听力句型单词总结.doc

听力句型单词总结 TPO7Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor.Eric:Hi,Professor Mason,do you have aminute?Pro:Yes,of course,Eric.I thinkthere was something I wanted to talk to you abouttoo.Eric:Probably mylate essay.Pro:Ah,that must have beenit.I thoughtmaybe Id lost it.Eric:No,Im sorry.Actually it was myputer thatlostit,the firstdraft ofit.And,well,anyway,I finallyput itin yourmail boxyesterday.Pro:Oh,I havent checkedthe mailbox yettoday.Well,Im gladits there.I willread itthis weekend.Eric:Well,sorry again.Say,I cansend ittoyouby emailtoo if you like.Pro:Great.Ill be interested to see howall itcame out.Eric:Right.Now,ah,I just have overheardsome graduatestudents talking.Something about a partyfor Dean Adams?Pro:Retirement party,yes,all students are invited.Wasnt thereany notice on theAnthropology Departments bulletinboard?Eric:Ah,I dont know.But Iwondered tooffer tohelp outwith it.You know whatever you need.Dean Adams,well,I tooka fewanthropology classeswith herand they were great,inspiring.Thats whyIwant to pitchin.Pro:Oh,thats verythoughtful ofyou,Eric,but itll bpretty lowkey,nothing flashy.Thats nother style.Eric:So theres nothing?Pro:No,well havecoffee andcookies,maybe acake.But actuallya couple of theadministrative assistants are workingon that.You couldask thembut I think theyve gotit covered.Eric:OK.批注T1:无意中听到批注T2:协力，做出贡献批注T3:低调的，有节制的批注T4:闪光的浮华的Pro:Actually,oh,no,never mind.Eric:What is it?Pro:Well,its nothingto dowith theparty and Im surethere aremore excitingways youcould spendyour time.But wedo needsome helpwith something.Work pilinga databaseof articles the anthropologyfaculty haspublished.There is not muchglory init,but were lookingfor someone with someknowledge of anthropology whocan enterthe articles.I hesitateto mentionit.But I dont supposethis is something youwould.Eric:No,that soundskind ofcool.I liketo seewhat they are writingabout.Pro:Wonderful.And there are alsosome unpublishedstudies.Did you know DeanAdams dida lotof fieldresearch in Indonesia?Most of them havent beenpublished yet.Eric:No,like what?Pro:Well,she isreally versatile.She justspent severalmonths studying批注T5:才能能力批注T6:多才多艺的social interactionsinIndonesiaand shes beeninfluential ihnology.Oh,and shes alsodone workin southof America,this iscloser tobiology,especially withspeciation.Eric:ah,not toseem uninformed.Pro:Well,how speciesform?You know,how twodistinct speciesform fromone.Like whenpopulations of the samespecies areisolated fromeach other and thendeveloped intotwo differentdirections andend upwith twodistinct species.Eric:Interesting.Pro:Yes,and whileshe was there inSouth America,she collecteda lotof linguisticinformation and sounds,really fascinating.Eric:Well.I hatetoseeher leave.Pro:Dont worry.Shell stillbe around.Shes gotlots ofprojects that shes stillin the middle of.Lecture Listen to part of a lecture in a class on theaterhistory.The professoris discussingthe theaterof19century fronts.The19th centurywas thetimes ofwhat we called:Realism developingin theEuropean theater.Urn.to understandthis though,we first need tolook atan earlierform ofdrama known asthewell-made play,which basicallywas a pattern forconstructing plays,plays that.eh.beginning withsome early19th-century ediesin Franceproved verysuessful,mercially.The dramaticdevises usedhere werent actuallyanything new,they have been aroundfor centuries.But theformula for a well-made playrequired thatcertain of these elementsbe includedin aparticular order,and mostimportantly,that everythingin the play belogically connected.In fact,some of these playwrightswould startby writingthe endof theplay,and workbackward towardthe beginning,just to make sureeach eventled logicallyfrom whathad gonebefore.Ok,so what are thenecessary elementsof awell-made play?Well,the firstis logicalexposition.Exposition is whatever background information youhave toreveal to the audience.So,theyll understandwhats going on.Before thistime,exposition mighthave efrom actorssimply givingspeeches.Eh.someone mightwalk outon thestage andsay,In fairVerona,where welay ourscene,and thentell allabout thefeuding familiesof Romeo and Juliet.But for the well-made play,even theexposition had to belogical,believable.So,for example,you mighthave two servants gossipingas theyare cleaningthe house.And onesays,Oh,whatashame masters sonis stillnot married,and theother mightmention arumor abouta mysterious gentleman whos justmoved intotown withhis beautifuldaughter.These ments are part of theplays logicalexposition.The nextkey elementof awell-made playis referredto astheinciting incidents.After we have thebackgroundinformation,we needa keymoment to get thingsmoving.eh.that reallymakes the audience interestedin whathappens to the characters we justheard about.So,for example,after thetwoservantsreveal allthis backgroundinformation,we meetthe young man.Just ashe firstlays eyeson thebeautiful womanand immediatelyfalls inlove.This is the incitingincidence.It sets off the plot of theplay.Now,the plotof awell-made playis usuallydriven bysecrets,eh.things that the audienceknows but the charactersoften dont know.So,for example,the audiencelearns througha letteror throughsomeone elses conversationwho thismysteriousgentlemanis,and whyhe leftthe townmany yearsbefore.But the youngmandoesnt knowabout this,and the woman doesnt understand the ancientconnection betweenher familyand his.And,before thesecrets arerevealed tothe maincharacters,theplotof theplay proceeds as aseries ofsort ofup anddown moments.For example,thewomanfirst appears not toeven noticethe youngman,and it seems tohim like the endof theworld.But then,he learnsthatsheactually wantsto meethim too.So,life iswonderful.Then,if hetries totalk withher,maybe herfather getfurious,for noapparent reason.So,they cantseeeach other.But,just astheyoungman has almost lostall hope,he findsout.Well,you getthe idea,the reversalsof fortunecontinue,increasing the audiences tensionand excitement,making themwonder ifeverythings going to eout OKor not.Next es an element known astheobligatory scene.Its a.itsascene,a momentin whichall thesecrets arerevealed.And generally,things turnout wellfor thehero andothers wecare about,a happyending ofsome sort.This becameso popularthat theplaywright almosthadtoinclude itin everyplay,which iswhy its calledtheobligatory scene.And thats followedby thefinal dramaticelementthedenouement,ortheresolution,when all the looseends have to betied upin a logical way.Remember,the obligatoryscene givestheaudienceemotional pleasure.But thedenouement offerstheaudiencealogicalconclusion.Thatsthesubtle distinctionwe need to tryvery hardto keepin mind.So,as Isaid,the well-made play,this formof playwriting,became thebasis forrealism indrama,and for a lotof verypopular19th centuryplays,and alsoa patternwe findin theplots ofmany laterplays,and evenmovies that we seetoday.Listen to partof a lecture in a biology class.Pro:So,that is how elephant uses infrasound.Now,lets talk about theotherand the acousticspectrums,sound that is toohigh forhumans tohear-ultrasound.Ultrasound isused bymany animalsthat detectedand some of themseen outvery highfrequency sounds.So,what is a goodexample?Yes,Carol?Carol:Well,bats,since thereis allblind,bets haveto usesound for,you know,to keepthem fromflying in the things.Pro:That isecholocation.Echolocation ispretty self-explanatory;using echoesreflected soundwaves tolocated things.As Kayosaid thatbat usedfor navigationand orientation.And whatis else.Make?Make:Well,finding foodis alwaysimportant,andI guess not being foodfor otheranimals.Pro:Right,on bothaounts.Avoiding otherpredators,and locatingprey,typically insectsthat flyaround itat night.Before Igo on,let mejust respondsomething Kayowas saying-this ideathat isbats areblind.Actually,there aresome speciesof bats,the ohat dontuseecholocation that do relyon their vision fornavigation,but its true formany bats,theirvisionis tooweak tocount on.Ok,so quicksome raysif echolocationworks.The batsemit theultrasonic pulses,very highpitch soundwaves that we cannothear.And then,they analyzethe echoes,how thewaves boundback.Here,let mefinish thestyle diagramI startedit beforethe class.So the bat sendsout thepulses,very focusbirds ofsound,and echobounds back.You know,I dont thinkI needto drawthe echoes,your readingassignment for the nextclass;it hasdiagram showsthis veryclearly.So,anyway,as Iwere saying,by analyzingthis echo,the batcan determine,say,if thereis wallin acave thatneeds to avoid,and howfar awayit is.Another thinguses theultrasound todetect is the sizeand theshape ofobjects.For example,one echothey quicklyidentified isone wayassociated withmoth,which ismon preyfor abat,particularly amoth meetingits wings.However,moth happenedto havemajor advantageover mostother insects.They can detect ultrasound;this meansthat whenthe batapproaches,the mothcandetectthe bats presence.So,it hastime toescape tosafety,or elsethey canjust remainmotionless.Since,when theystop meetingtheir wings,they will be muchhard forthebatto distinguishfrom,oha leaveor some other object.Now,wehavetended tounderestimate justhow sophisticatedthe abilitythat animalsthat useultrasound are.In fact,we kinds of assume that theywere filteringa lotout.The waysare sophisticatedradar onour systemcan ignorethe echofrom thestationary objecton theground.Radar aredoes this to removeground clutter,information about the hills or buildingsthat they doesntneed.But bats,we thoughttheywerefiltering outkindsof information,because theysimply couldnt analyzeit.But,it looksas weare wrong.Recent there was theexperiment withtrees andspecific speciesof bat.A batcalled:the laserspear nosedbat.Now,a treeshould behuge and acoustic challengefor bat,right?I meanit gotall kindsof surfaceswith differentshapes andangles.So,well,the echoes from treesare goingto bemassive andchaotic acousticreflection,right,not like the echofrom the moth.So,we thoughtfor a long time that thebat stoptheir evaluationas simplythatistree.Yet,it turnsout thatis orat least particular species,cannot onlytell thatis trees,but canalso distinguish between a pine tree,andadeciduous tree,like amaple oroak tree,just by their leaves.And whenI say,leaves,I meanpine needlestoo.Any ideaon howwe would know that?Stu:Well,like with themoth,could betheir shape?Pro:You areon the right track-it actuallythe echoof allthe leavesas wholethe matters.Now,think,apirees withlittle denselypacked needles.Those produceda largenumber offain reflectionin whichwhatswecalled as:a smoothof echo.The waveforms werevery even,but anoak whichhas fewerbut biggerleaves withstronger reflections,produces agigots waveform,or whatwecalled:a roughecho.And thesebats candistinguishbetween a two,and notjust wastrees,but with any echoe insmooth andrough shape.Words:infrasound n.物次声(风暴产生的低频音波)acoustical spectrum:声谱ultrasound n.超声(波)self-explanatory adj.自明的，不需加以说明的filtering v.过滤，筛选ground clutter地面反射波，地面杂乱回波jagged adj.锯齿状的，参差不齐的tpo5Conversation Narrator Listen toa conversationbetweenastudent anda counselorat theUniversity CounselingCenter.Student Hi,thanks forseeing meon suchshort notice.Counselor Noproblem.How canI help?Student Well,I thinkI mighthave madea mistakeing tothe school.Counselor What makes yousay that?Student Im alittle overwhelmedby thesize of this place.I efrom a small town.There wereonly75of usin myhigh schoolgraduating class.Everyone kneweveryone.We allgrew uptogether.Counselor批注T7:主题标志批注T8:考点一批注T9:考点2So itsabit ofa cultureshock foryou?Being oneof15,000students onabicampus in an unfamiliarcity?Student Thats anunderstatement.I justcant getfortable in class orin the dorms.You know,socially.Counselor Umwell,lets startwith theacademics.Tell meabout youclasses.Student Im takingmostly introductorycourses andsome aretaught in these huglecture halls.Counselor Andyou arehaving troublekeeping pacewith thematerial?Student No,in factI gotanAon myfirst economicspaper.Its just that,itssoimpersonal,Im notused toit.Counselor Areall yourclasses impersonal?Student No,its justthatfor example,in sociologyyesterday,the professorasked question,so Iraised myhand,several ofus raisedour hands.And Ikept myhand upbecause Idid the reading andknew theanswer.But the professor justanswered hisown questionand continuedwith thelecture.Counselor Well,inabig roomits possiblehe didnt noticeyou.Maybe hewas trying to savetime.In eithercase I wouldnt takeit personally.Student批注T10:考点3I suppose.But Ijust dontknowhow to,you know,distinguish myself.Counselor Whynot stopby his office duringoffice hours?Student That wouldnt seemright.You know,taking timefrom otherstudents whoneed help?Counselor Dont saythat.Thats whatoffice hoursare for.There isno reasonyou couldnt pop in tosay hiand tomake yourselfknown.If you are learninga lotinclass,let theprofessor know.Wouldnt youappreciate positivefeedback ifyou werea professor?Student Youare right.Thatsa good idea.批注T11:考点4批注T12:对应pliment考点4Counselor OK,erlets turnto yoursocial life.Howsitgoing in thedorms?Student Idonthavemuch inmon withmy roommateor anyoneelse Ive metso far.Everyones intosports andIm moreartsy,you know,into music.I playthe cello.Counselor Hah,have youbeen playinglong?Student Sinceage ten.Itsabig partof mylife.At homeI wasthe youngestmember ofour munityorchestra.Counselor Youare notgoingto believe this.There is a stringquartet oncampus,all students.And itso happenedthat thecellist graduatedlast year.Theyvebeensearching highand lowforareplacement,someonewithexperience.Would youbeinterestedin auditioning?Student Absolutely.I wantedto getmy academicwork settledbefore pursuingmy musichere.But Ithink thiswould be agoodthing forme.Iguessif Ireally wantto fitin hereI shouldfind peoplewho lovemusic asmuch as Ido.Thank you.Counselor Mypleasure.Words:on suchshort notice刚约就要见(没有给对方充裕的时间)popinenter briefly偶尔或突然访问批注T13:考点5She oftenpops infor coffee她常来喝杯咖啡。 be into给迷住，对.深感兴趣，深深卷入be intosports,be intomusic stringquartet n.弦乐四重奏曲，弦乐四重奏乐团cellist:n.大提琴演奏者Narrator Listent partoalecturer ina sociologyclass.Have youever heardthe oneabout alligatorsliving inNew York sewers?The storygoes likethis:a familywent onvacation inFlorida andbought acoupleofbaby alligatorsas presentsfor theirchildren,then returnedfrom vacationto NewYork,bringing the alligators homewith themas pets.But thealligators wouldescape andfind theirway intothe NewYorksewersystem wherethey startedreproducing,grew tohuge sizesand nowstrike fearinto sewerworkers.Have youheard thisstory?Well,it isnt trueand itnever happened.But despitethat,the storyhas beenaround sincethe1930s.Or howabout the songtwinkle,twinkle little star,youknow,twinkle,twinkle,little star,how Iwonder what you are?Well weve allheard this song.Where amI goingwith this?Well,both thesong and the storyare examplesof memes.And thatswhatwe wouldtalkabout,the theoryof memes.A memeis tofind asa piece ofinformationcopied from person to person.By thisdefinition,most ofwhatyouknow,ideas,skills,stories,songs arememes.All thewords youknow,allthescientific theoriesyouve learned,the ruleyour parentstaught you to observe,all arememes thathave beenpassed onfrom personto person.So what?You maysay.Passing onideas fromone personto anotheris nothingnew.Well,the wholepoint ofdefining thisfamiliar processas transmission of memesissothatwe can exploreits analogywith thetransmissionofgenes.As youknow,all livingorganisms pass on biological information throughthe genes.Whatsa gene?A geneis apieceofbiologicalinformationthat gets copied orreplicated,andthecopy orreplica ispassed ontothenew generation.So genesare definedas replicators.Genes arereplicators thatpass oninformation aboutproperties and批注T14:考点2修辞作用批注T15:考点一purpose批注T16:考点3列举characteristics oforganisms.By analogy,memes alsoget replicatedand in the processpassonculture informationfrompersontoperson,generation togeneration.So memesare alsoreplicators.To bea suessfulreplicator,there arethree key characteristics:longevity,fecundity andfidelity.Lets take a closerlook.First,longevity.A replicatormust existlong enough to be able to get copied,and transferits information.Clearly,the longera replicatorsurvives,the betterits chancesof gettingits messagecopied andpassed on.So longevityisakeycharacteristicofareplicator.If youtake thealligator story,it canexist foralongtime inindividual memory,lets say,my memory.I cantell youthe storynow orten yearsfrom now,the samewiththetwinkle,twinkle song.So thesememes havelongevity because theyarememorable forone reasonor another.Next,fecundity.Fecundity is the abilityto reproducein largenumbers.For example,the monhousefly reproducesby layingseveral thousandeggs,so eachfly genegetscopiedthousands oftimes.Memes,well,they canbe reproducedin largenumbers aswell.How manytimes haveyou sungthetwinkle,twinkle songto someone?Each timeyou replicatedthesong,and maybepassed it along tosomeone whodid notknow ityet,a smallchild maybe.批注T17:考点4举例批注T18:考点5细节Finally,fidelity.Fidelity meansauracy ofthe copyingprocess.We knowfidelity is an essentialprinciple ofgeic transmission.If acopy ofa geneisabit differentfrom theoriginal,thats calleda geicmutation.And mutationsare usuallybad news.An organismoften cannot survivewithamutated gene.And soageneusually cannot bepassed on,unless itsanexact copy.For memeshowever,fidelity is not alwaysso important.For example,ifyoutell someohealligatorstory Itold youtoday,it probablywontbeword forword exactlyasIsaid it.Still,it willbe basicallythe samestory,andtheperson whohears thestory willbeableto passitalong.Other memesare replicatedwith higherfidelity though,likethetwinkle,twinkle song.It hadthe exactsame words20years agoas itdoes now.Well,thats becausewe seesongs assomething thathas to be performedaurately eachtime.If youchange aword,the otherswill usuallybring youin line.Theyll say,thats nothow singit,right?So,you cansee howlooking atpieces ofcultural informationas repl