主谓一致 英语语法总结.ppt

Whatis subject verbconcord theagreementbetweensubjectandpredicateverbintermsofnumber GrammaticalConcord语法一致原则NotionalConcord意义一致原则PrincipleofProximity就近原则 3 threeguidingprinciples 3 1TheprincipleofGrammaticalConcord Ifthesubjectisplural theverbshouldtakethepluralform Ifthesubjectissingularoramassnoun theverbshouldtakethesingularform Thirtymilesseemslikealongwalktome 3 2TheprincipleofNotionalConcord Theverbcanagreewiththesubjectaccordingtothenotionofnumberinspiteoftheactualformofthesubject Ifthereferenceofthesubjectissingular theverbtakesthesingularform Ifthereferenceofsubjectisplural theverbtakesthepluralform Itwaseleveno clockbeforethefamilywereallinbed Allwascontrarytoherexpectation Theteam hadtheirdinner Fiftydollars alargesumofmoneyforsuchapoormanlikeme have is Itisfutiletodiscussthematterfurther becauseneitheryounorIamgoingtoagreeuponanythingtoday 3 3theprincipleofproximity theverbagreeswithaprecedingnounphrasewhichisclosesttoit insteadofagreeingwiththeheadofthenounphrasethatfunctionsasthesubject EitherheorIamgoing Nooneexceptthetwogirlswerecrying Oneoutoffivestudentshavepassedtheexam Oneofthemwhoweresomuchafterdancingwithyouyesterday shepresentlysuggested ThomasHardyTessoftheD Urbervilles Theformofthesubject grammaticalconcordThemeaningofthesubject notionalconcordThedistancebetweentheheadandtheverb proximity Pleasenotethattheprincipleofgrammaticalconcordisthebasicprinciple esp inwrittenEnglish 4 SomePitfalls problemsofconcordwithnounsendingin s 4 1diseaseandgamenamesendingin s Theyaregenerallytreatedassingularsincetheyrefertoonesinglediseaseorgame Marbles be ofdifferentcolorsandmaterials Darts be throwntothetarget Pleasenote 4 2subjectnamesendingin ics Theyaregenerallytreatedassingularsincetheyrefertoonesinglesubject Withcostsbeingsignificantlylessthantheywereseveralyearsago theeconomicsareprettygood saysGeorgeKadane headofthecompany economincs profits Hispolitics differentfrommine is are Thestatistics nothinginthiscase prove proves Pleasenote politics politicalopinionsstatistics numericaldata When icswordstakethepluralmeaning ithasatendencytogowiththedefinitearticleorapossessivedeterminerandrefertospecificfacts views etc 4 3geographicalnamesendingin s Theyaregenerallytreatedaspluraliftheyrefertoarangeofarchipelagoes mountains straits waterfalls etc ThePhilippinesneedscapitalandtechnologytransfer TheNetherlandshasbeenreclaimingfarmlandsfromwater 4 4othernounsendingin s 4 4 1namesforarticlesmadeoftwoparts Thesenounsaregenerallytreatedasplural Compare Thescissors madeofstainlesssteel is are Thepincers putinthedrawer is are Thepairofscissors verywell cut cuts Thesetwopairsofpincers cleaning need needs 4 4 2nounsusuallytakingpluralendings Thesenounsaregenerallytreatedasplural remains 遗迹 残余物 is are Theremainsofthemealis areleftonthetable Theremainsoftheancientcityis aretheevidenceofitsexistenceandprosperity Hisremainswerekeptinacrystalcoffin DelawareMansionsisablockof167flatsoppositetheBBCRadioStudios TheBroadwayMansions simplifiedChinese 百老汇大厦 isanineteen floorArtDecofivestarhotel oneofthemostfamoushotelsinShanghai China mansions 4 4 3nounsendingin ings verb ings Theyaregenerallytreatedasplural 4 4 4nounswhosesingularnumberandpluralnumbersharethesameformwhichendsin s Theyaretreatedaspluralwhenusedinpluralsense treatedassingularwhenusedinsingularsense There acrossroadsseveralmilesahead There twocrossroadsseveralmilesahead 5 problemsofconcordwithcollectivenouns 5 1collectivenounsusuallyusedasplural people policepersonnel人员 总称 clergy神职人员poultry家禽vermin害虫cattle牛 总称 militia民兵 5 2collectivenounsusuallyassingular foliage叶子总称machinery机器总称equipment设备furniture家具merchandise商品 5 3collectivenounseitheraspluralorassingular Whenthenounisusedinthesenseofacollectiveasawhole itistreatedassingular Whenthenounisusedinthesenseofindividualsthatmakethecollective itistreatedasplural Well Ihaveheardonceortwicethatmyfamilyhasseenbetterdays Itwaseleveno clockbeforethefamilywereallinbed ThomasHardy TessoftheD Urbervilles 6Problemsofconcordwithsubjectcontainingcoordinateforms 6 1 and both and 6 1 and both and Breadandmilk beenmybreakfastforyears have has TheStarsandStripes flyingfromtheflagpole is are Herlawyerandlifelongfriend goingtobetrayher was were Allworkandnoplay Jackadullboy make makes Breadandmilkhasbeenmybreakfastforyears TheStarsandStripesisflyingfromtheflagpole Herlawyerandlifelongfriendwasgoingtobetrayher AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy Theredandwhiterose beautiful is are Theredandthewhiterose beautiful Eachboyandeachgirl abook has have Theboysandgirlseach abook Ifeachoftheelementofsubjectismodifiedby each every manya no theverbtakesthesingularform Conclusion Ifthesubjectreferstoonesinglethingorperson itissingular Ifthesubjectreferstomorethanonethingorperson itisplural 6 2 or either or nor neither nor notonly butalso Abeautifulfloweroraglitteringstarigniteshisimagination Notaflynoramousesurvivessuchahotday Notonlyherhusbandbutalsoallhervisitorsarefascinatedwithheroverflowingelegance sparklingwitandeasingnaturalness Conclusions Theprincipleofproximityisappliedtotheseconstructions Ininformalstyle neither nor notonly butalso cansometimesberegardedasplural NotonlyBushbutalsoKellyis werecriticizedfortheirimproperuseofbodylanguage NeitherBushnorKellywas weregoodatbodylanguage ManybigcitiesaswellasShanghaihavetoomanyskyscrapers Grammar aswellasalltheothersubjects isveryinteresting Nooneexceptthetwogirlswaslate Nooneexcepthisownsupportersagreeswithhim 7problemsofconcordwithexpressionsofquantity 7 1concordwithexpressionofdefinitequantityassubject 7 1 1Whenadefinitequantityisregardedasasingleunit treatedassingular Sevendaysistooshortforapersonwhoneedsagoodrest 7 1 2whenusedinthesenseoftheindividualsthatconstitutethequantity treatedasplural Hetakesouttwodollarswhichlookexactlythesame butoneofthemisaforgednote InShanghai youmayexperiencetwoconsecutivedayswhichfeelliketwoseasons Twothirdsofthelandiswasteland Twothirdsofthestudentsaregirls 50percentofmyincomeisusedforfood 50percentofmywakinghoursareusedforstudy 7 1 3 afractionof apercentageof Intheseconstructions theformoftheverbisdeterminedbythenounintheof phrase Fiveplus andfive ten Fivemultipliedby timesfive twenty five 7 1 4 Aplus andB AmultipliedbyB Fiveplus andfiveare isten Fivemultipliedby timesfiveare istwenty five Fivefives twenty five Fivefivesaretwenty five Tenminusfiveis makesfive Fivefromtenis makesfive Tendividedbyfiveis makestwo 7 1 5AminusB AdividedbyB Onein outofeightofthechildrenisgivenanapple 7 1 6 onein outof pluralnoun Onein outofeightofthechildrenaregivenanapple informal Akindofroseisdepictedinthepicture Rosesofthiskindareveryexpensive Thesekindsofroses roseareveryexpensive Thesekindofrosesareveryexpensive 7 2concordwithexpressionofindefinitequantityassubject A Themajorityofchildreninourclasshaveblackeyes Amajorityof57to43helpshimtowintheelection majority greaternumberofvotes 8problemsofconcordwithnominalclauseassubject Whowillwintheelectionisstillunknown Whatcausedtheaccidentandwhowasresponsiblewereamystery 8 1nominalwh clauseassubject Whathewantsaresomebooksandacupofcoffee Whatareoftenregardedasridiculousaresometimestrue 8 2concordinSVCconstructionwithwhat clauseassubject Conclusion IntheSVCstructure ifthecomplementorthesubjectcontainsnounsorothersignsofpluralness theverbcanbeplural 9problemsofconcordinrelativeclause关系从句 cleft sentence分裂句existentialsentence存在句 Alice sAdventuresinWonderlandisoneofthebookswhichexpandachild simagination Mymotherisoneofthosepeoplewhobelievesinfortunetelling BritishEnglish Heisthe theonlyoneofthestudentswhoknowsLatin 9 1concordinrelativeclause Itisthiswomanwhohasstolenhisheart Itisthesewomenwhohavedrivenhimaway ItisIwho thatamresponsibleforit Itismewho thatisresponsibleforit informalstyle 9 2concordincleft sentencefocuselement Therewasnoonetolistentoher The