英语考试阅读题翻译版.docx

Passage 1Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree, In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student. Would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread the period of work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular practice. For very course that the follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work , but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs. Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities. Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example, by cheating his to appear before a student court. With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount of activity. A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career.通常，一名学生必须参加一定数量的课程学习才可以毕业，他上的每一门课都会得到学分，这些学分累加起来，才能拿到学位。在许多美国大学里，要拿到学位就得上门课，每门课要上一个学期。一门典型的课程是每个星期上节课，共上个星期；而一名大学生可能每学期要学习到门课程。通常每个学生都应该上年学，每年两个学期。有可能要花超过年的时间才能拿到学位，也有可能一个学生在攻读学位时在两所不同的大学上课，然而，这实际上并不常见。学生上的每一门课都会有一个分数，分数是有记录的，学生可以把他的分数记录给未来的雇主看。这些为学生施加了学习上长期的压力和负担。但尽管如此，有些学生还是能挤出时间来积极参与学生活动。竞选学生组织中的职位能够激发很大的热情。遵守纪律的有效承诺通常是由向校方提议的学生们来执行的。任何被认为违反了规定的学生，比如说，考试作弊的学生，必须在学生法庭上受审。学生数目众多，则这一体系在动作时就会涉及到为数不少的学生活动。在其中担任过领导职位的学生就会很受人尊敬，对他将来的事业也很有利。Passage 2Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that its painful? This might be called laziness, but Dr.Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.During the hours when you labour through your work you may say that youre “hot”. Thats true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues as: “Get up, John! Youll be late for work again!” The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.You cant change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make you life fit it better. Habit can help, Dr.Kleitman believes. Maybe youre sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway. Counteract your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning, but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This wont change your cycle, but youll get up steam and work better at your low point.Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. A void the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.你是否发现早上起床很困难以至于是一种痛苦？这也许可以被称作懒惰，但克莱特曼博士有一种新的解释。他已证明每个人都有一个日能量周期。在你工作的时候，你可能会说你很“热”。没错！一天当中你觉得精力最为充沛的时候就是你的体温周期达到顶峰的时候。对一些人来说，这一顶峰会在午前到来。而对另一些人来说，则到下午或是晚上才来到。还没有人能够提示为什么会这样，但这导致了大家都很熟悉的那种自言自语，例如 “该起床了，约翰！又要上班迟到了！”对这种烦恼可能性的解释就是他的体温与能量顶峰在晚上到来。当夫妇们了解到能量周期的意义，并得知每个家庭成员的能量周期是哪一种类型的时候，很多家庭争端便结束了。你无法改变你的能量周期，但你了解到自己的周期之后可以使你的生活更加适合它。克莱特曼博士认为习惯是有帮助的。也许你很想睡觉，但觉得你无论如何都得熬夜。习惯性地延迟睡觉时间可以在一定程度上对抗你的周期。如果你早上能量低，但在一大清早有件很重要的工作要做，就比平时早些起床。这样做不会改变你的周期，但你可以在能量低的时候鼓起干劲，更好地工作。慢慢地开始一天的工作有助于节约能量。起床时放松地打个哈欠，伸伸懒腰，在床上坐一会儿再下地。前一天晚上把干净衣服放好，这样就不用手忙脚乱地到处乱翻。尽可能在下午做常规工作，把需要更多能量与注意力的任务留到最佳状态的时候来处理。Passage 3We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher.Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library , and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently . An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is . We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least , and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal. 我们发现，聪明的孩子如果接受不按能力分班的教学，很少会因此被拖后了。相反，他们在知识和经验方面都有长进。我们认为把学生按照能力分班有很多弊端。这种做法没有考虑到孩子们发展情形各不相同这一事实。对聪明的孩子和不太聪明的孩子都有不良影响。毕竟，在最好的那一档里做最差的学生也够令人气馁了！此外，只根据人的智力水平来对人进行分类也是颇不现实的。这仅仅是全部人品特征的一个方面罢了。我们关心的是让所有的学生都能充分发展各方面的能力，而不仅仅是学术能力。我们也很看重个人品质与社交技能，而我们发现不按能力分班的教学对学习所有这些方面都很有益在教室里，我们以不同的方式工作。学生们通常会以小组为单位进行学习；这样他们便有机会学习相互合作、分享，以及培养领导技能。他们还能学到怎样处理个人问题，以及怎样思考，怎样作决定，怎样分析和评价，与怎样进行有效的交流。学生们不仅向老师学习，也可以互相学习。有时，学生们也会以结对的方式学习；还有时，他们自己完成个人的任务，他们可以按照自己的速度来做。在适当的时候，他们也要接受正规的课堂教学。我们鼓励学生们使用图书馆，所以我们要教他们所需的技巧，才能有效地利用好图书馆。一个先进的学生可以做先进的工作，而他的年龄多大并不重要。我们期望学生们可以最大限度而不是最小限度地发挥他们的能力，我们也会尽量鼓励他们达到定目标。Passage 4Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage, hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israels example.At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patients illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized（分散的）nursing administration; every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurses; in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each units nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.Beth Israels nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She also is a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which in most hospitals includes only doctors.Beth Israel医院为患者提供有可能得到的最好的护理。如果我们打算改善护理中的不足，各地医院的行政管理与医生只要努力以Beth Israel医院为楷模就可以了。在Beth Israel医院，每个病人都会被分配一名主要护士，她与病人进行详尽的交谈，并会拟出一份全面的健康报告，涵盖所有病人的病史到其精神状况。然后她会写出一份护理计划，以患者的病症为中心，并包括所有必需的内容。病人的主要护士在其住院期间会与他在一起，对他的进展进行记录，并从医生那里得到进一步的建议。如果一位在Beth Israel医院的病人对其治疗手段没有回应的话，他的护士通常会写出另一份提案交给医生。在Beth Israel医院的主要护士是医生真正意义上的同事。 在Beth Israel医院的护理工作还有一个分散的行政管理；每一层楼、每一个单元都是独立的机构。有护士经理而没有护士长；他们除了有医务工作之外还负责自己单元的雇用与开除，处理雇员建议，并提出建议薪水。每个单元的护士一起决定其中谁在何时轮哪一班。Beth Israel医院的首席护士与医院副院长职位相当。她还是执行医疗委员会的成员之一，而在大多数医院只有医生才能加入这一委员会。Passage 5When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturers claim for it , the first step is to present the warranty（保单）,or amy other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not ,there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction. A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the “higher up ” the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster the or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumers favour, assuming he or she has a just claim. Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but it they connot get to the place of purchase ,it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter. Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. If this cannot be done , the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong , rather than by making general statements. For example, “The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear” is better than “This stereo(立体声音响) does not work” The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so , the consumer should do this ,stating the complaint as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a step further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or organization responsible for protecting consumers rights.当一名顾客发现他她买的物品有毛病，或是在某方面没有达到制造商所宣称的那样时，）他她要做的第一件事就是去原来的商店，把质量保单或任何可能有用的记录给他们看。在大多数情况下，这种行动很有效。但纵使它无效，顾客还是可以用各种方法来使自己得到满意的处理方式。 许多顾客采用一种简单而普通的方式，即直接向商店经理抱怨。通常来说，顾客抱怨的对象越“高级别”，他们的问题就可望更快被解决。在这种情况下，通常是顾客一方赢得了胜利，假设他们要求合理的话。只要有可能，顾客应该当面诉说，但假如他们没法去买东西的地方，在电话里诉说或是写信抱怨也是可以接受的。 如果抱怨时既有礼貌而又足够坚定，那么通常这是最有效力的，特别是当顾客能够阐明到底物品有什么问题时。如果做不到这一点，顾客如能具体说明问题所在，也会有最大可能的成功，这比笼统地抱怨要管用。比如说，“左边的喇叭压根儿不响，右边的喇叭的声音也不清楚”，这种话就比只说“这个立体声音响不好用”要好。 商店的经理也许会建议顾客给制造商写信。如果是这样的话，顾客应该写信，尽可能礼貌而且坚定地把问题表达出来。但如果礼貌的抱怨没有达到预期的效果，顾客就可以进一步行动。他们可以威胁说要把销售商告到法庭去或是说把销售商告到某个私立或公立的保护消费者权益的机构去。Passage 6If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it ,only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and soon. No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth ,comfort and durability .They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasnt at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of womens clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability That is for you to decide.如果女人们年复一年地被无情地剥削，那只能怪她们自己。因为女人们只要想到自己在公众场合穿着过时的衣服就禁不住浑身发抖（）她们总是因此被设计师和大商店利用了。才穿过几次的衣服就得被丢到一边，因为时尚改变了。想想看，只有女人才会站在堆满了衣服的衣柜前还悲伤地宣布她没有衣服可穿。（）改变时尚潮流无异于故意浪费。许多女人每年花大笔的钱买新衣服来取代那些几乎没有穿过的衣服。（）没有钱以这种方式扔掉旧衣的女人们则要花上几个小时的时间对她们已有的衣服进行改制。加长或是剪短裙子；放低或是加高领口，诸如此类。没有人可以说时尚业对社会做出了真正重大的贡献。（）时装设计师很少关注诸如暖和、舒适和耐用等最重要的方面。他们只对外观感兴趣，而且他们利用了这样一种事实，即女人们只要自己看起来不错，再不舒服也能忍着。男人们在生活中几乎都曾看到过这些好笑的景象：在冬天里只穿一条薄裙子的女人在瑟瑟发抖，或是穿着高跟鞋小心翼翼地在厚厚的雪地中找路。要在时尚方面把男人和女人作一个比较，得出的结论是显而易见的。人们不禁要问，女人的时装不断地变化是否反映了不能持久和不稳定的本质呢？（）男人们是聪明的，他们不会让时装设计师来欺骗自己。他们不改变衣服款式是否又反映了稳定可靠的本质呢？这得由您来决定了。Passage 7Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that theres a big difference between being a writer, and writing. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. Youve got to want to write, I say to them, not want to be a writer. The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in the U.S. Coast Guard to become a freelance writer, I had no prospects at all: What I did have was a friend who found me my r Tm in a New York apartment building. It didnt even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual typewriter and felt like a genuine writer. After a year or so, however, I still hadnt gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasnt going to be one of those people who die wondering, What if I would keep putting my dream to the test-even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there.很多年轻人对我说他们想当作家。我总是鼓励这样的青年，但同时我也向他们说明“当作家”和写作的区别是很大的。在很多情况下，那些想当作家的人向往的是金钱和名誉，而不是独自守着打字机的漫长日子。我对他们说，“你必须是想写，而不应是想当作家。”事实上，写作是一件令人寂寞，孤独而且报酬又不高的事情。在每一个受到命运之神青睐的作家背后，还有成百上千的不走运的作家，这些人的渴望从没有得到过回报。当我辞别了我在美国海岸警卫队20年工作成为一个自由撰稿人时，没有任何前途可言。我只有一个朋友，他在纽约的一幢公寓里给我找了一个房间。尽管房间很冷而且连洗漱间也没有，不过这都没关系。我马上买了一台旧的手动打字机，感觉自己就好像是一个真正的作家了。然而，大约一年后，我仍然没有任何进展并开始怀疑自己。要卖出一篇暂且可以糊口的作品是如此之难。但我知道我有写作的欲望。这是我多年以来的梦想。我不会像有些人那样，在临终前还在想，当初如果不放弃该多好啊!我会继续接受考验，即使这意味着变化无常的生活和对失败的担心。这其实也是梦想实现以前的一种虚幻的境界，每一个有梦想的人都应该学会在这种境遇中生活。Passage 8Oceanography has been defined as “The application of all sciences to the study of the sea”.Before the nineteenth century ,scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between.Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings ,but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea ,there was little reason to ask many questions about it ,let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question ”what is at the bottom of the oceans? ”had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition, which lasted four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895.海洋学的定义是“庆用所有的科学来研究海洋”世纪以前，极少有科学家对研究海洋感兴趣，当然，牛顿在他的作品中对海洋做了一些理论方面的探讨，但他并不情愿自己去海边作进一步的研究。对大多数人来说，海洋是遥远的，除了早期穿越洲际的旅行家们以及依靠海洋维持生计的人，几乎找不出理由要提出关于海洋的问题，更不会问海洋表面下还有些什么东西。人们第一次必须回答“海洋底部是什么？”这个问题是有商业上的后果的，当时有人提议要铺设一条从欧洲到美洲的电报缆线。工程师们必须了解路线的纵深起伏形状，才可以估计需要制造多长的电缆。由于美国海军的莫里（Maury），大西洋电报公司才在年得到了这方面的信息。世纪年代，莫里负责推动进行测探工作的海上航行，以此来调查北大西洋与太平洋的深度。此后，他出了一本叫做海洋的自然地貌的书，在这本书里他提到的一些发现激起了人们很大的兴趣。人们铺设了电缆，但直到年，才有了固定而且可靠的连接。在早期的努力中，电缆坏了，而当它被拉出来维修时，人们发现其表面覆盖着活的生物。这一事实挑战了当时的一种科学观点，即海洋较深层是不存在生命的。海洋学在此后几年内发展起来。年，汤姆森（Thomson），带头进行了一项科学考察，历时年，从海洋带回了数以千计的标本。科学家们花了数年时间将它们分类并进行分析，写出了一个长达五卷的报告，其中最后一卷于年出版。Passage 9Just seven years ago, the Jarvik