英语分隔结构小札.doc

英语分隔结构教学小札-西萧浪轩英语句子的分隔结构（Split Structure）是英语语序的独特现象之一。按照一般语序规则，语法关系密切的两个成分应该紧挨在一起，如定语与被修饰的词，主语与谓语，谓语动词与宾语，等等，但在实际行文中，为了使句子的结构保持平衡，以避免头重脚轻，或为了使语义保持严密，防止产生歧义，往往打破这种语序的规则，在本应紧挨在一起的两个成分之间插入其他成分，这就形成本文要讨论的分隔结构。这种结构尤其在书面语中频繁出现。例如：（1）I am afraid there is nothing else in the world that I can talk about.句中定语从句that I can talk about 是修饰nothing else的，它与先行词之间被in the world 分隔。如果按常规，把that从句理解成修饰它前面的名词the world就会产生文句上的混乱。现拟英语句式分隔结构主要几种情况，作一概述：1定语与被修饰词之间的分隔 这类分隔结构出现较多，容易产生理解上的困难。被分隔的定语可能是介词短语，从句，不定式短语，分词短语等。 （2）In the first two chapters a short sketch will be given of the origins and evolution of diplomatic practice and theory.(介词短语作定语，被谓语分隔) （3）I fell thatthe day is coming when the telegraph wire will be laid on to house just like water or gas, and friends will talk with each other without leaving home.(从句作定语,被谓语分隔) (4)Ask any lady in London society that has daughter, and shell tell you the same. (定语从句被介词短语定语分隔) （5）I feel that . day is coming when the telegraph wire will be laid on to house just like water or gas, and friends will talk with each other without leaving home.(从句作定语，被谓语分隔)。（6）Was there anybody there that/who applauded him? (定语从句被状语分隔)（7）But if basic discussion can go on based on concrete practice, then the worlds progressive forces have much to gain. (过去分词短语作定语，被谓语动词分隔)从上述各定语与被修饰词形成分隔结构的例句中，我们可以看到，造成定语和它修饰词分隔的原因有主要有两点：A）被修饰的词（主语）有较长的定语，句子的谓语是被动语态，后面没有或仅有很短的状语，这时定语移到句末，平衡句子结构，如例（2），（4）。但是这种被动语态若变成主动，分隔结构便自然消除，例如（2），可以转变成：In the first two chapters I will give a short sketch of the origins and evolution of diplomatic practice and theory. 或被修饰的词（主语）的定语较长，句子的谓语是不及物动词，后面没有或仅有很短的状语，如例（5），（7）。 B）被修饰的词（主语或其他成分）和后面接的成分在意义上结合紧密，不宜分开，定语只能往上移，如例（1），（5），（6），有时若把被修饰词和后接的成分分开，会造成意义上的差别，如果把例（4）改为 Ask any lady that has daughter in London society; and shell tell you the same. 这时，in London society 就可以理解为修饰daughter的了。2同位语从句与先行词之间的分隔同位语从句与先行词之间的分隔同定语从句与先行词之间的分隔相似，也是为了平衡句子的结构和严瑾句子意义。（8）The objection is bound to be raised that such a conception is ate compile travesty of the whole idea of philosophy.（同位语从句与先行词之间被谓语分隔）（9）The prayer that has been mine for twenty years, that I might be permitted in some way or at some time to relieve human suffering, has been granted.（同位语从句与先行词之间被定语从句分隔）3主语与谓语之间的分隔谓语的位置一般都紧接主语之后，但有时在主语和谓语之间会插进其他成分，将它们彼此分隔。插进的成分有进一步说明主语的定语或同位语，修饰谓语的状语，以及各种插入语。(10) Most of the characteristics which are often thought to throw doubt on its legal character, are familiar features of early systoms, (主谓之间被定语从句分隔)(11) The paper, published here, denounced the aggressors for their massacre of the inocent people.(主谓之间被分词短语定语分隔)(12) The knowledge, even if apparently sound, touches only the very surface of all phenomena.（主谓之间被让步状语从句分隔）(13) The nucleus, on the other hand, is very heavy compared with the electrons.(主谓之间被插入语分隔)4、谓语两个组成部分之间的分隔当谓语含有情态动词或助动词时，常常会在情态动词或助动词与主要动词之间加入状语或插入语，使谓语两个组成部分之间形成分隔。(14) But this is a misleading and inadequate analysis even of the law of a modern state, it cannot, for instance, unless we distort the facts so as to fit them into the definition, account for the existence of the English Common law.(情态动词cannot 和谓语动词account之间插进了插入语 for instance和状语从句 unless we distort the facts5、联系动词与表语、之间的分隔联系动词与其后的表语之间也可能加入状语或插入语，形成两者的分隔。(15)The language of the ancient Egyptians was for long a puzzle to the Egyptologist and no one was able to understand the inscriptions found on ancient Egyptian stones.(16) At that time learned men were puzzled about electricity. They wondered whether it was in some way like the lightning in a thunderstorm.例(15)和(16)都是由作状语的介语将联系动词与表语分开，中间没有用逗号，所以在理解句子时，有必要正确找出与联系动词相对应的表语。6.及物动词与宾语之间的分隔按照一般的语序，作谓语的及物动词后面应该紧跟宾语，但有时可能被修饰谓语的状语将它们分隔，有时甚至把宾语的补足语提到宾语前面，造成谓语动词与宾语之间的分隔。这都是因为宾语较长而造成的。(17)They said interest shall be divided into 5 parts and distributed as followsone part to the person who shall have produced within the field of literature the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency. （动宾之间加入了状语）(18)They might agree in calling “primitive” those uses of language that concern greetings, grumbles and commands, but they world probably insist. (宾补 “primitive” 前置)7. 动词、名词和形容词与介词固定搭配之间的分隔许多动词、名词和形容词可以和介词组成固定搭配，如动词 inquire about询问、探问； inquire after问起(某人)的健康或生活情况； inquire for询购(店中的货物等)，要同(某人)谈谈； inquire into调查或查问(事情、原因等)；inquire of向(某人)了解情况。抽象名词 an influence on影响；ones dependence on依靠；an inquiry into调查。形容词 be dependent on依靠； be good at擅长于； be interested in对感兴趣，等等。在这类动词、名词和形容词与介词之间常常会加入其他成分，造成固定搭配的分隔。(19) On this view, the language which different people seem to share consists, as it were, of flesh and bones. (插入语分隔了动词consists和介词of )(20) The molecules of the gas meet with much more resistance from the closely packed water molecules to their free movement. (定语分隔了名词resistance和介词to)(21）However different the table that he perceives may be from the table that I perceive, he agrees with me in saying of certain things that they are tables and of others that they are not. （句子倒装造成形容词different和介词from的分隔）。8、不定式符号to与动词原型之间的分隔 不定式符号to和动词原型一般应该紧密相连，修饰动词的副词要放在动词之后。但为了避免修饰词的位置不当而产生歧义或为了使句子结构紧凑，加强连接意义，人们在实际行文时，把修饰或连接动词原型的词语放在不定式符号与动词原型之间，于是形成两者的分隔。(22)The children seem to especially enjoy interesting stories. （插入状语）(23)It was evident that he purposed to both charm and astonish me by his appearance. （插入关联词） (24)New emissaries are trained with new tactics, to, if possible, entrap him and hoodwink and handcuff him. （加入插入语） 这里需要指出的是，例(22)中的副词especially把to与动词原形enjoy分隔，这种分隔避免了句子产生歧义。如果按照正常语序把该句改成：The children seem to enjoy especially interesting stories. 这句话就有歧义理解，一种是“孩子们看来特别喜欢有趣的故事”，especially修饰enjoy，另一种是“孩子们看来喜欢特别有趣的故事”，especially修饰interesting。9、其它形式的分隔结构 以形式主语it构成的主谓结构与真正主语之间的分隔(25)It is thus ess