跨文化考试总结范文.doc

跨文化考试总结范文 一、单选1*10=10分。 （Choose theone that）其中有一部分是书中的概念。 二、判断1*10=10分。 （Atrue,Bfalse)课后习题第二大题，其中某些题是变动的。 要注重理解。 三、搭配1*20=20分。 matching四组搭配，概念的对应，每一章课后的summary中的黑体字。 四、阅读理解1*20=20分。 四篇。 与课文中的专有词有关。 五、完型填空1*10=10分。 六、案例分析3*5=15分。 五个案例。 书中案例有四个，课外一个。 七、写作15分。 150+words。 可以准备一些跨文化、交际的文章。 四十分钟的写作时间。 8:008:40.作文提前收！注前六大题是客观题即选择，只有写作是主观题。 课后题（课后题第一第二大题老师也让多多关注，我这里就不多写啦，除了课后第一第二大题，我这里都全啦） 1、P28P 302、P58P 613、P95P 974、P124P 1265、P159P 1626、P194P 1977、P237P 2408、P270P 2729、P304P306所有概念关键词+考试范围内的CASE Chapter1Culture Keywords (1)Culture(from intellectualperspective):Culture is“the artsand othermanifestations of human intellectualachievement regardedcollectively”（从知性角度定义文化作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现。 ） (2)Culture(from anthropologicperspective):Culture consists of patterns,explicit andimplicit,of andfor behavioracquired andtransmitted bysymbols,constituting thedistinctive achievementofhumangroups,including theirembodiments in artifacts;the essentialcore of culture consists of traditionalideas and especially theirattached values”.（从人类学角度定义文化文化由清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号由人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。 文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。 ） (3)Culture(from psychologicalperspective):culture is the collectiveprogramming ofhe mindwhich distinguishesthe members of onecategory of people from another。 （从心理学角度定义文化文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。 ） (4)Culture(from socialogicalperspective):Culture isdefined asa patternof learned,group-related perceptionincluding bothverbal and nonverbal language,attitudes,values,belief system,disbelief systems,and behavior.(从社会学角度定义文化文化是一种可习得的、基于群体的认知模式包括言语与非言语符号、态度、价值观、信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。 ) (5)Culture(from intercultural munication perspective):is thedeposit ofknowledge,experience,belief,values,actions,attitudes,hierarchies,religions,notions oftime,roles,spatial relations,concepts of the universe,and artifactsacquired by a groupof peoplein thecourse ofgenerations throughindividual andgroup striving.（从跨文化交际学角度定义文化文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。 ） (6)Culture Identity:refers toones sense of belongingto a particular culture or ethnicgroup.（文化身份认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。 ） (7)Subculturerefers to a culturethat existswithin dominant culture,and isoften based on economicor socialclass,ethnicity,race,or geographicregion.（亚文化指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域。 ）Subcultures existwithin dominantculture,and areoften basedon economicor socialclass,ethnicity,race,or geographicregion. (8)Co-culture:refers togroups orsocial munitiesexhibiting municationcharacteristics,perceptions,values,beliefs,and practices that aresignificantly differentenough todistinguish themfrom theother groups,munities,and the dominantculture.（共文化指具有独特的交际特征、感知特点、价值观、信仰和行为，区别于其他群体、社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。 ） (9)Subgroup:usually does not involvethe samelarge numberof people and is not necessarilythought of as aumulatingvalues andpatterns ofbehavior overgenerations in the sameway ascultures do.（亚群体相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。 ）Case2:White DressCase analysis:The Indianwomen mightthink thewedding ceremonyis afuneral ifthey seethe westernbride inwhite gown.The case reflects thesimiles andmetaphors in the text.Culture islike aniceberg:we canidentify thecolor of the dressworn bywomen indifferent cultures,but wedo not know the values underneath.Culture islike thewater afish swimsin:people weardress ofdifferent colorsfor differentcontext butthey usuallytake itfor grantedand neverask why.? (6)Culture Identity:refers toones senseof belongingto aparticular cultureor ethnicgroup.（文化身份认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。 ）Case4:Coconut-skating（用椰油保养地板的方法）Case analysis:The case reflects thecharacteristics ofculture.We cantell from the casethat culture is pervasiveand its learned.People mayinvent different ways forthings evenas simpleas theissue offloor moping.The Philippinewoman musthave learnedthis way of moppingfrom her own culture.Chapter2Communication andIntercultural Communication Keywords (1)Sender/Source:A sender/source is the person who transmitsa message.（信息发出者/信息源信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。 ） (2)Message:A messageis anysignal thattriggers theresponse of a receiver.（信息信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。 ） (3)Encoding:It refers to the activity during which thesender mustchoose certainwords ornonverbal methodsto sendan intentionalmessage.（编码编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。 ） (4)Channel/Medium It is themethod usedto delivera message.（渠道/媒介渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。 ） (5)Receiver:A receiver is anypersonwhonotices andgives somemeaning toa message.(信息接受者信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。 ) (6)Decoding:It is the activityduring which the receiverattaches meaning to thewords orsymbols he/she hasreceived.（解码解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。 ） (7)Feedback:The responseof areceiver toa senders messageis calledfeedback.（反馈反馈指信息接收者对信息源信息所做出的反应。 ） (8)Noise:It is a termused forfactors thatinterfere with the exchangeof messages,including externalnoise physiologicalnoise,psychological noiseand semantioise.（干扰干扰指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。 包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。 ） (9)Context:A contextisthe setting orsituation within which municationtakes place,including physicalcontext,social contextand interpersonalcontext.（语境语境指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。 ） (10)Intercultural munication:It isthe munication between peoplewhose culturalperception andsymbol systemare distinctenough toalter the munication event.(跨文化交际跨文化交际指的是那些在文化认知和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。 这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。 ) (11)International munication:it takesplace betweennations andgovernments rather than individuals;it isquite formaland ritualized.(国际交流国际交流是指发生在国家和政府之间而非发生在个人之间的交际；此种交际非常正式和仪式化。 ) (12)Interracial munication:It ourswhen thesender andthe receiverexchanging messagesare from different races.(跨种族交际跨种族交际是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者不同的种族的交际。 ) (13)Interethnic munication:It isthe municationbetween or among people from differentethnic groupsin a country orculture.（跨民族交际跨民族交际是指一个国家或文化内部的不同民族群体的人们之间的交际。 ） (14)Intracultural munication:it isdefined asmunicationbetweenoramongmembers of the sameculture.（文化内交际文化内交际是指同一文化内部的成员之间的交际。 ） (15)Communication:is derivedfrom theLatin wordmunicare,meaning toshare withor tomake mon,as in giving to another partor shareof yourthoughts,hopes,and knowledge.Case12:Why Dont YouEat thePizza?This case can reflectthe problemsappearing duringintercultural municationand howignoring cultural differences canaffect munication.In Malaysia,where mostpeople areMuslims,people thinkthe lefthand is used onlyfor cleaningthe bodyand thusit isdirty andcan not be usedto passfood.Knowing nothingabout the culturaldifference,the American student putshimself in an embarrassingsituation.Chapter3Cultures Influenceon PerceptionKeywords (1)Sensation:It isthe neurologicalprocess by which people bee aware of theirenvironment.（感觉感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。 ) (2)Perception:It isthe processbywhichwe beeawareofobjects,events,andespeciallypeopleand their behaviorsthrough ourvarious sensesand involveshigher-order cognitionin theinterpretation of the sensoryinformation.(知觉知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过程。 它是解释感觉信息更为高阶的认知过程。 ) (3)Selection:It is a processin whichwe screenout what we needfrom allthe stimuliand informationaround us.（选择选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。 ) (4)Organization:It isthe processduringwhichwe needto organizeand imposestructure onwhatweobserve in a meaningfulway.（组织组织是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式，组合的过程。 ） (5)Interpretation:It refersto attachingmeaningto sense dataand issynonymous withdecoding.（释义释义是赋予感觉信息意义的过程，类似于解码过程。 ）Case16:Different Responsesto NoiseThis case can reflect different culturecan givedifferent influenceson humansensation.No twoof peoplecan assumethat theirsensations are the same,especially when they efrom different cultures.Different socialreality and living conditionscan equipthem withdifferentway tosensethe world.So it is verymon for them tohave totallydifferent sensationseven towardsthe samecondition.In this case,the Germanprofessor andJapanese professorhave verydifferent responseto thenoise producedby the same motorfor theheating systembecause of their cultures andlivinghabits.Chapter4Intercultural CommunicationBarriers Keywords (1)Anxiety:It oursbecause ofnot knowingwhat one is expectedto do,and focusingon thatfeeling andnot betotally presentin themunication transaction.（焦虑当人们不知道如何迎合他人对自己的期待，过多的关注自己情绪以至不能全心投入到交际事物中去时，就会产生焦虑。 ） (2)Uncertainty:It refersto ourcognitive inabilityto explainour ownor others feelingsand behaviorsin interactionsbecause of an ambiguous situation thatevokes anxiety.(不确定不确定是指人们无法从认知的角度去解释交际活动中自己或他人的感觉及行为，这种认知角度解释能力的欠缺是某种引起焦虑的含糊情境导致的。 ) (3)Assuming similarityinstead ofdifference:It refersto theidea thatpeople ingfrom anotherculture aremore similar to youthan theyactually areor that another personssituationis moresimilartoyours thanit infact is.（假定一致性假定一致性是指认为另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境与自己的处境相似，而事实上却并非如此。 ） (4)Ethnocentrism:It refersto negativelyjudging aspectsof anotherculture by the standardsof ones ownculture.（种族或民主中心主义是指从本国文化的标准出发，消极地审视另一文化。 ） (5)Stereotypes:They referto negativeor positivejudgments madeabout individuals basedonany observableor believedgroup membership.（文化定势文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。 ） (6)Prejudice:It refersto theirrational dislike,suspicion,or hatredof aparticular group,race,religion,or sexualorientation.（偏见偏见是指对于某一特定群体、种族、宗教、或性取向的无端地憎恶和怀疑。 ） (7)Racism:It refersto anypolicy,practice,belief,or attitudethat attributescharacteristics orstatus toindividualsbasedon theirrace.（种族主义种族主义是指基于种族把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任一政策、做法、信仰或态度。 ）Case21:A DanishWoman inNew YorkThis casecan reflectassuming similarityinstead ofdifference.When municatingwith peoplefromanotherculture,oneislikely toregard andtreat otherpeople as“his people”and toassume theremust beonly onewayofdoing things:that is“his way”.In thiscase,the Danishwoman assumesthat herbehavior ofleaving thebaby alone,which ismon inDenmark,is alsoappropriate inNew York.Here,she assumeswhat issuitable inherownculture isalso indisputablein anotherculture.That iswhy thesmall conflicthappens.Case23:Girl-ness This casecan reflect oneof thetranslation problems:the lack of conceptualequivalence,which refersto abstractideas thatmay notexist in thesamefashion indifferent languages.Different cultures may attachdifferent meaningsto thesame thingor person.Concerning thiscase,we shouldknow whatyoung femalescall themselvesis verydifferent inChina from the States.In China,girlmeans someonewho isyoung andsingle.In away,it makesa femalesound moredesirable to be called a girlratherthana woman.For mostpeople,womanmeans someonewho ismarried andwho probablyis notyoung.In fact,most singleChinese females,such asuniversity students,would beinsulted to be calledwomen.While inthe West,in formal,public settings,it iscustomary tocall anywoman whois pastpuberty awoman,even thoughshe maynotbelegally oldenough tovote,marry,purchase alcoholicbeverages,drive acar,or signa contract.This terminologybecame widespreadduring thewomens liberationmovement inthe1960s.The termgirlis sometimesinterpreted to be demeaningor disrespectful.Case24:An UnfairDecision This casereflectsprejudice,which involvesan unfair,biased,or intolerantattitude towardsanother groupof people.In thiscase,Mr.Bias decidedto selectsomeone else,instead of applicant fromthe countryLevadel,for theposition.That isjust becausehe holdsprejudice towardspeoplefromthe countryLevadel.Chapter5Verbal InterculturalCommunication Keywords (1)Verbal interculturalmunication happens when peoplefromdifferentcultural backgroundsmunicate witheach otherby usinglanguage.不同文化背景的人用言语进行的交际即言语跨文化交际 (2)Dialect isa formof languagepeculiar toa groupofpeople,as distinguishedfromtheliterary languageof thewhole people.方言是某一群体特有的语言，与整个群体的言语不同。 (3)Sociolect refersto variationin termsof socialclass orstyle.（社会方言指由于社会阶级或言语风格不同而产生的方言。 ） (4)Pidgin isa speciallanguage varietythat mixesor lendslanguages forrestricted purposessuch astrading.洋泾浜，是一种特殊的语言变体，指为贸易等目的将两种或几种语言混合使用。 (5)When apidgin languagebegins toacquire nativespeakers andbees thepermanent languageofaregion,itis calledaCreole.当有人以洋泾浜为母语，并成为某一地区永久的语言是，它就成为克里奥耳语或混合语 (6)Lingua francareferstoa specificlanguage thatisusedas aninternational meansof munication.通用语指作为国际间交流手段的一种特殊语言。 (7)Taboo refersto prohibitionofaset ofbehaviors thatshould beavoided because they areoffensive andimpolite.禁忌语指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不礼貌行为。 (8)Euphemism isTaboos linguistiounterpart becauseit substitutesthe offensiveand disturbingvocabulary.委婉语是替代具有冒犯性的不礼貌的禁忌语词语。 （9Jargon refersto thespecial ortechnical vocabulariesdeveloped to meet thespecial needsof particularprofessions suchas medicineand law.行话指演变而来的专门的或科技词汇，用以满足特殊职业的特殊需要，例如医药和法律。 Case25:Suess StoryOne of the sourcesofthefrustration andmisunderstandings thatourred in thiscasewas differentnotions ofwhat wasverbally relevant.In thiscase,Mary wasexpecting amuch moredirect responseto her question.Ms.Goshima,however,was unfortablewith thequestion andfelt herresponse shouldbe veryindirect andestablish aproper senseof modestybefore revealingthe answer to thequestion.If Maryhad beenmore patient,she wouldhave eventuallyheard theanswertoherquestion,but shewas not really payingattention whenit finallycame becauseshe feltthat Ms.Goshimas mentswerentreallyrelevant toher query.Chapter6Nonverbal InterculturalCommunicationKeywords (1)Nonverbal munication:It refersto the messages sentwithout usingwords.（非言语交际不运用言语语言传递信息被称为非言语交际。 ) (2)Proxemics:It refersto the study ofspatial relations.（时空行为时空行为对空间关系的研究。 ） (3)Kinesics:It refersto gestures,facial expressions,eye contact,body positions,body movement,and formsof greetingandtheirrelation tomunication.（身势语行为身势语（也称体态语），指手势、面目表情、眼神交流、身体姿势、肢体运动和问候方式以及和他们与交际的关系。 ） (4)Chronemics:It isthe study of howpeople perceiveand usetime.（时间行为对于人们如何理解和利用时间的研究。 ） (5)Paralanguage:It isthesetof audiblesounds thataompany orallanguage toaugment itsmeaning.（辅助语行为为增强其含义，伴随言语语言产生的可听到的声音符号系统。 ） (6)Haptics:It refersto municatingthrough theuse ofbodily contact.（触觉行为指通过身体接触来交流。 ） (7)Chromatics:It refersto the studyofcolor usein affectingpeoples perceptions,behaviors andimpressions ofothers.（色彩学色彩学指对于影响人们认知、行为和他人印象的色彩的研究。 ） (8)Olfactics:It isthestudyof municationvia smell.（气味行为研究气味对于交流的影响的学科。 ） (9)Oculesics:Itisthestudyof municationssent by the eyes.（目光语对于由眼睛所传达的信息的研究。 不同的文化对于交际时眼神的接触有不同的要求。 ） (10)Silence cuesaffect interpersonalmunication byproviding aninterval inan ongoinginteraction duringwhich theparticipants havetime tothink,check orsuppress anemotion,encode alengthy response,or inaugurateanother lineof thought. (11)Attire refersto clothingand physicalappearance.it alsoserves asnonverbal symbols.Case33:Are AmericansIndifferent?Thiscasecan reflectdifferent nonverbalmunication patternsexist inthe actualinterculturalmunication,especially facialexpression differaording todifferent cultures.Compared to most Chinese,Americans liketo smilea lotand tohave causaland richfacial expressionsin theirdaily lives,even thoughthey havesome misfortune.In thiscase,because ofthe different opinions aboutfacial expressionsin interculturalmunication,the Americanlady talkedabout herfathers sicknessand deathinasmiling wayto showshe stillhas theoptimistic wayto treatthe futurelife,which ismisunderstood asbeing indifferentand selfishby the Chinese.Case36:Dont PutYour Handon MyArm Thiscasecanreflectdifferentcultures havedifferent opinionsto spatialrelations.Different cultureshave verydifferentopinionsabout anindividuals unconsciouslystructuring themicrospace immediatelysurrounding thephysical body.Some culturescan haverelatively closedistance whenmunicating whileother culturescannot.Some westerncultures considerbody touchbetween peopleofthesame genderto becultural tabooand asymbol ofbeing homosexual.In thiscase,Sam isfrom westernculturesandknows thesocial tabooof bodytouch veryclearly,so hewouldnt letothers misunderstandMarks closebody distanceand touchwith him,even thoughMark fromChile doesntknowthe culturaltaboo atall.Chapter7Cultural PatternsKeywords (1)Cultural pattern:Shared beliefs,values,norms,and socialpracticesthat are stableover timeand thatlead toroughly similarbehaviors acrosssimilar situationsare known as culturalpatterns.(文化模式是指在相对稳定的共有的信仰、价值观、标准和社会实践，这些文化模式在相似的情形下会使人产生相似的行为。 ) (2)Context Itisthe information thatsurrounds anevent,and isinextricably boundup with the meaningoftheevent.（语境是指事件发生时周围的信息，对事件的意义解读具有重要参考价值。 ） (3)High contextmunication:is onein whichmost oftheinformation is alreadyinthe person,while verylittle isinthecoded,explicitly transmittedpart ofthemessage.（高语境交际是指在交际过程中大部分的信息靠交际人本身传递，只有少量信息被明确地用语言的形式传递。 ） (4)Low contextmunication:is onein whichthe massoftheinformationisvested inthe explicitcode.（低语境交际是指大量的信息通过明确的语言编码被传递的交际。 ） (5)Uncertainty avoidancedeals with the degreeto whichmembers ofa culturetry to avoid uncertainty.（不确定性规避指某一文化的成员对于不确定性因素的规避程度。 ） (6)Power distanceistheextent towhichtheless powerfulmembers ofinstitutions andorganizations aeptthat poweris distributedunequally.（权力距离是指机构或组织中权利较小的成员对权利被不平等分配的接受程度。 ）3.Brief Explanationsto theCases ofthis Chapter (7)Belief:a beliefis anidea thatpeople assumetobetrue aboutthe world. (8)Values:involve whata cultureregards asgood orbad,right orwrong,fair orunfair,just orunjust,beautiful orugly,clean ordirty,valuable orworthless,appropriate orinappropriate,and kindor cruel. (9)Norms:are thesocially sharedexpectations ofappropriate behaviors. (10)Social practices:arethepredictable