英汉同声传译98-08.doc

1998年硕士研究生入学考试英汉同声传译专业试卷I. 将下列短文译成英语（35） 有一次，有拥护的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一个女乘客:“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“你下车吗？”他又问了一遍，女乘客还是没理他。“下车吗？”他耐不住了，放大声问，那女乘客依然没有反映。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引得车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛回手给男乘客一拳。见此情景，我猛然想起在60 路沿线上有家福利工厂，女乘客可能就是个聋哑人听不见声音。我赶忙向男乘客解释，又用纸条写了一句话，举到女乘客眼前:“对不起！他要下车，他问了您好几声，您是不是没听见？”女乘客点了点头，把道让开了。 从此以后，我就特别注意聋哑人的特征，还从他那里学会了一些常用的手语。比如，我可以用哑语问他们:“朋友，您好！”“您到哪里下车？”“您请往里走！”“谢谢”等等。这样，不仅我能更好地为他们服务，与他们进行感情交流，也减少了一些他们与其他乘客的误会和纠纷。II.将下列单句译成英语（15）1.目前我们国内正在进行改革。我是主张改革的，不改革就没有出路，旧的那一套经过几十年的时间证明是不成功的。2.中国反对霸权主义，自己也永远不称霸。3.我们搞社会主义才几十年，还处在初级阶段。巩固和发展社会主义制度，还需要一个很长的历史阶段，需要我们几代人、十几代人，甚至几十代人坚持不懈地努力奋斗。III. 将下列短文译成汉语（35）India has always had ride: Now it has ambition. In the early years of independence Nehrusgovernment rejoiced in standing apart, the epitome of the “nonaligned” nation. As aconglomeration of peoples with seven major religions and 18 official languages, India had its own rules a democracy in a continent ruled by despots, a planned economy whose bureaucratic stewards were satisfied to creep along at a 3 or 4 percent “Hindu rate of growth.” Only when the New Delhi elite squarely acknowledged that its hubris had put the nation on the sidelines of the global economy while Indias great rival China was getting rich did real reforms begin. Six years into Indias opening to the world, the economy is growing by nearly 7 percent a year a rate that by the year 2020 will transform India into the worlds fourth largest economy (afterChina, the United States and Japan). “There is a lot of political cacophony,” says Finance MinisterP. Chidambaram, who has served under two coalition governments in the last 14 months. “But weare on course.” The Indian mind-set is without question changing in revolutionary ways. Not so long ago, the nation of 950 million people, growing by 18 million a year, worried mainly about feeding itself. Butin todays newly competitive India, bureaucrats and industrialists ponder the advantages of a lowcost labor pool that is growing younger while the work force of the developed world is again.Perhaps Indias greatest strength of the 21st century will lie in its ability to employ hundreds of millions of people in labor-intensive industries ranging from food processing to textiles.IV. 将下列单句译成汉语（15%）1. Two thirds of Pakistans 130 million people are illiterate, as are half of Indias 929 million. While this is a big improvement compared with the less than 15% literacy rate when India becameindependent, it is well behind most of Asia.2. Both India and Pakistan spend less as a percentage of GDP on health than do most otherdeveloping countries.3. Rarely has the United States been at loss for words or actions when an international situation affects its interests. But Washingtons muted response to the currency crisis sweeping Southeast Asia is sowing suspicion among its allies in the region and fuelling anti-American sentiment1999年硕士研究生入学考试英汉同声传译专业试卷1.将下列短文译成英语（35）今年6 月克林顿访华带了一支庞大的新闻队伍，使美国的民众第一次有了一个比较客观地了解中国发展变化情况的机会，用新华社的话来说，克林顿访华的报道，才“使新中国的形象首次深入到美国的千家万户”。至于美国的政治家和新闻媒体则对所接触到的中国情况大感“意外”。以上的例子说明，西方世界对中国的认识与中国的实际情况相差有多远。究其原因，主要是西方有些人习惯于用政治化，意识形态化的眼光看待人权问题，习惯把一种社会制度看成是人权的化身，而把其他社会制度和发展模式看成是侵犯人权的不表现，因此，总是把共产党领导的中国想象成一个反人权的国家。这种思维方式，使他们无法正确认识中国人权的真是情况，看不到中国的积极变化和发展，甚至把中国促进人权的努力都误认为是侵犯人权的表现。和平，发展与人权是世界各国的共同要求，更是一个多世纪以来中国人民矢志不渝的奋斗目标。中国当前正致力于建设富强民主文明的国家，这是一项使五分之一人类彻底摆脱贫困，充分实现人权的跨世纪的伟大事业，也是世界和平发展和人权事业的重要组成部分。开放的中国需要吸收人类一切优秀文化成果和有益经验，也需要得到各国的最大理解和支持。II. 将下列单句译成英语（15）1. 国家对经济的管理，已经由指令性计划为主的直接控制，转变为主要运用经济和法律手段的间接调控。2. 1995 年的经济体制改革，使重点推进国有企业改革，并配套进行社会保障制度改革，进一步转变政府职能，培育市场体系。3. 不顾本国的实际照搬其它国家的具体模式，或以自己的模式为尺度衡量和评判其它国家，都不是一种求实和相互尊重的态度，不利于国家之间的相互借鉴和共同发展。III. 将系列短文译成汉语（35%）I like to think that my own relationship with President Reagan and the efforts I made to try to establish common ground between the United States and the Europeans helped to prevent disagreements over the pipeline and other trading issues from poisoning western co-operation at this critical juncture. Certainly, the summer of 1982 saw some useful international diplomacy.Between 4 and 6 June the heads of government of the G7 countries met amid the splendid opulenceof Versailles. President Mitterrand, who chaired the summit, had prepared a paper on the impact of new technology on employment. It quite often happened that the country in the chair at summit meetings felt that they must introduce some new initiatives even at the cost of extra government intervention and increased bureaucracy. This was no exception. For my part, I had no doubt about the attitude to take to technological innovation: it must be welcomed not resisted. There might be “new” technology but technological progress itself was nothing new, and over the years it had not destroyed jobs but created them. Our task was not to make grand plans for technological innovation but rather to see how public opinion could be influenced in order to embrace not recoil from it.Fortunately, therefore, President Mitterrands paper was kicked into touch in the form of a working group.But my most vivid recollection of the proceedings at Versailles is of the impression made by President Reagan. At one point he spoke for twenty minutes or so without notes, outlining his economic vision. His quite but powerful words provided those who did not yet know him with some insight into the qualities which made him such a remarkable political leader. After he had finished, President Mitterrand acknowledged that no one would criticize President Reagan for being true to his beliefs. Given President Mitterrands socialist policies, that was almost a compliment.IV. 将下列单句译成英语（15）1. No serious student of history can doubt that the emergence of China as a world power presents a serious challenge to American foreign policy.2. Officials in many signatory states had disputed the complicated provisions of the treaty; somenational legislatures notably the US Senate refused to ratify the treaty on the ground that it was too kind to developing countries by not requiring their compliance. Moreover, critics said that by not sufficiently emphasizing deadlines for implementation, the Kyoto treaty let even the rich nations off the hook.3. Success against inflation was the single achievement to which we drew most attention as weapproached the election, not least because Labor looked set to promise huge increases in spending and borrowing which could never be honestly financed and which would have sent prices soaringagain.2000年硕士研究生入学考试英汉同声传译专业试卷I. 将下列短文译成英语（35）失败产品提到产品，人们往往对名牌、精品津津乐道，而对一般产品却不屑一顾，对失败产品更是讳莫如深。其实，如同干任何事情都难有百分之百的把握一样，研制开发新产品也难免会遭遇失败。据悉，美国纽约有一个失败产品博物馆，该馆展出了美国大量不受欢迎的产品，目前总数已达8 万多件。该馆还向人民提供这样一个数字:美国每年推向市场的产品达5400 多种，而真正收到青睐的只有20。应该说，我们的许多生产厂家都能正视失败产品，并从失败产品中汲取教训，比如有的企业专门设立失败产品陈列室、劣质产品样品仓库等等，但也有一些企业不能正确对待失败产品。更有甚者，在研制开发产品时动辄提出“只许成功，不许失败”的口号，这不仅有违客观规律，也是不现实的。失败产品的原因市多种多样的，有的不符合市场要求，有的上市时间太迟，还有的品名、商标有问题等等，都有待研究。失败产品其实是一面镜子，经营者在研制开发产品时都不妨对着这面镜子照一照、瞧一瞧，以免重蹈覆辙。II. 将下列单句译成英语（15）1. 在全球经济日趋一体化的当今世界里，任何国家和地区的经济发展变化都与国际大环境的发展变化休戚相关，在瞬息万变、高风险的证券市场中，这一点体现得尤为突出。2.近年来，尽管我国政府坚持把控制人口，节约资源，保护环境放在重要位置，一步步提升环境保护力度，但是环境恶化的趋势还没有得到有效控制。3.建立现代企业制度，增强成本意识与竞争观念，促进企业经营管理水平的提高，从而提高国际竞争能力，这是企业发展的根本途径。III. 将下列短文译成汉语（35）No issue is more in need of rethinking than the concept of humanitarian intervention put forward as the administrations contribution to a new approach to foreign policy. The air war in Kosovo is Sjustified as establishing the principle that the international community at least NATO will henceforth punish the transgressions of governments against their own people. But we did not do so in Algeria, Sudan, Sierra Leone, Croatia, Rwanda, the Caucasus, the Kurdish area and many other regions. But what are the criteria for this distinction? And what will be our attitude to emerging ethnic conflicts in Asia, for example in Indonesia and the Philippines? The answer often given is that we act where we are able to without undue risk. And what kind of humanism expresses its reluctance to suffer military casualties by devastating the civilian economy of its adversary for decades to come?Moral principles are expressed in absolutes. But foreign policy must forever be concerned with reconciling ends and means. The fact that ethnic cleansing is repugnant does not obviate the need to devise the most appropriate response. At every stage of the Kosovo tragedy, other mixes of diplomacy and force were available, though it is not clear they were ever seriously considered. A tragedy that vindicates its moral convictions only from altitudes above 15,000 feet and in the process devastates Serbia and makes Kosovo unlivable has already produced more refugees and casualties than any conceivable alternative mix of force and diplomacy would have. It deserves to be questioned on both political and moral grounds.IV. 将下列单句译成汉语（15）1. Modern Asian buildings airily defy gravity in a way only possible if one were to design andbuild with full conviction in how Newtons mechanics works.2. Asias industrialization and economic expansion are predicated on people in our region internalizing the mathematical and scientific norms that first emerged in the West. That Asia itself now has contributed to advances in the region shows how we have become a part of this scientific culture.3. The idea that technology raises questions about their future is not new to those in the newspaper industry these days. In their worst nightmares, they fear that newspapers may be to communications business what the horse and cart were to transport.2001年硕士研究生入学考试英汉同声传译专业试卷I.将下列短文译成英语(35%)不久前美国宇航局宣布，他们测得的数据显示，在最近两个月，南极上空的臭氧空洞已扩大到智利南部城市篷塔阿雷纳斯（Punta Arenas）上空。这是迄今人类所观测到的最大一个空洞。更为严重的是，这也是臭氧空洞第一次覆盖一个人口稠密的城市。许多人对臭氧的作用并不陌生，臭氧距地面约25-30公里，能吸收99%的太阳紫外线，可以说，它是地球生态环境的天然屏障，也是人类繁衍生存的保护伞。据科学家测算，大气中臭氧含量每减少1%，太阳紫外线的辐射量就会增加2%，而人类皮肤癌患者就会增加5%至7%。但现在，可以说一个城市的所有居民就处在集体患皮肤癌的危险中。为了居民的身体健康，篷塔阿雷纳斯及其临近地区被迫宣布进入紧急状态。这很可能也是人类第一次因臭氧空洞问题而进入紧急状态。篷塔阿雷纳斯卫生部门再三告诫市民，最好不要在中午11点到下午3点之间外出，因为在阳光下曝晒7分钟左右，皮肤就会受到损伤。据科学家们观测，臭氧空洞目前已达到2800多万平方公里，而造成臭氧空洞的，正是人类在工业生产中不断释放出氟利昂等化学物质，才使臭氧越来越稀薄，最后形成了现在这个巨大无比的空洞。虽然这次臭氧空洞扩大，还因为南极大陆的气温不断升高所致，但气温的升高，又与人类大量释放二氧化碳有直接的关系。但愿篷塔阿雷纳斯的警报是第一次，也是最后一次！II. 将下列单句译成英语(15%)1我们诚心诚意地希望不发生战争, 争取长时间的和平, 集中精力搞好国内现代化建设。2冷战后，世界形势出现了重大的变化，两极格局宣告终结，多极化成为国际格局演变的主导方向。3近些年来，在经济全球化的冲击下，原有的分工格局和资源配置方式正在发生历史性的重要转变。发达国家在调整，新兴工业化国家、发展中国家和经济转轨国家也在调整，尽管调整内容、难点各不相同。II. 将下列短文译成汉语(35%)Sanctions are a blunt instrument that can sometimes be useful. Used against Iraq, they forced its horrible dictator to disgorge nearly all his most lethal weapons. Ten years on, the perspective has changed. Saddam Hussein remains implanted in power without, for the past 15 months, any UN inspectors on the spot to discourage him from reinventing his nastiest toys. At the same time, sanctions have all but destroyed his country: its health and educational systems have collapsed; its infrastructure has rusted away; its middle classes have disappeared into poverty; its children are dying. A lot of people now conclude that a change of policy is needed.The oil-for-food programme, passed by the UN Security Council in 1996, was supposed to rescue ordinary Iraqis from the deprivations of sanctions. Iraq is allowed to sell a certain amount of oil in exchange for humanitarian goods. Denis Halliday, an experienced UN hand, ran this programme for two years, but then resigned in disgust (as did his successor, a few weeks ago). Mr Halliday now writes forthrightly of genocide. He and others describe how American and British representatives on the Sanctions Committee hold up everything they suspect, however remotely, to be of dual use. The list of suspect goods runs from heart and lung machines to wheelbarrows, from fire-fighting equipment to detergent, from water pumps to pencils.Some of these points were confirmed this month by Kofi Annan, the UNS secretary-general, in his report on Iraqi sanctions to the Security Council. He revealed how far the oil-for-food programme still is from alleviating the Iraqi tragedy. Mr Annan has spread his criticism around but is particularly upset, first, by the dangerously dilapidated state of Iraqs oil industry and, second, by the Sanctions Committees erratic delays in giving the go-ahead for the delivery of goods for hospitals: some $150m worth of medicine and medical equipment is currently held up. At one time, outsiders were set in their views on Iraqi sanctions, seeing the situation in black or white. Now there is a large grey area, and an insistent question: are sanctions still the right policy? The authors document the impact of sanctions on the lives of ordinary Iraqis, and the arguments for change are pretty convincing. The undecided should pay heed.IV.将下列单句译成汉语(15%)1.We need to break that vicious circle of AIDS, poverty, conflict, AIDS. For the truth is that not only does AIDS threaten stability, but when peace breaks down it fuels AIDS. 2.The objective of nuclear non-proliferation is not helped by the fact that the nuclear weapon states continue to insist that those weapons in their hands enhance security, while in the hands of others they are a threat to world peace.3.In the developing countries, the labour force engaged in global production typically includes a large proportion of women whether in textiles, electronics, data processing or chip manufacturing. In many cases, these women work in conditions and for wages that are appalling, and which we must strive to improve.2002年硕士研究生入学考试英汉同声传译专业试卷I.将下列短文译成英语(35%)人有男女性别之分，而法律讲性别吗？我国宪法明文规定，妇女在政治、经济、文化、社会和家庭各个方面享有与男子同等的权利。既然男女同权、男女平权，法律应该是不讲性别的，这样才能达到男女平等，才算是真正公平。但事实上，在法律保护妇女、社会尊重妇女、男女平等的今天，男女不平等的现象依然或多或少地存在着。这是“男尊女卑”、女性依附男性的历史留下的“后遗症”。所以，大家不得不面对这样一个现实：在当代，尽管女性的地位已有了很大提高，但和男性相比，还是属于需要关照的弱势群体。针对这一现象，我国现行法律对女性给予了特殊关照，有专门的妇女权益保障法，而在婚姻法、继承法等法律规定中也有专门的保护条款。对于男性，则没有这样的专门保护。从这个角度讲，法律也是讲“性别”的。在立法中多一点女性视角，对于当代立法者更具有现实意义。单不说现实生活中存在的男女不平等现象，就是立法者大多数是男性这个事实，便有可能使我们的法律在不知不觉中就已带上男性的印记。所以，立法者必须超出社会现有的习惯来，将更多的视角投到妇女这个弱势群体上。在立法中，应多一点女性视角，对女性多一些关怀、多一些保护。女性，是母亲，是女儿，是姐妹在立法时多一点女性视角，并不意味着忽视男性的权益，而在于最大程度地实现男女在法律上的平等，从而实现男女在现实生活中的平等。如果有一天，法律不再需要对女性特殊关照的性别视角，那么，男女之间，就真正地平等了。II.将下列单句译成英语(15%)1.革命是解放生产力， 改革也是解放生产力。2.计划经济不等于社会主义，资本主义也有计划；市场经济不等于资本主义，社会主义也有市场。3.总之，几年的实践证明，我们搞改革、开放的路子是走对了。III. 将下列短文译成汉语(35%)In England in the early 17th century, the Stuart monarchy, to finance its expenditures, increasingly resorted to “forced loans” where the lender had no recourse if loans were not repaid. This practice was one of many highly visible signs that the regime had no commitment to protecting property rights. Other indications include outright confiscation of land and funds, forced public procurement at below-market prices, a willingness to remove judges who ruled against the Crown, and the sale of monopoly rights over various lucrative economic activities. This arbitrary exercise of sovereign power was interrupted during the civil war in the middle of the century, but the restoration of the monarchy was accompanied by the return of the same excesses.The Glorious Revolution of 1688 ushered in a series of fundamental changes in political institutions that limited the arbitrary exercise of power by the sovereign. The revolution established the supremacy of parliament over the taxes and audit the expenditures of the Crown. These steps were followed by the establishment of the Bank of England, which exercised important control over public finances. The result of these changes was a more equitable division of power between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. These restraints on the arbitrary exercise of power greatly enhanced the states ability to finance public expenditures by issuing debt.The impact of these changes in political institutions and in the protection of property rights can be seen in the development of debt markets. In 1688 the Crown was able to place public debt equivalent to only 2 to 3 percent of GDP and only of very short maturity and at very high interest rates. By 1697 the Crown was able to place and service debt equivalent to 40 percent of GDP, at lower interest rates and with longer maturities. The emergence of a functioning public debt market in turn benefited the development of the private capital markets that helped finance the Industrial Revolution that followed.IV.将下列单句译成汉语(15%)1The very low amounts of elements of heavier than hydrogen and helium in these stars indicate that they must have formed early in the history of the Galaxy, before large amounts of heavy elements were created inside the initial generations of stars.2The recent speculation includes the possibility that the first living cells might have arisen on Mars, seeding Earth via the many meteorites that are known to travel from Mars to our planet.3Governments and their international agencies are these days mindful that public opinion is anything but squarely behind them.2003年硕士研究生入学考试英汉同声传译专业试卷I.将下列单句译成汉语(25分)1.Poets are born, but orators are made.2.There exists today new opportunities for promotion of DNP (裁军和不扩散) education and training at all levels, primarily, thanks to the revolution in technology and communication.3.Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.4.China looks to Hollywood much like the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge must look to the oil industry: vast, untapped and potentially fat.5.Beyond torturing Germanys relationship with the United States, the go-it-alone stance, coming from a government that has presented itself as a sworn adherent of m