新托福听力精讲+翻译.doc

学术讲座学生版生物tpo24 lecture 1一、 背景介绍： 生物学讲座主要涉及到的小学科有conservation biology保护生物学，marine biology海洋生物学，zoology动物学和botany植物学。主要话题有以下五个：动物行为研究；动物和环境之间的关系；动物交流方式；动物身体结构；动物保护。二、 分类表格： TPOLecture生物Biology142244627281101111121142154163174184193204213223233241251254262271273282283291302三、 各分类常见逻辑结构： 生物类考点分析 分类 部位及特征 用途（植物） 习性（动物） 栖息地 繁殖 与其他生物的关系 生存状况 相关研究 生物类常见逻辑结构 在课堂演讲中，教授常常会就某一生物现象或者生物特征进行讲解，并举出相应的例子进行证明，期间往往会有老师的自问自答和已经和学生之间的讨论。四、十三大原则中这节课会用到的原则+举例 1. 开头原则：2. 问答原则3. 举例原则4. 强调原则（语义的强调）：5. 结尾原则五、本次课可能用到的笔记法1. 笔记热身1）中文简写2）符号2. TPO1 Conversation1 笔记六、词汇，短语及句式1）生物类场景常用的词汇英语汉语species物种sub-species亚种gene pool基因库ancestor祖先descend传承extinction灭绝endanger濒危eradicate灭绝introduced animals外来动物wildlife reserve野生动物保护区sanctuary保护区refuge保护区habitat栖息地quarantine service检疫局parasite寄生虫insect昆虫reptile爬行动物mammal哺乳动物pollinate授粉2）本次课常用词汇英语汉语reptileadj. 爬虫类的；卑鄙的n. 爬行动物；卑鄙的人crocodilen. 鳄鱼solitaryadj. 孤独的；独居的n. 独居者；隐士swampn. 沼泽；湿地vt. 使陷于沼泽；使沉没；使陷入困境vi. 下沉；陷入沼泽；陷入困境；不知所措vocalizationn. 发声，发音；发声法alligatorn. 短吻鳄（产于美国及中国）；短吻鳄皮革；鳄口式工具vi. 皱裂；裂开adj. 鳄鱼般的；鳄鱼皮革的；鳄鱼皮纹的breedingn. 繁殖；饲养；教养；再生v. 生产；培育；使繁殖gruntn. 咕哝；呼噜声vi. 作呼噜声；发哼声vt. 咕哝着说hissvi. 发出嘘声；发嘘声n. 嘘声；嘶嘶声clamoringn. 喧闹，叫嚷；大声的要求vi. 喧嚷，发喧嚣声；持续地喊声vt. 喧嚷着说出3）本次课常用短语及句式： 英语汉语mess with同一起用膳；胡乱摆弄；干扰；与厮混在一起kind of有点，有几分find out找出；查明interact with与相互作用a variety of种种；各种各样的think of记起；想起a chorus of异口同声a sort of一种；有点look after照顾；看护in order to为了七、文章框架分析 1. Crocodile: a predator that hasnt evolved much in the last seventy million years2. The functions of American alligators vocalization: To threaten other males To attract matesThe functions of baby crocodiles vocalization: getting attention letting others know you are distressed：baby crocodiles。The relationship of vocalization between crocodiles and mammals3. The functions of mother crocodiles vocalization: to ensure their babies follow her. 八、听力文本 Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a Biology class. Professor: OK. For today, lets look at a reptile, a predator that hasnt evolved much in the last seventy million years. No discussion of reptiles would be complete without some mention of crocodiles.（教授开门见山提出讲座的主旨：a predator-crocodiles，其中today, lets look at.就是主旨句的提示句型。）Now, we tend to think of crocodiles as, uh, kind of solitary, hiding out in a swamp, uh, kind of mysterious creatures. But we are finding out that they arent as isolated as they seem. In fact, crocodiles interact with each other in a variety of ways. One way is with vocalizations, you know, sounds generated by the animal. （一些常考的细节题提示词有now, but, in fact，这部分全都有，但是前边的now和but都是为了引出in fact，而且in fact后面指出来了有多种交流方式，其中一种是：vocalization，那么要注意一下可能会有另外的交流方式出现。但是事实上通过听全文没有提及其他的方式。）This is true of the whole crocodile family, which includes crocodiles themselves, alligators, etc.Take American alligators. （这里take做的是介词，举例子的意思，注意听力中举例子处可能出一道细节题，也可能是个作者意图态度题：Why does the professor talk about the American alligators?-To show the function of vocalization.）If you were to go to a swamp during the breeding season, youd hear a chorus of sounds, deep grunts, hisses, these are sounds that male alligators make. And some of them are powerful enough to make the water vibrate. This sends a strong, go-away message to the other males. So the alligator can focus on sending other sound waves through the water, sound waves that you and I couldnt even hear since they are at such low frequency. But they do reach the female alligator, who then goes to find and mate with the male.（这里这两处给出来了the function of vocalization，就是第7题的答案。）Vocalization is um.well, it is used for other reasons, like getting attention or just, um. letting others know you are distressed. （这里的other reasons提醒下文主要讲解vocalization的另外几个目的：1）getting attention 2）letting others know you are distressed。综合上文可以出一个Except题：All of the followings are about the functions of crocodiles vocalization except-?-A to threaten other males B to attract their predators C to get attention D to let others know they are distressed答案是B） Lets see. （下文具体解释这两个功能，以new born crocodiles为例。）New-born crocodiles, or hatchlings and their interactions with their mothers. When they are born, croc. baby crocodiles have a sort of muffled cry while they are in their nest. Hatchlings are really vulnerable, especially to birds and small mammals when they are born. But their mother, who has been keeping vigil nearby, hears their cry for help and carries them to safety, meaning, to water. So she takes them out of the nest. Uh, uh, all the eggs hatched at once, so she has about forty newborns to look after. Well, she takes about fifteen out of the nest at a time, carrying them in her mouth to the nearby water. While she is taking one load of hatchlings, the others wait for her to come back.But do you think they are quiet about it? No way. They are clamoring for the mothers attention, sort of squeaking and practically saying-dont forget about me!（这里的but是一个提示词，除此之外，教授在说这句话的时候语调比较重，可能出重听题，why does the professor say this?-To indicate that baby crocodiles make vocalization in order to attract their mothers attention, and remind her not forgetting them.这里也是第8题的答案所在处。）I heard some great examples of this on the television program on crocodiles last week. Anyone catched it? It had a few interesting bits. But you know, uh, you have to be careful, think critically. Sometimes I dont know where these shows find their experts.（教授先扬后抑，用到but肯定有蹊跷，这里是第9题答案所在处。）Student: Excuse me. But, um. does all that crying defeat the purpose? I mean, doesnt it attract more predators?Professor: Hmm.good question. I guess, well, I am guessing that once the babies have the mothers attention, they are safe. Shes never too far away, and, and I think.I mean, would you mess with a mother crocodile?（从这部分中，可能会出的一个题是：why does the professor say this: would you mess with a mother crocodile?-To indicate that baby crocodiles vocalization will have the mothers attention and they are still safe.）So after the mother transports all the youngsters, they still call to each other, and to their mother. This communication continues right through to adulthood. Crocodiles have about eighteen different sounds that they can make.Theres.um.um you have deep grunting sounds, hisses, growls, squeaks, roars, so there are many different sounds to interact or send messages. This is more typical of mammals than of reptiles.（这里是一个细节题：what is the typical difference between mammals and reptiles?-There are many different sounds to interact.） I mean, crocodiles brains are the most developed of any reptile. In that sense, they are closer to mammals brains than other reptiles brains. And we know that mammals, dogs for example, dogs vocalize many different sounds. Crocodiles have a similar level of, uh, vocal sophistication, if you will, which makes them unique among reptiles.（这里是第10题的答案所在处。）Another thing would be, um, if a hatchling gets separated from the rest of its family, once the others get far enough away, its survival instinct kicks in. It will make a loud distress call, which its siblings answer. It calls again. And they continue calling back and forth until they all find each other again.（这里是照应上文中：Vocalization is um.well, it is used for other reasons, like getting attention or just, um. letting others know you are distressed.中的第二个原因。讲解了baby crocodiles的vocalization行为是为了express their distressing.这里是第11题的答案所在处。）Another thing, something that wasnt on that TV show I mentioned. Um. mother crocodiles lead their young from one area to another, like when they have to find a different source of water. Usually she will lead them at night, when it is safer for them, moving ahead and then letting out calls of reassurance so that they will follow her. Her voice helps give the babies the courage they need to leave the area and go some place thats a more desirable home for them.（当出现another的时候就是可能会考到的细节，这里教授提出来了另外一个目的：what is the mother crocodiles intention with vocalization?-To make sure that their babies are safe and courageous.）九、 学生听力过程（直接复制此内容，所有课件都和模板一样）注：此过程中，“小节”的长度由老师根据每个学生的水平来决定，两个句子到两个自然段不等。注意不要让学生听起来太吃力，有挫败感，也不要让学生听着太简单而没有提升。 第一小节学生听+记笔记学生复述学生猜考点老师讲解（结合笔记法，带领学生逐句听，该小节进行完之后综合听一遍，保证学生每句话都听明白了再进行下一小节）第一段笔记：第二小节学生听+记笔记学生复述+回顾之前的内容学生猜考点老师讲解（结合笔记法，带领学生逐句听，该小节进行完之后综合听一遍，保证学生每句话都听明白了再进行下一小节）第二段笔记：第三小节学生听+记笔记学生复述+回顾之前的内容学生猜考点老师讲解（结合笔记法，带领学生逐句听，该小节进行完之后综合听一遍，保证学生每句话都听明白了再进行下一小节）第三段笔记：全部小节进行完之后，让学生全文一起综合听一遍十、 题目，答案及解析1. What does the professor mainly discuss?A Factors that affect successful crocodile communicationB Some reasons for crocodile vocalizationsC Ways that newborn crocodiles learn to communicateD Reasons why crocodile vocalization is difficult to studyAnswer2. According to the professor, what are two functions of the sounds made by male alligators? Click 2 answersA To frighten predatorsB To attract matesC To locate hatchlingsD To threaten other malesAnswer 3. Based on the discussion, what is one reason hatchlings make vocalizations to their mother while they are in the nest?A To reassure her that they are safeB To signal that they are ready to follow herC To make sure she does not forget themD To indicate that they need to be relocated to a