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing. 我们两国是友谊长存的友好邻邦。c.Teachers generally like the students who achieve high scores in tests. 老师通常喜欢考试中成绩好的学生。d.他不是一个轻易服输的人 He is not the one who will give up easily. 以上的这些例子告诉我们，如果定语很短的话，我们可以把他象汉语一样放在中心词的前面。但是，有的时候，如果定语太长，读起来就不符和汉语的习惯，因此，往往要后置，重复先行词,这就是下面要提到的定语从句的 “后置” 问题，例如： 2后置：a. Misers are often lonely and obscure men whose wealth is revealed only after their death. 吝啬鬼经常是看起来年很孤单、不为人所主意，可他们的财富只有等到他们死了以后才 暴露出来。 3“综合性”的翻译法。综合性”的翻译就是，翻译时不需要关系词，其中的关系完全靠上下文的意思来表现出来，例如：a.This is the place where the accident occurred. 这就是发生交通事故的地方。b.The person who delivered the letter to him is his neighbor. 他的邻居把信交给了他。c. There is a big oak tree that stands just in front of the village. 村子前面有棵大象树d.Most of our patients welcomed another human being with whom they could talk openly, honestly, and frankly about their trouble. 大多数病人想找人坦率、诚实地倾诉他们的苦衷。 非限制性定语从句：1.前置：a. We need a chairman, in whom everyone has confidence 我们需要一个人人都信赖的主席。b.The worldly well-known actor , who had been ill for two years, meet thunderstorm applause when reappeared on the stage. 那个病了很多年的著名演员，一上台观众就报以雷鸣般的掌声。c. Piccaso, whose works inspired many artists, lived until he was a ripe old age. 毕加索的作品曾鼓励了很多人，后来年纪很大时，作品也日趋成熟。2.后置:a.He deposits a little sum of money in the bank, by which means he hopes to deal with any potential emergency easily. 我们每个月都在银行里存一些钱，这样，碰到有任何危机时，我们就可以应付了。b. A table has four legs, one of which is broken. 桌子有四条腿，其中的一条腿是坏的。c. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, of which obtaining water is not the least. 生活在澳大利亚中部有很多问题，其中取水还不算最艰苦的。d.He decided to resign, which is the best thing he could do under the circumstances. 他决定辞职，而这是他目前所能做的最好的事。e.He is late for class today, as is often the case. 他今天迟到了，而这是经常的事。 3.省略先行词这种句行就象前面讲的“综和性”翻译一样，直接把整个句子的意思讲出来，例如：a.The two universities signed an agreement, under which they would exchange students and scholars. 这两个大学，签定了协议，决定交换学生和学者。b.He caught a young soldier coming to the farmhouse , whose face turned pale for too much loss of blood. 他看见一个士兵走进农舍，脸色因失血过多而苍白。c. He passed the exam, which can be read from his the light on his face. 我从他脸上就可以看出他已通过了考试。d. He arrived at the railway station in time , which is expected . 他果然准时到了火车站。 4.译成状语从句有些作定语的句子听起来却有点象状语从句，因此翻译时可以将其译成状语似的从句：a.You should take advantage of the opportunity to learn English well, which is very valuable.(原因) 你应该利用这个机会好好学习英语，这太重要了。b.We examine the quality of our products, which is why they are so reliable.(原因) 我们检验产品很仔细，因此产品都很可靠。c.I never believe the stories, which is appealing.(让步) 我从不相信他所说的故事，即使它很动听。5. “as”引导的句子： 除了以上这些例子以外，还有一些特殊的由 “as”引导的句子, 翻译时可参考“as”的比 较结构从句：a. He is not such as fool as he looks 他并不象看上去的那么傻。b. They were not such questions as could easily be disposed of. 这些问题可不是那么容易就能处理好的。c. It wasnt such a good dinner as she had promised us. 这顿饭可没有她向我们说的那么好。英语中，定语从句分成限制性从句与非限制性从句两种。他们在英语中的位置一般是在其所修饰的先行词后面。限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的其别只是在于限制意义的强弱。而汉语中定语作为修饰语通常在其所修饰的词前面，并且没有限制意义的强弱之分，因此，限制与非限制在翻译中并不起十分重要的作用。英语中多用结构复杂的定语从句，而汉语中修饰语则不宜臃肿。所以，在翻译定语从句时，一定要考虑到汉语的表达习惯。如果英语的定语从句太长，无论是限制性的或非限制性的，都不宜译成汉语中的定语，而应用其他方法处理。常见的定语从句翻译有以下几种方法。一、前置法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的”来连接。既然定语从句的意义是作定语修饰语，所以在翻译的时候，通常把较短的定语从句译成带“的”的前置定语，翻译在定语从句的先行词前面。He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence.他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。二、后置法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。英语的英语从句结构常常比较复杂，如果翻译在其修饰的先行词前面的话，会显得定语太臃肿，而无法叙述清楚。这时，可以把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，译成并列分句。翻译时可以用两种方法来处理。（一）重复先行词。由于定语从句的先行词通常在定语从句中充当句子成分，如果单独把定语从句翻译出来的话，常常需要重复先行词，还可以用代词代替先行词来重复。I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.在我们对特别委员会表示满意，特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。You, whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect.你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功，而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area.他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。（二）省略先行词。如果把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，在“通顺、完整”的前提下，有时候可以不用重复先行词。They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.他们制定出一种新方案，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。三、融合法：把定语从句和它所修饰的先行词结合在一起翻译。融合法是指翻译时把主句和定语从句融合成一句简单句，其中的定语从句译成单句中的谓语部分。由于限制性定语从句与主句关系较紧密，所以，融合法多用于翻译限制性定语从句，尤其是“there be ”结构带有定语从句的句型。There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.翻译成“有人”，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。） 楼下有人要见你。（原句中的主句部分there is a man翻译成“有人”，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。）In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention.在我们工厂里，许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。（原句中的主句部分there are many people翻译成“许多人”，作译文的主语，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。）She had a balance at her bankers which would have made her beloved anywhere.她在银行里的存款足以使她到处受到欢迎。（原句的主句较简单，整句句子的重点是在定语从句中，因此，翻译时将主句译成主语，而将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。）四、状译法英语的定语从句与汉语中的定语还有一个不同的地方，那就是，英语中有些定语从句和主句关系不密切，它从语法上看是修饰定语从句的先行词的，但实际上限定作用不强，而是修饰主句的谓语或全句的，起状语作用。也就是说，有些定语从句兼有状语从句的职能，在意义上与主句有状语关系，表明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等关系。在这种情况下，需要灵活处理，在准确理解英语原文的基础上，弄清楚逻辑关系，然后把英语中的这些定语从句翻译成各种相应的分句。（一）译成表示“时间”的分句A driver who is driving the bus mustnt talk with others or be absent-minded.司机在开车时，不许和人谈话，也不能走神。（二）译成表示“原因”的分句He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs. Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable.他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话，因为她现在异常无礼，令人厌烦。（三）译成表示“条件”的分句Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。（四）译成表示“让步”的分句He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for尽管他并没有这样的需要，他坚持要再买一幢房子，。（五）译成表示“目的”的分句He wishes to write an article that will attract the public attention to the matter.为了引起公众对这一事件的注意，他想写一篇文章。He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument.为了证明他的论点，他正在收集确凿的材料以。（六）译成表示“结果”的分句They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country.他们企图镇压反抗，结果反抗愈来愈烈，遍及全国。（七）译成表示“转折”的分句She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很有耐心，而她丈夫却很少这样。 举例：1. It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.是他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。2. We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有一些国籍标志。（原句的主句较简单，整句句子的重点是在定语从句中，因此，翻译时将主句译成主语，而将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。）1) 翻译定语从句用溶合法是指把定语从句的先行词和定语从句溶合在一起翻译，先行词和定语从句中的谓语在汉语句子中被译成主谓关系。不是每一种定语从句都可以用溶合法翻译。可用溶合法翻译的定语从句主要有以下几种情况中所含的定语从句： 1) 当以there be 引起的句子中含定语从句时 以there be 引起的句子中含定语从句，在翻译这种定语从句时一般要用溶合法。 例如： Despite the new tunnel, there are still a few people who rashly attempt to cross the pass on foot. 尽管新建了隧道，有些旅行者还是企图步行穿过山口。 There are a lot of people who can operate the machine. 有许多人能操作这种机器。 There was another man who seemed to have answers, and that was Robert McNamara.另一个人似乎胸有成竹，那就是麦克纳马拉。 There has never been a man around me who wrote so many articles.我周围从来没有人写过这么多文章。 There are some books here which tell about computer science.这里有些书是讲计算机科学的。 There is something that keeps worrying me.有些事一直使我担心。 there be 的扩展形式也应该用溶合法翻译。例如： There seems to be someone who wants to go with you.好像有人想跟你去。 There happened to be a student who was able to work out the math problem. 碰巧有一个学生能解出这道数学难题。 2) 以to have作谓语的句子中含定语从句时 当定语从句出现在含to have(意思是“有”)作谓语的句子中时，这种定语从句在翻译时可将其与先行词溶合在一起翻译。 例如： I have two people who can help me.我有两个人能帮助我。 We shall have a lot of people who will visit our college.许多人将来参观我们学校。 I will have many things that should be done next week.下个星期我有许多事情要做。 They have had many people who have helped them in doing the work.已有许多人帮助他们做这个工作。 3) 当主句的主语为非限制性定语从句的先行词时 当主句的主语为非限制性定语从句的先行词，并且关系代词作定语从句主语时，被非限制性定语从句说明或解释的先行词可以与非限制性定语从句溶合在一起翻译。 例如： John Smith, who teaches American literature in an American university, has been invited to be a visiting professor in our college. 约翰史密斯在美国一所大学教美国文学，他已被聘为我们学院的客座教授。 Hangzhou, which is famous for its West Lake, has become a city for tourists throughout the world. 杭州以西湖闻名，它已经成为一个世界旅游城市。 Abraham Lincoln, who led the American people in overthrowing the Negro slave system, is considered one of the greatest American presidents. 亚伯拉罕林肯领导美国人民推翻了黑奴制度，他被看作是美国最伟大的总统之一。 Her father, who had been on a visit to American, came back to Shanghai the day before yesterday. 她父亲出访美国，前天回到了上海。4) 当定语从句较长时 有时定语从句较长，按定语从句的一般翻译方法译成汉语又不大符合汉语习惯，这时可以考虑用溶合法翻译。 例如： Two men who recently spent five days on a coral island wished they had stayed there longer. 最近，有两个人在珊瑚岛上度过了五天，他们希望在那里能多住几天。 But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. 但是，老年人已饱尝了人生的悲欢，取得了他们能取得的成绩，怕死就显得有点颓丧和不够光彩。 In another chest, which contained the belongings of a ships officer there was an unfinished letter.另一只箱子里装着一名海军军官的物品，其中有一封未写完的信。 Mrs. Richards realized that it must be the man from Electricity Board who had come to read the meter.理查兹太太意识到来人是电力公司抄电表的。 5) 当含定语从句复合句中的主句可被压缩成汉语词组作主语时 在有些情况下，含定语从句复合句中的主句可被压缩成汉语词组作主语，在翻译时可将该主语与定语从句溶合起来翻译。 例如： This is a young girl, who is a teacher.这个年轻姑娘是一个老师。 This is a paper mill that was built ten years ago.这家造纸厂是十年前建的。 Was that someone who helped to post your letter? 有人帮你寄信了吗？ That was the place which was famous for its silk.那个地方以前盛产丝绸。 These were the meetings that engineered his “resignation” on ground of “advancing age and deteriorating health”. 这些会议促使他“辞职”，理由是他的“年龄越来越大，而且健康状况恶化”。 He was greeted by an unpleasant smell which convinced him of what I was saying.一股刺鼻的气味才使他相信我说的话。 We are a nation that must realize the four modernizations. 我们国家必须实现四个现代化。 6) 当定语从句为约定俗成式定语从句时 所谓约定俗成式定语从句是指一种it.that.的句式，这种含约定俗成式定语从句的复合句的意思实际上相当于一个让步状语从句。如It is a wise mother that knows her own daughter.(再聪慧的母亲也不见得了解自己的女儿。) 原句相当于一个状语从句No matter how wise a mother is, she may not know her own daughter.翻译此类定语从句应该用溶合法，即将主句和从句溶合在一起翻译。 例如： It is a good machine that can work without power.再好的机器也要有动力才能开动。 It is a long lane that has no turning.再长的巷子也会有转弯的。 It is a skillful workman that never blunders.再熟练的工人有时也会有疏忽。 It is a poor heart that never rejoices. 最不幸的人也会有生活的乐趣。 约定俗成式定语从句是一种特殊的定语从句，一般用于谚语中。如果不是谚语，就很可能是强调句，不是约定俗成式定语从句。例如： It is a nice day that is neither hot nor cold.不冷不热的天是好天。 这个句子不是谚语，所以不是约定俗成式定语从句，翻译时应该按一般的定语从句翻译。 综上所述，在有些情况下用溶合法翻译定语从句确实是一种较好的方法，如能在翻译定语从句时适当加以运用，一定会大大提高翻译质量。 Exercises: Translate the following sentences containing attributive clauses into Chinese by using the technique of blending: 1. Nowadays there are many people who are learning English. 2. There have been a lot of people who have been abroad for further studies. 3. This is the chemical plant that was set up many years ago. 4. His mother, who teaches in a primary school, is a model teacher. 5. We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity. 6. Many people in industry and services, who have practical experience of noise, regard an investigation of this question as a waste of time. 7. The famous monastery of St. Bernard, which was found in the 11th century, lies about a mile away from here. 8. It is a bold mouse that nestles in the cats ear. 9. There turned to be no one who wanted to join the club in the class. 10. Some people who were against such conclusions made by the chairman at the meeting were persecuted later on. Key for reference: 1. 现今，许多人在学英语。 2. 已经有许多人去国外深造了。 3. 这家化工厂是许多年前建造的。 4. 她的母亲在一所小学教书，是一个先进教师。 5. 我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有国籍的某些标志。 6. 在工业和部队中的许多人对噪音有实践经验，他们认为调查这种问题是浪费时间。 7. 著名的圣伯纳修道院建于十一世纪，离这里大约有一英里路。 8. 再勇敢的老鼠也不敢偎依猫的身旁。 9. 结果班级里没有人想参加俱乐部。 10. 有些人反对主席在会上做出的这种结论，这些人后来受到了迫害。定语从句的翻译练习：1. While some subjects are required of everyone, some high school students, in addition, take vocational classes, and others study subjects that will prepare them for college.2. The term “college” refers to an undergraduate institution that confers a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Science degree after four years of study.3. Students in these schools, however, as well as those in private colleges, must pay tuition, but the state schools are much less expensive than private ones, particularly for students who are residents of the state.4. Thus the people of the entire community, not just the parents of the children who attend, pay for public schools, which are free and open to everyone.5. In each state, however, there is at least one university and often several colleges that receive support from state funds.6. They made public a survey of human rights in 105 countries that receive U.S. aid.7. He who flatters one to the face will surely speak ill of one behind ones back.8. A flower which blooms in the green-house cannot stand weather.9. He drove a car that could go 1, 000 miles without refilling.10. There are many people who want to see the film Matrix II.11. There are cases in which courage is more important than intelligence.12. He joined the Society in 1949 when he served as a surgeon in a small hospital.13. It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.14. Each day we make choices that affect our lives and sometimes the lives of others.15. Alice is a star of Hollywood who has undergone a professional training in Paris Ballet Center.16. He said that this was a good suggestion, which he would look into.17. After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.18. The president did not talk at length about the matter, which was not considered by the White House to be a particularly important question.19. He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter.20. The computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man.21. Previously happy parents found themselves scorned by their young rebels, who accused them of being too concerned with money and too anxious to impress the neighbors.22. We must practice strict economy, which should be done not only by state-operated enterprises, but also by town-run enterprises.23. Isnt it strange that Einstein had written the most unpopular books, which make him the most popular fellow in the world?24. The idea of political and social equality, which we saw coming into the world as an extreme and almost incredible idea in the age of emperors and lords, was later asserted by bourgeois 四、MBA历年翻译真题2011年翻译真题Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the worlds airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google s