外刊阅读及其翻译.doc

Television ads forerectile dysfunction, stroke ortoenail fungustreatments have been called both aboonand a curse. Drugmakers assert that promoting their products makes patients aware of conditions they can thenflagfor their doctor.Yet every developed country except the U.S. and New Zealand prohibits such direct-to-consumerprescriptiondrug ads. It is hard to see educational value in commercials on American TV that showradiantmodels relaxing before atryst, accompanied byvoice-oversthat warn of possible side effects, including difficulty breathing and an unsafe drop in blood pressure.An ad thatconflatesanauraof glowing health and the prospect of anamorous liaisonwith a list ofdire cardiovascularsymptoms is aparadigmof confused messaging because it does not provide the viewer with a clear guide to weighing both benefits and costsentailedin using a prescription medicine. Absent further interpretation, the underlying message reduces to: Sex or deathwhich will it be? Of course, the ads always end with anadmonitionto “ask your doctor.”Now, finally, the doctors are giving an answer. In November 2015 the American Medical Association asked for a ban on these ads, saying that they are partially responsible for theskyrocketingcosts of drugs. The World Health Organization and other groups have previouslyendorsedsuch restrictions.In 2014 pharmaceutical companies spent $4.5 billion on consumer ads, mostly for television, a 30 percent rise from two years before. Thepitchescandrum upsales on higher-priced medications that candrive updrug costs when less expensive alternatives are sometimes available.Many of the newest ads are forpremiumdrugs for life-threatening diseases or rare conditions that can cost tens of thousands of dollars and require large,out-of-pocketpatient co-payments. After seeing an ad, patients may press physicians for a prescription without understanding the complex criteria needed to determineeligibilityfor treatment.Despite industryrhetoricabout educating the consumer, the ads do what ads dopromote the advertisers product while failing to note these complexities or alternative options. Last October a Kaiser Family Foundation survey found that 28 percent of people who viewed a drug ad subsequently asked a physician about the medicine and that 12 percent walked out with a prescription.A ban would be a welcome step towardtrimmingthe nationsloftydrug billsand it would rid theairwavesofpurportedhealth messages thatbafflemore than they inform. It is unclear, though, whether any prohibition passed by Congress wouldpass musterin the courts. Pharmawould undoubtedlymounta legal challenge, claiming that the law violates First Amendment protections for commercial speech.441words(“This Drug Ad Is Not Right for You”. ByThe Editors. May 1, 2016.Scientific American.)词汇短语1.*erectilerektaladj.勃起的2.*dysfunctiondsfknn.机能障碍3.*toenail tneln.脚趾甲4.*fungus fgsn.真菌5.flag flgv.标示(熟词僻意 ）6.*prescription prskrpnn.处方药7.*radiant redintadj.容光焕发的8.*trysttrstn.约会地点9.*voice-overvsvn.画外音10.*conflate knfletv.合并11.*aura :rn.光环12.*amorous mrsadj.爱情的13.*liaison lieznn.联络14.*dire da(r)adj.可怕的15.*cardiovascular k:divskjl(r)adj.心血管的16.paradigm prdamn.范例17.entail ntelv.牵涉18.*admonition dmnnn.告诫19.*skyrocketing skarktn.猛涨20.endorse nd:s v.支持21.pitch pt n.说教(熟词僻意）22.drum up招徕，鼓吹23.drive up使上升24.*premium pri:mimadj.高昂的25.out-of-pocket 现金支出成本26.*eligibility eldbltn.合格27.*rhetoric retrkn.花言巧语，雄辩术28.*trim trmv.削减29.*lofty lftiadj.高耸的30.*airwave ewevn.电视31.*purported p(r)p(r)tdadj.声称的32.bafflebfl v.使迷惑33.pass muster 达到要求34.*pharma fmn.制药公司35.*mount mantv. 发起，组织(标*的为超纲词汇）点评Television ads forerectile dysfunction, stroke ortoenail fungustreatments have been called both aboonand a curse. Drugmakers assert that promoting their products makes patients aware of conditions they can thenflagfor their doctor.翻译：关于勃起功能障碍、中风或者脚趾甲霉菌的电视广告被称为恩惠和诅咒的并存。制药公司声称，宣传他们的产品能让病人发现自己的病症，然后他们知道该怎样描述给医生。点评：-指出处方药广告具有危害性。段开门见山，指出电视上卖药广告具有两面性，下文围绕boon and curse展开，但是作者没有笔墨匀分地讨论药品广告的好处和坏处，而是批判药品广告好处没有，坏处多多。句a boon or a curse是很地道的表达“两面性、优缺点”的短语，类似的还有“a coin has two sides”, “two-edged sword”。句中的assert（宣称），一般都暗示不辨真假，也许有夸大其词或者虚假成分。makes patients aware of conditions指的是，不看不知道，看了广告之后才发现身体的一些状况居然是一种病，还有专门的名字，随后俨然成了专家，还严肃地告诉医生我得了什么什么病，给我开这个那个药。 此处的flag是 熟词僻意 ，意思是“标出，引起某人注意”。Yet every developed country except the U.S. and New Zealand prohibits such direct-to-consumerprescriptiondrug ads. It is hard to see educational value in commercials on American TV that showradiantmodels relaxing before atryst, accompanied byvoice-oversthat warn of possible side effects, including difficulty breathing and an unsafe drop in blood pressure.翻译：但是，除了美国和新西兰之外，所有发达国家都禁止这种处方药的直销广告。很难看出来美国电视上播放的这种广告有什么教育价值：约会之前，容光焕发的模特让自己放松下来，伴随的画外音警告可能的副作用，包括呼吸困难，危险的血压下降。点评：段句紧承上段末尾，制药厂家才声称广告有教育作用，就马上转折(yet)，除了美国和新西兰，所有的发达国家都禁止处方药在大众媒体上打广告。从而否定了boon的方面，并且引发读者思考为什么会这样。句顺而给出原因，直接打脸boon： 所谓的教育作用根本不存在。An ad thatconflatesanauraof glowing health and the prospect of anamorous liaisonwith a list ofdire cardiovascularsymptoms is aparadigmof confused messaging because it does not provide the viewer with a clear guide to weighing both benefits and costsentailedin using a prescription medicine. Absent further interpretation, the underlying message reduces to: Sex or deathwhich will it be? Of course, the ads always end with anadmonitionto “ask your doctor.”翻译：把健康活泼的气氛、对暧昧关系的期望和一列可怕的心血管症状联系在一起的广告是让人困惑的宣传的典型，因为它没有给观众提供明确的指导，要充分权衡服用处方药的好处和代价。更多的解释被省略了，潜台词缩短为：性和死将会是哪个？当然，广告结尾总会有一个警告：“请遵医嘱。”点评：段继续深化对卖药广告的批评，不止没有声称的教育作用，还会让人产生困惑(paradigm of confused messaging)。因为广告隐去了很多重要的信息，只强调处方药物的作用，而不谈其危害。Now, finally, the doctors are giving an answer. In November 2015 the American Medical Association asked for a ban on these ads, saying that they are partially responsible for theskyrocketingcosts of drugs. The World Health Organization and other groups have previouslyendorsedsuch restrictions.翻译：现在，终于，医生给出了一个回应。2015年11月，美国医学协会要求禁止这些广告，说他们对天价药费负部分责任。世界卫生组织和其他机构先前就表示支持这类禁令。点评：-段指出美国医学协会最近要求禁止这些卖药广告及其原因。段句的now和finally表达出一种翘首以盼，终于等到这一天的心情。句saying.现在分词短语作状语，解释禁止原因，这些广告让药费大大增长。In 2014 pharmaceutical companies spent $4.5 billion on consumer ads, mostly for television, a 30 percent rise from two years before. Thepitchescandrum upsales on higher-priced medications that candrive updrug costs when less expensive alternatives are sometimes available.翻译：2014年制药公司在广告费上花了45亿美元，大部分是电视广告，比两年前增加了30%。高声叫卖能够提高高价药品的销量，从而增加药费支出，虽然市面上有价格较低的同类药物。点评：段用具体数字说明天价的广告费，以及这些费用转嫁到民众身上，成为沉重的负担。Many of the newest ads are forpremiumdrugs for life-threatening diseases or rare conditions that can cost tens of thousands of dollars and require large,out-of-pocketpatient co-payments. After seeing an ad, patients may press physicians for a prescription without understanding the complex criteria needed to determineeligibilityfor treatment.翻译：许多最新的广告是宣传治疗威胁生命的疾病或者罕见病的新药，治疗这种病可能要花费数万美元，还需要大笔保险外患者共同支付。看到广告后，患者在可能会在没搞清楚否对症的情况下，逼迫医生开药方。点评：-段分析卖药广告的性质和其强大的洗脑能力。最近打广告的都是针对致命或者罕见病的药物(for life-threatening diseases or rare conditions)，价格高昂(premium)（段句）。作者推测（may)，重病在身的患者可能容易病急乱寻药，要求医生给自己开这用药（段句）。Despite industryrhetoricabout educating the consumer, the ads do what ads dopromote the advertisers product while failing to note these complexities or alternative options. Last October a Kaiser Family Foundation survey found that 28 percent of people who viewed a drug ad subsequently asked a physician about the medicine and that 12 percent walked out with a prescription.翻译：尽管制药商口若悬河，把广告说成是对消费者的教育，但是广告就是广告目的是提高产品的销量，却闭口不谈病症的复杂性或者提醒患者有其他的选择。去年10月，凯撒家庭基金会的一项调查发现38%看到广告的人向医生询问这种药物，12%拿着处方出了门。点评：段进一步说明，不仅是药品性质本身有强大的诱惑力，广告呈现方式还煽情而且简单粗暴，不谈复杂的适用条件，让患者搞不清楚情况（段句）。段句回应上段的推测，实际调查结果证明了这种推测，很多患者的确会要求医生开药。A ban would be a welcome step towardtrimmingthe nationsloftydrug billsand it would rid theairwavesofpurportedhealth messages thatbafflemore than they inform. It is unclear, though, whether any prohibition passed by Congress wouldpass musterin the courts. Pharmawould undoubtedlymounta legal challenge, claiming that the law violates First Amendment protections for commercial speech.翻译：这样的一纸禁令会是个受欢迎的有利于消减美国臃肿药费账单的举措而且它可以让电视上少一些虚假的健康消息，号称是教育观众，但只会让观众更加迷惑。但是，不确定的是，国会通过的任何禁令是否会能过法院一关。制药厂商肯定会发起法律反击，声称这个禁令违反了保护商业言论的宪法第一修正案。点评：段回到禁令，句评价其积极意义：能够减少药费支出，减少观众迷惑。句表达了这个禁令能否最终通过的忧虑，因为制药厂商肯定会反对。Nowadays, it seems, anything and everything can qualify as a masterpiece: a hit single, a theme park, even a video game. And while the artisticmeritsof some of theseobjets dartcan be defended, it is tempting to suggest that the word itself has become, like “fascist” and “racist,”devaluedbyindiscriminateusage to the point ofvacuity. Its meaning has shifted.Most under-50 art lovers take pop culture very seriously indeed. So they should, not merely because it is popular but because so much of it, especially in this country, is so good. Like the masterpieces of earlier eras, these worksinfusefamiliar forms and materials with a creative energy that allows them totranscendtheirmundaneorigins.Yet something distinguishes these “masterpieces” from their high-art counterparts, something that is implicit in the very act of their creationand is central to the nature of pop culture itself.As theCambridge AcademicContent Dictionaryreminds us, the word “masterpiece” once referred to the single greatest work of a master. No one helped Tolstoy writeWar and Peace, any more than Beethoven used an orchestrator for his Fifth Symphony. But then came Hollywood moviesand TV series, commercial products manufactured not by individual artists but by teams of artisans whose members collaborate so closely that it is often difficult to the point of impossibility toascribeprincipal creativecreditto any one of them. Who, then, is the“author”ofChinatown? No one, in the usual meaning of the word. It is the result of a collective process of creation, a masterpiece withouta master.Somethingis bound tobe lost in a culture where the best-known art is created collectively for commercial purposes rather than being motivated solely by the individual artists own need for self-expression. For all their self-evident excellence, movies likeChinatownandGodfatherand cable-TV series likeTheWireandBreaking Badare all thrillers of one kind or another. To be sure, they use the familiar conventions of genre fiction to explore many other aspects of American life, but somebody almost always gets shot in the lastreel, just as a pop song, no matter how well-crafted and emotionally moving it may be, is rarely ever more than four minutes long.The very best modern American artists, by contrast, have not accepted the narrow restrictions imposed by pop culture. They go their own wayand do their own work.As a result, they reflect in every way the creative visions of their makers, whose styles are personal to a degree that no collectively made work of art can hope to rival. They are masterpieces in the purest sense of the word.463words(Masterpieces Without Masters. By Terry Teachout. June 16, 2016.Commentary）原文链接：/articles/masterpieces-without-masters/词汇短语1.meritmertn.价值2.*objets dart （法语）艺术品3.*devaluedi:vlju:v.使贬值4.*indiscriminate ndskrmntadj.不加选择的5.vacuityvkju:tin.真空6.*infuse nfju:zv.浸泡，使充满7.*transcendtrnsendv.超越8.*mundane mndenadj.寻常的9.*ascribe skrabv.把归于10.credit kredtn.荣誉11.be bound to注定12.reelri:ln.卷轴点评Nowadays, it seems, anything and everything can qualify as a masterpiece: a hit single, a theme park, even a video game. And while the artisticmeritsof some of theseobjets dartcan be defended, it is tempting to suggest that the word itself has become, like “fascist” and “racist,”devaluedbyindiscriminateusage to the point ofvacuity. Its meaning has shifted.翻译：在当代，似乎任何东西都资格被称为杰作：一首热门歌曲、一座主题公园、甚至是一款电子游戏。尽管这当中某些艺术品可能存在艺术价值，但是似乎在暗示这个词本身因为不加区别地使用而贬值，甚至变成空白，就像“法西斯主义者”和“种族主义者”一样。它的意思已经发生了变化。点评：段提出一种现象：现在人们不加区别地使用masterpiece（杰作）这个词，其“宏伟庄严”的含义已经被稀释了。句anything and everything（任何东西和所有东西）看似重复，实际上是加强语气，惋惜masterpiece已经被用得烂大街了。冒号之后举例，歌曲、主题公园、电子游戏和masterpiece放在一起的确有些违和感。even（甚至），再一次传达出作者的惊讶之情。句让步指出，尽管这些作品可能有价值，但是masterpiece的词义似乎确实变了。objets dart指工艺品，（特别是和传统意义的绘画、雕塑等高雅艺术不同的小玩意儿）。作者是要强调，这些东西只能叫做objets dart ,算不上是masterpiece。can be defended（可以被辩护的）暗示真正的传世之作优秀得太明显，根本无需defend。论文答辩也用defend这个词是同样的道理，论文不奢求有你有惊世发现，能自圆其说即可。devalue, indiscriminate, vacuity都略带贬义，可见作者的态度。句简洁有力地概括句，masterpiece的词义发生了变化。本段以词开篇，以词收尾，似乎只是就事论事，没有太多发散，但是已经蓄势待发。Most under-50 art lovers take pop culture very seriously indeed. So they should, not merely because it is popular but because so much of it, especially in this country, is so good. Like the masterpieces of earlier eras, these worksinfusefamiliar forms and materials with a creative energy that allows them totranscendtheirmundaneorigins.翻译：大部分50岁以下的艺术爱好者确实非常严肃地看待流行文化。他们理应如此，不仅仅因为流行文化很流行，而且因为许多流行文化都非常出色，特别是在美国。和早期时代的杰作一样，这些艺术品让熟悉的形式和材料充满使之超越其平庸原作的创造性力量。点评：段先退一步说明流行文化的确有优秀作品。句指出，很多人都认真对待流行文化。pop culture一词概括了上文的流行歌曲、主题公园、电子游戏等作品的归属。作者特意提出under-50（50岁以下），因为更早的时代，人们接受的还是传统古典艺术的熏陶，也许不能客观看待流行文化。句给出作者自己的看法，的确应该这样，因为有些流行文化很优秀。句紧接上句，说明流行文化的优秀之处。用Like比较流行文化作品和masterpiece的共同点，the masterpieces of earlier eras用介词短语of earlier aras修饰the masterpiece,用以区分“之前的杰作”和“现在的所谓的杰作”，暗示作者不太愿意用masterpiece这个词称呼现代艺术品。creative energy，transcend指出流行作品的优点。Yet something distinguishes these “masterpieces” from their high-art counterparts, something that is implicit in the very act of their creationand is central to the nature of pop culture itself.As theCambridge AcademicContent Dictionaryreminds us, the word “masterpiece” once referred to the single greatest work of a master. No one helped Tolstoy writeWar and Peace, any more than Beethoven used an orchestrator for his Fifth Symphony. But then came Hollywood moviesand TV series, commercial products manufactured not by individual artists but by teams of artisans whose members collaborate so closely that it is often difficult to the point of impossibility toascribeprincipal creativecreditto any one of them. Who, then, is the“author”ofChinatown? No one, in the usual meaning of the word. It is the result of a collective process of creation, a masterpiece withouta master.翻译：但是，有些东西把这些“杰作”和高雅艺术区分开来，它恰恰暗藏于其创作行为中并且这是流行文化本质的核心。剑桥学术目录词典提醒我们，“杰作”这个词曾经指某大师最伟大的作品。没有人帮助托尔斯泰写战争与和平，正如贝多芬创作第五交响曲也没有动用管弦乐队帮忙。但是，后来出现了好莱坞电影和电视剧，这不是艺术家个人的创作，而是多组工匠合作完成的商业产品，他们的合作非常紧密，以至于常常无法把主要的创作荣誉归于其中任何一个人。那么，到底谁是唐人街的“作者”？按照这个词的通常的意思来看，谁都不是。它是集体创新过程的产物，是没有大师的大师之作。点评：段一针见血地指出流行文化和masterpiece的本质区别。作者并没有从主观的艺术价值上评判，而是从流行文化制作方式这一客观事实出发。these “masterpieces” 打上引号，突出作者的不承认态度。句引用权威词典解释，说明masterpiece过去指大师个人创作的最伟大的作品。有一种高山仰止的巍峨感，这样的作品肯定是稀少的。句以小说和音乐为例说明过去的大师作品都是独立完成。至指出当代诞生新的艺术形式（电影、电视剧）的优秀作品由集体创作。Somethingis bound tobe lost in a culture where the best-known art is created collectively for commercial purposes rather than being motivated solely by the individual ar