自考现代英语语法学习笔记 第二章 句子类型.docx

第二章 句子类型 Sentence type考点12.0 Introduction 句子类型和作用4种主要句型，陈述句(declarative)，疑问句(interrogative)，祈使句(imperative)，感叹句(exclamatives)1. Statements are associated with declaratives and primary concerned with giving information.2. Questions are associated with interrogatives and primary concerned with requiring info.3. Commands are associated with imperatives and primary concerned with requiring actions.4. Exclamations are associated with exclamatives and primary concerned with expressing the speakers impression of something.2.1 Statements 陈述句陈述句通常分为肯定陈述句（Assertion肯定句）和非肯定句（Non Assertion非肯定句），与这两种陈述句用法相关联的有3类词，肯定词(Assertive)，否定词(Negative)和非肯定词(Non assertive)。 Assertion Positive and Declarative PositiveSentence Interrogative Non Assertion Negative Negative 考点22.1.1 肯定词(Assertive)，否定词(Negative)和非肯定词(Non assertive) 以及使用AssertiveNon assertiveAssertive WordsNon assertive WordsNegative Words Some Any No Somebody Anybody Nobody . . One or the other Neither Neither Still Any more, Any longer No more, No longer Already Yet*Positive statements usually make assertion, therefore we use assertive words.Questions are usually non assertive, but they can be assertive when an positive answer is excepted, therefore, both assertive & non assertive words can be used.*Negative statements often use 1: not + Non assertive word; 2: Negative wordI do not have any news for you. I have no news for you.*Non assertive words in Non assertive context.1. 接在有否定意思的词后They refused to stay here any longer.2. If 从句 if anyone calls me, it must be John.3. putative should 从句 its odd that she should say anything like that.4. 比较句， he is better than anyone else in the class.2.1.2 Negation 否定句a. 否定词一般是no, not, 加强否定词： never, not at all, not a single, by no means, not a bit, not in the least, 考点3半否定词，negative in meaning but not in appearance. Seldom, Hardly, Rarely, barely, scarcely, little, fewb. 否定范围1. the scope extends from negative words to the end of the sentence. 2. Different intonation on end place adverbial.3. the scope doesnt include disjunction or conjuncts. 4. A particular stress. (intonation)5. All and every in different stress. (Intonation)考点4c. 否定转移 transfer negationnormally occurs with the words express”: opinion”think, believe, suppose, image, expert,I dont think he will come. but these words: assume, fear, surmise, presume.I dont assume that theyve already won the game. I assume that they havent won the game.2.2 Questions 疑问句4种句型，一般疑问句YES-NO Question, 特殊疑问句WH-question, 选择疑问句alternative question, 附加疑问句tag question.YES-NO QUESTIONS 作用: querying the truth of a statement. 特点： 用non-assertive words.作用 : asking for confirmation of speakers assumption. 特点 : A YES-NO Question with positive orientation use assertive words instead of non assertive.Do you have some questions? ( expect to say yes,)作用 : express the speakers negative attitude towards his own assumption.特点：negative orientation, with negative words.Dont you have any sense of humor? (I thought you had, but you dont)作用：as imperative 特点：negative orientation, with negative words.Wont you come in ?/ sit down?作用：as exclamation 特点：negative orientation, with negative words.isnt it lovely? WH QUESTIONS 特殊疑问句作用：require some specific information In the reply. Not query the truth of the statement, but ask for details about a part of it.Alternative Question 选择疑问句Two subclasses: 1) formed on the basis of YES-NO Question, 2) formed on the basis of WH-Question.Would you like tea or coffee?Tea, please. No, thanks .(coffee升调)What would you like, tea or coffee?Tea, please.Tag Question 附加疑问句The tag can be spoken with rising tone and falling tone.Rising tone (like a yes-no question): Express the speakers neutral expectation of the hearers response, and invite the hearer to verify the truth of the proposition in the statement.Falling tone（similar to exclamation）: the speaker ask for the hearers confirmation of the statement rather than verification the truth.考点5Irregular question tags.*Lets., shall we?*Everyone is here, isnt he? Isnt they?*Have做助动词时，反义疑问句用 havent You have already heard the news, havent you? Have to词组，用 do They have to live on their own, dont they? Have 除了表述“占有，拥有”时，都用 dont You had your hair cut, dont you?You have a lot of friends, havent you? Dont you? May 用cant做反义疑问句。Ought to 用shouldnt 做反义疑问句。2.3 Commands 祈使句祈使句的强调形式：考点61. 加主语You, 但不可加please了。You be patient; you shut up.2. 句首加doDo be quiet. 祈使句的否定形式1. Dont + Non assertive words.Eat somethingDont eat anything.2. Let 祈使句，在let后加not 或在句首加dontLet me try again.Let me not try again.Dont let me try again.考点72.4 Exclamations 感叹句2 major types: What- exclamations and How- exclamations. What-exclamations: can be subject, object, complement, adverbial 可修饰单数，复数以及不可数名词。What a large ant is approaching! (Subject)What a strange friend you have. (Object)What a goo