英语毕业论文(辅修)_环境工程专业词汇的特点及翻译策略.pdf

山东建筑大学毕业论文 i 本科毕业论文 题 目 The Lexical Features of Environmental Engineering English and their Translation 院 部 市政与环境工程学院 专 业 环境工程 班 级 环工 061 姓 名 张崇 学 号 2006041182 指导教师 高金岭 完成日期 2009 年 5 月 10 日 山东建筑大学毕业论文 i The Lexical Features of Environmental Engineering English and their Translation 环境工程专业词汇的特点及其翻译 by Zhang Chong Supervisor Mr Gao Jinling Submitted to the School of Foreign Languages in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts Shandong Jianzhu University Jinan China June 2009 山东建筑大学毕业论文 ii CONTENTS Abstract iv 摘要摘要 v I n t r o d u c t i o nI n t r o d u c t i o n 1 Chapter 1 The Classification of Environment Engineering Specialized Vocabulary 2 1 1 Technical Words 2 1 2 Sub semi technical Words 2 1 3 Common Words 3 Chapter 2 The Features of environment engineering specialized vocabulary 4 2 1 Latin or Greek Origin 4 2 2 Affixation 4 2 3Compounds and Shortening 4 2 3 1 Compounds 5 2 3 2 Shortening 5 2 4Analogy 5 2 5 Coinage of New Words 6 Chapter 3 Environmental Engineering English Vocabulary Translation Strategy 7 3 1 Free Translation 7 3 2 Transliteration 7 3 3 Transliteration and Free translation 8 Chapter 4 Word Choice and Expression in the Translation 9 4 1 The Choice of the Right Meaning 9 4 2 The Choice of Proper Expression 9 4 2 1 derived meaning 9 4 2 2 conversion of part of speech 10 Chapter 5 The qualifications of Environmental Engineering Translation 11 5 1 Accumulated Expertise 11 5 2 Professional Knowledge 11 山东建筑大学毕业论文 iii 5 3 Extensive Reading 11 5 4 Consult the Dictionaries 12 Conclusion 13 References 14 Acknowledgement 15 山东建筑大学毕业论文 iv Abstract Environmental Engineering is part of scientific English and its high degree of difficulty lies not only in terms of its large and growing number of new terms but also in its unique characteristics Scientific English is a tool different from the ordinary English As a tool for global communication the spread of English in the technical aspects of scientific theories play a decisive role Therefore understanding the characteristics of English vocabulary and their translation methods are helpful for teachers and workers in the field This article covers the Environmental Engineering classification of its vocabulary its composition its translation strategy Key words Environmental Engineering Vocabulary translation skills 山东建筑大学毕业论文 v 摘 要 环境工程专业词汇的翻译属于科技英语翻译的范畴 其难度不仅在于其词汇的数目庞 大和增长速度之快 而且还在于它独有的特征 科技英语是有别于普通英语的工具性 语言 作为全球交流的工具 科技英语在传播科学理论技术方面起着举足轻重的作用 因此 了解科技英语词汇的特点 和翻译方法 对于从事教学或者是科技翻译工作者 来说是一个必要的能力 本文主要探讨了下面五个方面的问题 1 环境工程英语词汇的分类 2 环境工程英语词汇的构成 3 环境工程英语词汇翻译的策略 4 翻译时词义的选择和表达 5 环境工程专业英语翻译者的基本素质 关键词 环境工程词汇 翻译技巧 山东建筑大学毕业论文 1 Introduction The interpretation of environment engineering specialized vocabulary belongs to the translation of Scientific English It is difficult not only because of the large amount but also because of its rapid increase What s more it has its own characteristics Specialized vocabulary is different from the common English As the most important media of global communication specialized vocabulary is rather important in the area of spreading scientific theories and technology So comprehending the feature of specialized vocabulary and the interpreting skills are very important to the instructors and the translators 山东建筑大学毕业论文 2 Chapter 1 The Classification of Environment Engineering Epecialized Vocabulary Environment engineering specialized vocabulary includes technical words sub semi technical words and common words The using of technical words are just limited to some specialty sub semi technical words are transformed from common words in addition to their own meaning they also have other meanings in different subjects In scientific and technical literatures technical words are less than technical words or sub semi technical words 1 1 Technical Words Technical words refer to the vocabularies or glossaries which are only subject based Environment engineering specialized vocabulary have a series of exact and narrow words The naissance of these words always goes with the development of chemistry physics biology or other relevant fields and the naissance of new concepts new theories new technologies or new products For example The word photochemical 光化学 in the phrase photochemical smog 光化学烟雾 was created by the scientist after London smog episode This word is just used to describe a kind of pollution we can hardly see it in common words 1 2 Sub semi technical Words Sub semi technical words refer to the words which won t be confined to the context These words frequency of appearance is always very high These words are common words in useful expression but have very rigorous meanings when be used in technical fields 山东建筑大学毕业论文 3 For example We define the word aeration 曝气 the process of exposing to air so as to purify in daily life but as an environment engineering specialize word it has a very narrow meaning It just describes the way we throw more oxygen forcibly to the liquid 1 3 Common Words Words in scientific English literature are different from which in common English In scientific English words tend to be long and big For example Common words Scientific English to agree to concur to send to transmit better superior enough sufficient OK satisfactory get smaller diminish push down depress fresh hand inexperienced operator By comparison we can find that common English words are shorter and often have different meanings scientific English tend to be longer and always have singleness In scientific English the difference is not absolute With the technology and society developing some technical have been becoming common words such as radio television and so on In the sight of rhetoric they are written languages without emotional coloring appraise or transferred meaning 山东建筑大学毕业论文 4 Chapter 2 The Features of Environment Engineering Specialized Vocabulary As a tool to expatiate on scientific judgment used by researchers the vocabularies are always very formal and exact and have powerful function of information So scientific English appears to a lot of unique features 2 1 Latin or Greek Origin A majority of the specialized vocabularies are made up of or come from Greek or Latin For example the word chlorophyll was made up of the two Latin words chlor and phyl rectifier borrow recti from Latin Based on the Stat of American scientific English expert Oscar E Nybaken in ten thousand most common English words 46 words come from Latin and 7 2 come from Greek This percentage will be higher when the words become more specialized So we can say that Latin and Greek morpheme is the major base of the modern scientific English and it will also be the most important origin to create new words Latin and Greek morpheme are widely used mainly because of the idiosyncracy of Greek and Latin themselves Above all scientific vocabularies demand that the meanings are exactly and the form are regular These two languages are both regular and both have the feature that the word morphologies are aptotic and the meanings are exactly And it is just what the composing of scientific English call for What s more important Greek and Latin is higher all around they both have abundant affixes and these affixes can create many new words with different etyma 2 2 Affixation The composing of scientific vocabularies depends on the combination of morphemes Affixation is a very important way to compose new words and a lot of scientific words create in this way In the scientific words which we often use about 50 prefixes appear frequently such as anti auto contra ex intra mono pre syn semi trails thermo un and so on postfixes are about 30 such as able al ic ise meter and so on Because most scientific words are made up with some morphemes we can comprehend by analogy to grip the thousands of words if we can deeply grip the meanings of the morphemes and command the over 1100 basing morphemes For example if we know the perfix micro the etyma scop and the postfix ist we can easily guess the meaning of microscopist Even if the word is very long we can also get the meaning if we know the 山东建筑大学毕业论文 5 basing morphemes of the word For example the word octamethylpy mphe phoramide is made up with octa methyl pyro phosphor and ide 2 3 Compounds and Shortening 2 3 1 Compounds Compounds are new words which are made up of two or more single words Compounds appear more frequently than others such as compound nouns letter bomb water purification system compound verbs air drop soft hand and compound adjectives 2 3 2 Shortening The other flexible word building of scientific English is shortening With technology developing the amount of shortening is bigger and bigger and has reached 100 000 The advantage of shortening is brevity and informative Scientific shortening mainly includes 1 Acronym which is made up of the first letter of each word such as maser maser microwave ampliffcation by stimulated emission of radiation 微波激射器 bradar biologic radio detection and ranging 曲头钉 and so on 2 Clip words Several letters in the front words which is made up out of each word This shortening is always used when the original word is very long and hard to be remembered For example bb 1aboratory 演讲 dir directory地址簿 电话簿 chem chemistry 化学 These words are usually Conventionality so we should not create by our own mean 3 Initials which are roughly the same with acronyms The only difference is that initials must be read one by one letter For example HIT Health Indication Test 健康状况测试 BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand 生化需氧量 COD Chemical Oxygen Demand 化学需氧量 This shortening can make the long phrase short but in different fields or rather in the same field the initial maybe have different meanings 4 Abbreviation shortenings are not always made up of the first letter Some shortening jsut come from one letter and with a in the end For example Exp export 出口 Max maximum 最大的 的最大限度的 Fig figure 数字 etc and so on 等 The original word maybe is not very long but very widely used so people make it shorter Some shortening have been conventional and can be understood by most scientist On the other hand for one shortening word can stand for many different words which brings difficulty to translator 山东建筑大学毕业论文 6 For example MA can stand for machine account 台帐 magnetic amplifier 磁放大 器 main alarm 主报警信号 Manpower Administration 人力管理署 美 map analysis 地图分析 Maritime Administration 海运管理署 market analysis 市场分析 Middle Ages 中世纪 Military Academy 军事学院 mixed amplifier 混合放大 器 modulated amplifier 被调制放大器 Museums Association 博物馆协会 美 and so on Customarily longer the shortening word is less meanings it will have What s more shortening words occur to be abundance in written form sometimes all using capitalization sometimes all using lowercase and sometime being mixed For example AB can be written by ab a b a Benz 奔驰 AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome 艾滋病 山东建筑大学毕业论文 8 TOEFL test of English as a foreign language 托福 This method is a last resort which cannot be revealed the true meaning of words With the new understanding of the terms of a lot of words have been used to replace the translation For example engine 引擎 vitamin 维他命 microphone 麦克风 3 3 Transliteration and Free translation This is a combination of transliteration and translation For example Einstein equation 爱因斯坦方程 Noble prizes 诺贝尔奖 beer 啤酒 card 卡片 山东建筑大学毕业论文 9 Chapter 4 Word Choice and Expression in the Translation 4 1 The Choice of the Right Meaning Among the Scientific English words usually have a lot of meanings We should choose the most exact one Only in this way can we expatiate the original text better It requirs two points 4 1 1 Choose the best meaning based on the Situation In different situation words always have different meanings So we should firstly definite which field is our translation about For example data bank 数据库 transformer bank 变压器组 transfer bank 横移台架 bank slope 路堤边坡 bank light 聚光灯 skid bank 冷床 line bank 接线排 channel bank 信道处理单元 green bank 绿色沙洲 stock bank 毛料库 4 1 2 Choose the best meaning based on the context For example Major contributors in coat ng technology have been in the cleaning process and oven structure 涂层技术起主要作用的是清洗工艺和烤箱构造 此处 Contfilmtors 译 作用 不译 贡献者 4 2 The Choice of Proper Expression The above we discussed is mainly about the true meaning of the words If we want to translate it to Chinese exactly we should know how to make the proper choice 4 2 1 Derived Meaning When we translate English to Chinese sometimes we will meet some words that we can t find in the dictionaries In this case if we translate forcedly at will people can hardly understand it We can conclude the logic from the context and try to derive For example At present petrol is the In0st comniorl food of various kinds ofcars 目前 汽油是各种小轿车最常用的能源 山东建筑大学毕业论文 10 4 2 2Conversion of Part of Speech For there are many differences between English and Chinese especially the grammar meaning and expression so when we are translation we should make some conversion to make the article natural and fluency For example The solvent is water soluble 这种溶剂是水溶性的 In this sentence the noun water changes to a adverb to modify the adjective word soluble The desired paint can be static sprayed to set up to hand wear resistant coatings onto aluminium stock with various specifications 所需油漆能利用静电喷涂到各种规格的铝材上 形成坚固耐磨的涂层 In this sentence the noun static is used as an adverb to modify the verb spray 山东建筑大学毕业论文 11 Chapter 5 The qualifications of Environmental Engineering Translation As this translator should have some different from the literary quality of the English translation 5 1 Accumulated Expertise Our translation skills will be improved if we can remember more and more common expressions in environmental engineering For example mimeograph red headed fly general anesthesia nitron and so on 5 2 Professional Knowledge Professional knowledge is essential for the translator to understand the characteristics of English vocabulary when a completely new term appears the translator should try to determine the meaning with the help of professional knowledge Eg gravisphem translated as the scope of gravity because it is combined gravity I Li with sphere range which is a mixture of two words one more example teletypesetter should be translated as telex typesetting machine through the analysis we found that it is composed by teh fax type type setter 5 3 Extensive Reading We can make full use of our spare time to get the access to the information age With growing knowledge and vocabulary by extensive reading in the translation of science and technology can be easier to deal with For example Light winds and a high moisture content created ideal conditions for smog formation The unusual cold in London in the winter of 1952 1953 caused additional coal combustion and many people travelled only by car which caused the occurrence of a combination of black 山东建筑大学毕业论文 12 soot sticky particles of tar and gaseous sulphur dioxide This resulted in the heaviest winter smog episode known to men 译文 风力小 高湿度为烟雾的形成提供了理想的条件 伦敦 1952 1953 年的那个冬天 异常地冷 这就导致了煤炭燃烧的增加 很多人选择开车出行 这就导致了大量煤烟 沥青悬浮颗粒 二氧化硫等的充分混合 这就导致了尽人皆知的伦敦烟雾事件 If we want to transl