英译中翻译技巧.doc

英译中翻译技巧一、 翻译总的原则1. 表达应建立在理解的基础上。2翻译时既要忠实于原文，又要符合汉语的习惯。3翻译不可太拘泥于原文的形式。二、翻译技巧1词法翻译1.1增词译法为使译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致起来，使得译文在与原文在内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来，需在原文的基础上添加必要的词、词组、分句或完整句。e.g. 1) They were frank and candid with each other in a relaxed way.译文：他们相互之间开诚布公、直言不讳而且气氛十分轻松。2)Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed.译文：准备工作完成不了，那可怎么办？3)Our rushing is understandable, but costly.译文：人们的忙碌是可以理解的，但是为此付出的代价却是昂贵的。试比较：1) 他喜欢指出别人的缺点，但用意是好的。译文：He likes to point out other peoples shortcomings, but he means well.(增加主语)2)屋里准有人，我听见有人声。译文：There must be someone in the room, for I heard a voice. (增加连接词)说明：增词译法在英译汉中主要是添加原文中虽无形式却意在其中的成分；在汉译英中一般是增添原文中为了语言简洁而被省去的成分如，主语、宾语、物主代词、连接词、介词等1.2减词译法就是把原文中需要的译文中不需要的词、词组等在翻译时加以省略，以适应译文语法和习惯表达法的需要。e.g. 1) One must make painstaking effort before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.(省略主语)译文：要掌握一门外语，非下苦功不可。 2)Modesty helps a person to make progress whereas conceit makes a person lag behind.译文：虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。（省略结构词）3)In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products.译文：他在讲话中特别强调了提高产品质量。(省略物主代词)1.3转性译法在翻译过程中经常需要根据译文的习惯进行词性转换，如：把原文中的名词转换为动词，把原文中的副词转换为介词，等等。e.g. 1) The government called for the establishment of more technical schools. 译文：政府号召建立更多的技术学校。（名词转为动词）2) Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 译文：千百万山区人终于摆脱了贫穷。（介词转为动词）3)He objected that the plan is not practical.译文：他反对的理由是：这个计划不现实。（动词转为名词）1.4词与短语的重复（换形译法）1) You should do whatever you are asked to .译文：让你做什么，你就应该做什么。2) We thank you very much for the warm hospitality accorded to our trade group during this visit to your country and for the close cooperation in the business discussions.译文：我们非常感谢你们在我贸易小组访问贵国期间给予的盛情款待，感谢你们在业务洽谈中给予的密切合作。3）I hope that the discussion will not last too long, for it will only waste time.我希望讨论不要太久，太久了只会浪费时间。 试比较：1）我不喜欢抽烟，抽烟对身体没好处。译文：I dont like smoking; it is no good to health.2)许多家用电器都是在中国制造的。这些家用电器性能可靠，操作方便。译文：A lot of home appliances are made in China. They are reliable in performance and easy in operation.1.5词义的引伸1）They have their smiles and tears.译文：他们有欢乐又有悲伤。2） I was not one to let my heart rule my head.译文：我不是那种让感情统治理智的人。1.6具体译法在翻译中有时需要把原文中抽象或者比较抽象的单词、词组、成语或者句子用具体或者比较具体的单词、词组、成语或者句子来进行翻译。 e.g. 1) Her jealousy is the cause of her failure.译文：她的嫉妒心理是她失败的根源。一、 Johns lightheartedness, however, did not last long.译文：然而，约翰那种轻松愉快的心境没有持续多久。1.7抽象译法 为了译文的忠实和通顺，我们往往把原文中带有具体意义或具体形象的单词、词组、成语和句子，进行抽象化处理。e.g.1) I was practically on my knees but he still refused.译文：我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他仍然拒绝。2)The matter was finally settled under the table.译文：事情终于私下解决了。2. 句法翻译 2.1英语被动语态的译法英语被动语态的句子译成汉语时，很多情况下可以译成主动句，但也有一些可以保留被动语态。a. 译成汉语主动句，原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语e.g. By the time you arrive, the preparation will have been completed. 你们到达的时候，准备工作将已经完成。b. 译成汉语无主句, 原文中的主语在译文中作宾语e.g. Other possibilities were talked about at the meeting. 会上还讨论了其它可能性。Attention should be paid to the effective measures to prevent air pollution. 应当注意采取有效措施防止空气污染。He was asked not to be late again by the teacher.老师要他不要再迟到。c. 译成带表语的主动句e.g. The decision was not taken lightly. 这个决定不是轻易作出的。d. 译成汉语主动句，补充主语“人们”The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored. 人们迄今对这一问题尚未进行过彻底的探索。e. 译成汉语被动句e.g. The famous actress was given a hearty welcome. 那位著名的演员受到了热烈的欢迎。I was so moved by his words that I gave him 10 Yuan. 我为他的这些话所深深感动，所以后来就给了他10元钱。2.2换序译法 英语和汉语在句法结构上差异很大，在翻译时，需要经常调整原文语序。a. 定语位置的调整 英语中短语、句子、副词作定语或形容词修饰不定代词要后置，而汉语定语一般放在所修饰的词前面e.g. I have something important to tell you. 我有重要事情告诉你。b. 同位语位置的调整e.g. The college interviewed only two applicants for the job, Professor Brown and me. 学院只面试了布朗教授和我两位这份工作的应聘人。 c. 状语位置的调整英语中各类状语修饰动词时，一般放在动词之后，而汉语则放在动词之前。 英语语序：主语+谓语+（宾语）+ 状语汉语语序：主语+状语+谓语+（宾语） 英语中时间、空间、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大，而汉语中则是从大到小.汉语的状语语序是时间地点方式动词，英语的习惯语序是动词方式地点时间。 e.g. 1.Modern science and technology are developing rapidly（后置） 现代科学技术正在迅速发展。（前置） 2. He lives at 120 Park Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou City. 他住在福州市仓山区公园路120号。 3. He studies English hard at home every night. 他每天晚上都在家里刻苦学习英语。d.状语从句位置的调整 英语中的时间、地点、条件、原因、让步等状语从句可前可后，而汉语中的这类状语从句一般前置。e.g. 1. He had to stay in bed because he was ill. 因为他病了，他只好呆在床上。 2. I still hope you will come back if arrangements could be made 如果能安排，我还是希望你来.Health food gained popularity when people began to think more seriously about the possible effect of food on their health.Send me a message in case you have any difficulty. e. 英语的句子重心在前，汉语的句子重心在后。英语的句子主语突出，汉语的句子主题突出。因此，英汉互译时必须注意调整句子的语序。 e.g. 1.It is good you are so considerate. 你想得这样周到太好了 。 2. 发生这样的事不是你的错 。 It is not your fault that this has happened. It is no use gathering a lot of facts and data without making a thorough study and scientific analysis of them.2.3定语从句的译法1前置法 译成带“的”的定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，变为单句，这种方法一般用于限制性定语从句比较短的情况。e.g. The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. 在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. 如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话, 那么对所有被比较者来说, 前两个因素 必须是一样的。2后置法，尤其是非限制性定语从句 如果从句结构复杂，译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时，往往译成后置的并列分句。另外在处理此类定语从句时, 一般遵循的原则是: 若保留先行词, 则在第二个分句中加以重复, 若省略, 则两个并列分句中均不再保留。e.g. After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks，which continued well into the night.饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈,一直谈到深夜。They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力, 这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的, 在过去,许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。Fast-food restaurants are now expanding rapidly all over the United States, where speed is a very important factor.He can not remember his father, who died when he was three years old.3. 翻译成状语从句 英语中有些定语从句, 兼有状语从句的职能, 在逻辑上(即意义上)与主句有状语关系, 说明原因、结果、让步、假设等关系, 翻译时应善于从英语原文的字里行间发现这些逻辑上的关系, 然后翻译成汉语中相应的偏正复合句。例如: e.g. He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old. 他不记得他父亲了, 因为他父亲死时他才三岁。Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion.衣服尽管才穿了没几次, 也因款式过时而不得不搁置一边.2.4.名词从句的译法名词从句包括主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。翻译这类从句比较容易，大多数可按原文顺序译，但也有一些特殊处理的方法。1主语从句。该句型可先译主语从句，形式主语可译可不译。例如：It does not matter which method you chose.（你选择哪一种方法都无关紧要。）2宾语从句。有it作形式宾语时，可先译that引导的宾语从句。例如：I owe it to you that I have been so successful.（我这么成功，多亏了你。）3同位语从句。3.1用顺译法将同位语从句译为汉语的独立句e.g. Can you produce any evidence that he was not at home that night? 你能不能提出证据，证明那天夜里他不在家。3.2. 把同位语从句翻译成前置修饰语e.g. There was little probability that they would succeed.他们成功的可能性极小。3.3. 译成宾语 被同位语所说明的名词，若是由动词转化或派生而来的名词，通常可将这类名词转译为汉语的动词，而将同位语从句转译为动词的宾语。e.g He expressed the hope that