托福类基础写作讲义.pdf

雏鹰文化培训中心 http www bgyclub 托福类基础写作讲义 顺德碧桂园业主论坛 第一节写作总论 一 课程安排 1 写作总论 评卷实例 复习计划 学习方法 大纲解读 2 应用文 书信类 告示类 3 段落写作 真题透视 框架结构 启承转合 4 两图写作 00 03 06 07 5 一图写作 98 01 02 04 05 6 图表作文 二 评卷实例 2001 年真题 Directions Among all the worthy feelings of mankind love is probably the noblest but everyone had his her own understanding of it There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper Write an essay to the newspaper to 1 show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below 2 give a specific example and 3 give your suggestion as to the best way to show love 1 20 分范文 Among all the worthy feelings of mankind love is probably the noblest It is of the utmost importance to the human beings Everybody not only needs love but also should give love As is described in the picture love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places This is indeed true People in darker places need more light than ordinary people Maybe even a dim light can give them much hope for a better life and progress Maybe even a dim light can give them much hope for a better life and progress Maybe just a thread of light will call forth their strength and courage to step out of their difficulties For instance when someone is starving to death just a little food and water from you may save his life Or when a little girl in a poor rural area drops out of school because of poverty just a small sum of money from you may support her to finish her schooling and change her life you have given love which is like a lamp in a dark place where light is most needed So to sum up we should offer our help to all who are in need We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others so when you see someone in difficulty or in distress and in need of help don t hesitate to give your love to him I believe then the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in 2 18 分范文 It is generally believed that love is a hot topic which is most talked about This is true not only in China but also in 雏鹰文化培训中心 http www bgyclub 托福类基础写作讲义 顺德碧桂园业主论坛 other countries We live in different countries speak different languages but love is something common to us all But how to show love may be different with different people in different countries This is something we should give more thought to As is shown in the picture love is like a lamp which shines brightest in dark places This tells us a simple truth Love is like a lamp It is most valuable when it is most needed For example once I saw a foreign lady get lost in the street She could not speak Chinese and nobody seemed to be able to help her Though my English is not very good and I am a shy person I thought she needed help very much I asked her what she wanted She told me she lost her way so I showed her the way to her hotel It was a small thing but she thanked me very much because my help was needed very much My help was like a lamp in dark places I think we all should be like a lamp in a dark place showing our love giving our help to others even to strangers In this way we can make this world a harmonious and peaceful world 三 复习计划 1 考前复习 1 攻克词汇 2 精研真题 词汇 句子结构 选项设置 英译汉 背诵 3 适当模考 2 写作练习 3 时间分配 1 14 00 14 15 写作 A 节 2 14 15 14 50 写作 B 节 3 14 50 16 00 阅读 A 节 4 16 00 16 20 完型填空 5 16 20 16 40 阅读 B 节 6 16 40 17 00 阅读 C 节 第二节 应用文 一 学习方法 一 提高实力 1 十遍精读 1 精彩词汇 2 精彩词组 3 精彩句型 4 句子结构 简单句 主干 修饰成分 从句 时态 冠词 主谓一致 5 段落结构 总分总 主题句 论证 小结 6 关联词 小作文 3 5 个 大作文 5 7 个 7 同义替换 词汇 句型 8 代词替换 it that they 9 精彩观点 10 原因建议 2 背诵 滚瓜烂熟 脱口而出 多多益善 3 默写 发现写作弱点 雏鹰文化培训中心 http www bgyclub 托福类基础写作讲义 顺德碧桂园业主论坛 4 中译英 提高写作实力 5 写作 模仿 二 掌握技巧 万能框架 二 大纲解读 一 评价目标 考生应能写不同类型的应用文 包括私人和公务信函 备忘录 摘要 报告等 还应能写一般描述性 叙述 性和说明或议论性的文章 短文写作时 考生应能 1 做到语法 拼写 标点正确 用词恰当 2 遵循文章的特定文体格式 3 合理组织文章结构 使其内容统一 连贯 4 根据写作目的和特定读者 恰当使用语域 二 考试内容 该部分由 A B 两节组成 考查考生的书面表达能力 总分 30 分 A 节 考生根据所给情景写出一篇约 100 词 标点符号不计算在内 的应用性短文 包括私人和公务信函 备忘录 摘要 报告等 考生在答题卡 2 上作答 满分 10 分 B 节 要求考生根据提示信息写出一篇 160 200 词的短文 标点符号不计算在内 提示信息的形式有主题 句 写作提纲 规定情景 图 表等 考生在答题卡 2 上作答 满分 20 分 三 评分原则和方法 1 虽然 A B 两节的考查要点有所不同 但对考生写作能力的基本要求是相同的 所以一般评分标准对两 节都适用 但根据两节的不同考查要点 评分是会有不同的侧重点 A 节 应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖和内容的组织 语言的准确性 格式和语域 指在书面和口语表达中 根据不同的交际对象 所采用的话语方式 即正式 一般 非正式的话语 的恰当 对语法结构和词汇多样性的 要求将根据具体试题作调整 允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的关键词 但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子 将被扣分 B 节 B 节作文的评分重点在于内容的完整性 文章的连贯组织性 语法结构和词汇的多样性及语言的准确性 2 评分时 先根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档次 然后以该档次的要求来给分 评分人员在档内有 1 3 分的调节分 3 A 节作文的字数要求是 100 词左右 B 节作文的字数要求是 160 200 词 文章长度不符合要求的 酌情 扣分 4 拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面 评分时 视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑 英 美拼写及词 汇用法均可接受 5 如书写较差 以致影响交际 将分数降低一个档次 三 书信格式 一 称呼 1 写给机构 1 不认识负责人 Dear Sir or Madam Dear Sir Madam To whom it may concern 2 认识负责人 Dear Mr Ms President Professor Manager Editor Dear President Michael Wang 雏鹰文化培训中心 http www bgyclub 托福类基础写作讲义 顺德碧桂园业主论坛 2 写给个人 1 关系不亲密 Dear Mr Ms President Professor Manager Editor Dear President Michael Wang 2 关系亲密 Dear Michael 二 正文 3 段 7 句 100 120 词 3 5 关联词 3 5 从句 1 第一段 2 句 1 自我介绍 1 I am a staff member from your company corporation 2 I am a freshman sophomore junior senior undergraduate graduate from the Department of Chinese Language and Literature of Beijing University 2 写作目的 I am writing the letter in purpose of ordering some books resigning from my current post position 2 第二段 3 句 1 改写提纲一 1 句 2 改写提纲二 1 句 3 改写提纲三 1 句 3 第三段 1 表示感谢 私人建议信除外 1 My appreciation to you for your generous help is beyond words 2 Words fail me when I want to express my sincere gratitude to you 3 I take this opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for the kind assistance you rendered me 2 期待回信 1 I am looking forward to your reply hearing from you soon 2 I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience 3 Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated 三 落款 Yours sincerely Li Ming 四 书信类应用文 1 大纲样题 订购信 Directions You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for 1 detailed information about the books you want 2 methods of payment 3 time and way of delivery Dear Sir or Madam As I am planning to take the National Entrance Test of English for MA MS Candidates NETEM I have decided to place an order of some NETEM books with due consideration of the good reputation of your bookstore and the high quality of your books Firstly please give me particular accounts as regards names authors publishing houses and prices of these books Secondly I also need to know the terms of payment and after sell service Thirdly I wonder if it is convenient for you to 雏鹰文化培训中心 http www bgyclub 托福类基础写作讲义 顺德碧桂园业主论坛 deliver these books by EMS to the headquarters of Beijing New Oriental School by September 1 2007 I have arranged to pay for the service I would like to express my gratitude for your kind consideration of my requests I look forward to hearing from you soon Yours sincerely Li Ming 第三节 段落写作 一 书信类应用文 2 2005 真题 辞职信 道歉信 Directions Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Fashion 2 interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them 3 give your point of view You should write 160 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 20 points 图一 把崇拜写在脸上 图二 花 300 元做个 小贝 头 注 Beckham 贝克汉姆 英国足球明星 17 2007 Directions Write an essay of 160 200 words based on the following drawing In your essay you should 1 describe the drawing briefly 2 explain its intended meaning and then 3 support your view with an example examples You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 20 points 雏鹰文化培训中心 http www bgyclub 托福类基础写作讲义 顺德碧桂园业主论坛 第四节 两图写作 一 论说文框架结构 一 第一段 图画描述 3 句 1 总体描述 人物 动物 事物 动作 服装 环境 表情 1 句 2 挖掘细节词 串连成句 1 2 句 3 文字说明 象征寓意 1 句 二 第二段 意义阐释 5 句 1 主题句 象征寓意 1 句 2 论证 3 句 1 基础一般的同学 1 讲原因 2 讲故事 3 联系现实 图画作文创作原则 以小见大 把握象征寓意 个体想为群体 具体想为 抽象 2 基础较好的同学 1 五大角度 背景 事实 反方观点 原因 后果 2 六种手段 因果 分类 定义解释 统计事实 举例 正反论证 3 小结 1 句 三 第三段 建议措施 4 句 1 结论句 1 句 2 针对双方提建议 2 句 3 包装结尾 展望未来 1 句 二 启承转合 一 启 启动观点 开篇点题 二 承 观点承接 正面论证 1 First ly In the first place First and foremost Above all On the one hand For one thing 2 Second ly In the second place Besides In addition What is more Furthermore Moreover On the 雏鹰文化培训中心 http www bgyclub 托福类基础写作讲义 顺德碧桂园业主论坛 other hand For another 3 Third ly The Last but not the least More importantly Even worse 三 转 观点转折 反面论证 Conversely Nevertheless Unfortunately Whereas Yet Instead In By comparison contrast On the contrary 四 合 文章结尾 合并归纳 As a result consequence Consequently Accordingly Thus Hence Generally Briefly speaking 三 两图写作 一 2003 范文 The set of drawings above vividly depicts the destiny of a flower in different circumstances As is shown in the first cartoon the flower is placed in a comfortable greenhouse which shelters it from the threatening lightening and storm With proper temperature moisture and fertilizer the flower is growing in full bloom On the contrary when removed from the greenhouse and exposed to the driving rain the flower soon fades and withers with the petals cast about on the grounds To begin with the purpose of the drawings is to show us that the flower growing in the green house cannot withstand the test of the storm yet the symbolic meanings subtly conveyed should be taken more seriously The delicate flower is naturally associated with young people to be specific the only children in our current society the greenhouse epitomizes parents doting care and abundant material supplies that can shield the children from the storms or the harsh reality Once the young people begin to seek independence and accept challenges from the real world they are found too spoiled to be strong enough in the face of difficulties Accordingly it is vital for us to derive positive implications from these thought provoking drawings On the one hand we can frequently use them to enlighten the youth to be more independent in life On the other hand parents should be sensible enough to give their children more freedom to deal with troubles and problems Only by undergoing more challenges and toils in adversity can young people cultivate strong personality and ability and only in this way can they become winners in this competitive world 二 2006 高分作文 1 18 分作文样例一 The photos vividly depict that nowadays many people especially young fellows are tracing such fashion The first one signed the name of Beckham on his left face while the second one asked the hairdresser to copy the hair style of Beckham with about 300 yuan Both of them are typical fans of the well known British football player Beckham This kind of social phenomenon is not entirely a coincidence There are reasons accounting for this fashion Firstly with the rapid development of society some people feel dull and desperate about the reality so they desire to find some famous people as their idols In the way they feel satisfied with their life and have a goal to achieve Secondly just opposite to the above others are just fashion tracers They barely want to show that they are keeping step with the fashion Thirdly some people even don t have any special purpose but to do it as others In their deep heart they don t treat it as fashion but as fun Frankly speaking this social phenomenon is very dangerous to the whole society Some young men spend most of their time decorating themselves as their idols As a result they don t have enough time to study or work then they are always left behind Moreover it is harmful to the establishment of a harmonious society To draw a conclusion we don t deny that people should have their idols to admire but in a sensible way They can learn from what they have achieved and try to behave that way And also parents should give proper advice to their children to form a proper outlook of the world 第五节 一图写作 雏鹰文化培训中心 http www bgyclub 托福类基础写作讲义 顺德碧桂园业主论坛 一 两图写作 二 2006 高分作文 2 18 分作文样例二 More and more young people are increasingly influenced by foreign culture As can be clearly seen from the above picture a young gentleman puts Beckham on his face Another decently dressed young gentleman is willing to pay 300 yuan to have his hair made in his favorite style It is clear that the picture implies a common phenomenon in our society today more and more people especially the young are endlessly chasing popular things disregarding the cost that they must pay There are at least three good reasons for this phenomenon In the first place the spreading of foreign culture in our country in recent years may be the main reason Secondly many young people in our modern society have an open mind Consequently they are willing to accept new things Last but not least a lot of people have become richer and richer As a result they can pay for the expense to do that kind of things There may be other reasons but it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly acceptable As far as I am concerned the spreading of foreign culture in our society is not a bad thing But as a popular saying goes every thing has two sides This phenomenon is without exception My suggestion as to the best way to cope with the problem is as follows On the one hand people should take a proper attitude toward this phenomenon On the other hand our society is expected to appeal to the general public to resist its bad effect I am sure that my opinion is both sound and well grounded 二 英语全攻略 一 培养兴趣 1 听说方面 1 英文歌曲 2 原版影视 2 读写方面 1 女生 Romeo and Juliet Jean Eyre Love Story 2 男生 Bible Ancient Greek and Roman Mythology The Old Man and the Sea 二 掌握方法 精 1 听力 听写 2 口语 跟读 模仿 3 阅读 背诵 4 写作 中译英 三 一图写作 一 1998 高分作文 1 14 分作文样例一 The past several years have witnessed a phenomenon that a variety of promises have been arising from all walks of life Regretably quite a lot of promises are sheer nonsense just as the hen in the given cartoon commits herself to lay eggs which are round without any angles and corners and have shells egg whites and yolks Odds and funny as they sound such false promises can be seen and heard everywhere in our country Administration departments assure to perform their tasks effectively and fairly without taking any bribes manufacturing units guarantee to turn out products of good quality commercial enterprises swear to provide genuine commodities and polite and enthusiastic services Can you find anything new and substantial other than their obligations duties and jobs in these so called promises I guess your answer will be negative As a matter of fact their intention to make such commitments is nothing but to put on civilized outer clothing to please or deceive the public 雏鹰文化培训中心 http www bgyclub 托福类基础写作讲义 顺德碧桂园业主论坛 I dare say that your society is suffering corruption and cheat which are causing damage to society both materially and morally But the hen and her like should know that by dishonest words no one can survive the intense competition under market economy system They should remember the old saying Honesty is the best policy 2 14 分作文样例二 Here is an interesting cartoon With her head held high maybe singing a hen stands proudly in the center of the picture with a notice in hand It says Firstly I promise that the eggs I lay are absolutely round without any square corners Secondly they all have shells and cores It s so ridiculous that we can t help laughing But after that there must be something left Recently many promises have come up in many walks of life especially the service departments They promise you that they will provide you with warm smile service and good products AT first you are moved nearly to thank them But if you think twice you may wonder if those should be their duties It goes without saying that factories should produce goods of quality department stores should serve customers politely buses should arrive on time and so forth because all of these are their responsibilities But why should they promise what are their due jobs One reason may be that they want to correct their past mistakes under the planned economic system Another is that they intend to improve their images and please the customers In my opinion trying to be better is worth welcoming but making empty and false promises is unacceptable If factories companies stores and administrations do their jobs wee rather than talk nonsense our society will be more prosperous 二 2002 高分作文 1 20 分作文样例 1 This is a very interesting picture of a lovely American girl dressed in traditional Chinese costume with a sweet smile on her face She wears a pearl necklace colorful ribbon ear rings and other decorating things that are characteristic of the clothes of a Chinese minority nationality It is obvious that as a result of our open door policy more and more foreigners visit China and become interested in our national culture which is making it go international There is no reason to make a fuss about this phenomenon With the rapid development of technology and economy the world is becoming smaller and smaller and international cultural exchanges have become more and more frequent which is inevitably improving our mutual understanding and friendship with other countries As Chinese citizens we should respect our own national culture and learn useful things from the cultures of different nations which will enable us to make great progress in many ways I believe a happy and bright future is awaiting us if we make every effort to promote cultural development both nationally and internationally 2 18 分作文样例 2 Nowadays national culture or international culture has become a matter of great concern for the general public in our society especially for those who are confronted with this problem Now let s take a look at the American girl in traditional Chinese costume She looks very beautiful with a nice smile on her face It seems that the girl is very fond of the Chinese costume Obviously the picture indicates that a culture of one nation may become international which is beneficial to all the human beings Since China has opened its door widely to the outside world many people from different countries want 雏鹰文化培训中心 http www bgyclub 托福类基础写作讲义 顺德碧桂园业主论坛 to visit China They will accept and love the Chinese culture as a whole In addition Chinese culture should be well shared with foreign people who have shown their great interest in it Meanwhile the Chin