四级阅读各类题型解析.doc

推断题：题型科普：推断题并非每年必考题型。具体数据：08年未考。09年未考。10年6月1道题，10年12月1道题。11年未考。题型形式：推断题从提问方式上看，有三个词提示：What can be inferred from the last paragraph?What can be concluded from the passage?What do we learn from the last paragraph?(切记，what do we learn about global warming?这种learn+细节内容的题目，属于细节题)解题思路：推断题近些年题目大多出现在文章最后一题，对应文章最后一段。同学做推断题切忌自行进行推理分析，正确选项应是原文信息的同意表达。以2010年12月的推断题为例：A life partner, children and good friends are all recommended if you aim to live to 100. The ultimate social network is still being mapped out, but Christakis says: “People are interconnected, so their health is interconnected.”66. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Its important that we develop a social network when young.B To stay healthy, one should have a proper social network.C Getting a divorce means risking a reduced life span.D We should share our social networks with each other.这道题很多同学误选D选项。该选项就是典型的过度推理。原文确实提到了各种社会关系，同学阅读之后也感觉得社会关系在文章中是以积极正面形象出现的。于是，D，我们应该分享我们的社会关系。这句话没错，但它就不是正确选项。因为原文没有提到分享社会关系，这是同学阅读“感觉”“推理”出来个一个不对应原文的信息。正确选项B。因为文章是想通的，一段信息就表达一个核心含义。所以无论同学读哪一句都能得到相同的答案。比如A life partner, children and good friends are all recommended if you aim to live to 100。其中A life partner, children and good friends这些即对应选项的social network，其中if you aim to live to 100对应选项的to stay healthy.或者读第二句，but Christakis says: “People are interconnected, so their health is interconnected.”其中People are interconnected对应social network，其中so their health is interconnected对应to stay healthy。重申一下重点，推断题一定不要去推理，一定要立足原文，选择原文信息的同意表达。细节题：题型科普：细节题是阅读考试中所占比重最大的题型，接近总题量的90%。具体数字，09年两次考试，20道仔细阅读题中，19道细节题。10年20道题目中，14道细节题。11年20道题目中，19道细节题。预计本次四级考试中，两篇仔细阅读将有9道细节题。题型形式：细节题的提问方式比较多样，较难总结。但简单来说，只要不是前几篇博文讲的主旨题，推断题，语义题，那么剩下的题全都是细节题。试举例让同学对细节题的常见提问方式有更直观的认识：1.对事物进行提问。Whats said about global warming in the first paragraph?Whats does the author say about vacationing?2.对作者或专家的观点提问。What does Tony Little say about the British education system?What does the author intend to convey?3.对题干信息进行补完。The author believes that, since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol,_解题思路：其实无论以怎么样的方式提问，同学记住考官出题的一个原则，四级阅读的正确答案不用读文章很多信息去归纳总结分析推理，正确答案就对应原文的一句信息。所以想做对一道题，就分两步。第一步，定位到考官出题的一句信息;第二步，将原文出题的一句信息和选项进行比较。解题方法归纳成文字性的语言：1.定位词定位信息区间，区间内重点阅读考点句。2.将原文信息和选项进行一一对应的比较。以2011年6月四级考试中passage 2 的第一题为例，帮助同学理解应用做题方法：原文：Global warming is causing more than 300,000 deaths and about $125 billion in economic losses each year, according to a report by the Global Humanitarian Forum, an organization led by Annan, the former United Nations secretary general.The report, to be released Friday, analyzed data and existing studies of health, disaster, population and economic trends. It found that human-influenced climate change was raising the global death rates from illnesses including malnutrition (营养不良) and heat-related health problems.问题：What is the finding of the Global Humanitarian Forum?A)Global temperatures affect the rate of economic development.B)Rates of death from illnesses have risen due to global warming.C)Malnutrition has caused serious health problems in poor countries.D)Economic trends have to do with population and natural disasters.首先，定位词定位信息区间。该题定位词明显为Global Humanitarian Forum和finding.用定位词可以定位到第一和第二自然段。接下来，两段信息可以都读，但是阅读中我们可以发现一个重要表达在第二段，it found(结论型语言，该考点下文会做总结)。重点阅读it found这一句信息。最后，拿信息句，It found that human-influenced climate change was raising the global death rates from illnesses including malnutrition and heat-related health problems和选项进行一一对应的比较。易得出，B选项正确。因为，选项中的Rates of death对应文章中的death rates，选项中的from illnesses对应原文中的from illnesses，选项中的risen对应原文中的raising，选项中的global warming对应原文中的climate change。一一对应，所以正确。语义题：题型科普：四级阅读必考题型。08年5道语义题。09年2道语义题。10年4道语义题。11年1道语义题。平均来讲每次四级考试中会有1-2道语义题。题型形式：语义题一般就原文中一个有特殊含义的单词，词组或句子进行提问，题目形式非常有特点。如：By “a one-way street” (Line 1, Para. 1), the author means _.A university researchers know little about the commercial worldB there is little exchange between industry and academiaC few industrial scientists would quit to work in a universityD few university professors are willing to do industrial research解题思路：整体来讲，语义题属于四级阅读中偏难的题目。因为既然问到一个单词词组或句子的意思，那正确答案就必然不能从原文本身来找寻。个别语义题需要进行语义理解甚至一步简单推断。但还是有一些语义题是能够有标准化的做题思路的，即：结合上下句，重点关注并列转折和解释说明部分。这个思路包含三方面内容，分别展开讲解。1.结合上下句。语义题所提问的单词词组或句子一般同学都不认识，即使认识，正确答案也未必是同学认识的含义。这种题的目的就是希望同学能结合上下句，来理解不认识的单词词组或句子。很多情况下，正确答案直接对应语义考查词句的上下句。如2011年12月的语义题：63. What does the author mean by saying money is known . to bring a relationship to its knees(Line 1, Para. 2)?A) Money is considered to be the root of all evils.B) Some people sacrifice their dignity for money.C) Few people can resist the temptation of money.D) Disputes over money may ruin a relationship.Since money is known to be one of the things most likely to bring a relationship to its knees, we should be grateful. For many families the recession means more than not booking a holiday A YouGov poll of 2, 000 people found 22% said they were arguing more with their partners because of concerns about money.解析：同学做这道题完全不需要理解money is known . to bring a relationship to its knees这句话本身。就从上下句来看。同学记住，所谓上下句，并不是上下句都一定要看，而是去看上下和该句有关系的句子。从文章结构上看，很明显，语义考点在该段第一句，后面的句子肯定要支撑前面的信息。所以重点看后面信息即可。For many families the recession means more than not booking a holiday A YouGov poll of 2, 000 people found 22% said they were arguing more with their partners because of concerns about money.简单阅读后文，易得正确答案D选项，Disputes over money may ruin a relationship.答案中Disputes over money对应原文concerns about money，答案中ruin a relationship对应22% said they were arguing more with their partners.2.重点关注并列转折关系。这是也是做语义猜词的一大利器。因为由并列转折连接的两部分会存在语义含义和成分的对应。所以如果有一个单词不认识，就可以去看其并列或转折部分的信息中找对应信息。试举一例：Foreign students earn 30% of doctoral degree awarded in the United States and 38% of those in the United Kingdom.该句中and后面的those应该如何理解。同学从并列关系连接的两部分中易得出，百分比对应百分比，in the United States对应in the United Kingdom，所以those指的就是doctoral degree.3.解释说明部分其实考官在出一些语义题的时候也是动了恻隐之心的。会在晦涩难懂信息的附近存在一个解释说明部分。解释说明部分的标志是逗号，冒号，破折号，双引号。举例08年12月的真题：原文：Then theres the ostrich approach. “Some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know,” says Dr. Ross Cartmill.What does Dr. Ross Carmill mean by “the ostrich approach”?A.A casual attitude towards ones health conditions.B.A new therapy for certain psychological problem.C.Refusal to get medical treatment for fear of the pain involved.D.unwillingness to find out about ones disease because of fear解析：原文中的the ostrich approach同学不理解完全不影响解题。后面的双引号是非常明显的解释说明，直接通过该句比较选项即可。正确答案D, unwillingness to find out about ones disease because of fear。选项中的unwillingness to find out对应原文中的would rather not know，选项中的fear对应文章中的scared。另外，语义题排除选项还有两个技巧。1.排除字面解释。2.排除跨度选项。分别解释：排除字面解释。语义题考的就是同学能不能结合文章其他信息来理解不认识的词句，所以正确答案绝对不能是语义考查词句的字面解释。以2010年6月的语义题为例：64. What does the author mean by youre just underlining his faults (Line 4, Para. 3)?A) You are not taking his mistakes seriously enough.B) You are pointing out the errors he has committed.C) You are emphasizing the fact that he is not intelligent.D) You are trying to make him feel better about his faults.原文：research showing that when people get feedback which they believe is overly positive, they actually feel worse, not better. If you tell your dim friend that he has the potential of an Einstein, youre just underlining his faults.解析：这道题即使同学读不懂原文，也应知道，这题youre just underlining his faults，肯定和字面解释，“错误”无关。所以A选项的mistake，B选项的error和D选项的fault都揭示了此三个选项出局的命运。正确答案C，绝对不是字面本身的意思，要有一个引申含义。排除跨度选项。以2006年12月题目为例：59.The “fancier brands” (Line 3 Para. 5) refers to _.A) tap water from the Thames RiverB) famous wines not sold in ordinary storesC) PepsiCos Aquafina and Coca-Colas DasaniD) expensive bottled water with impressive names(D)该题涉及原文信息：But is plain tap water all that bad? Not at all. In fact, New Yorks municipal water for more than a century was called the champagne of tap water and until recently considered among the best in the world in terms of both taste and purity. Similarly, a magazine in England found that tap water from the Thames River tasted better than several leading brands of bottled water that were 400 times more expensive.Nevertheless, soft-drink companies view bottled water as the next battle-ground for market sharethis despite the fact that over 25 percent of bottled water comes from tap water: PepsiCos Aquafina and Coca-Colas Dasani are both purified tap water rather than spring water.As diners thirst for leading brands, bottlers and restaurateurs salivate (垂涎) over the profits. A restaurants typical mark-up on wine is 100 to 150 percent, whereas on bottled water its often 300 to 500 percent. But since water is much cheaper than wine, and many of the fancier brands arent available in stores, most diners dont notice or care.此题A,C两个选项可以排除。因为A选项中的thames river和C选项的PepsiCos Aquafina and Coca-Colas Dasani分别是上上段和上段中的例子内容，很难和本题考点词产生任何逻辑和语义关系。所以这种的跨段选项，排除。两大基本考点skimming和scanning其实“快速四级阅读”这个称谓是对这部分题型名称的一种误解，甚或说是一种误译。实际上试题册上所给的题型英文名称是Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)四级阅读理解(略读与跳读)。不少考生正是由于受到所谓“快速”两字的误导，以为单纯求快就可以万事大吉，殊不知这其中是另有“隐情”。Skimming略读略读，顾名思义就是要求考生在较短时间内把握住文章某个段落的主题思想。我们首先来看一下2010年6月份快速四级阅读第一题：1. What eventually made Carla Toebe realize she was spending too much time on the Internet?A) Her daughters repeated complaints.B) Fatigue resulting from lack of sleep.C) The poorly managed state of her house.D) The high financial costs adding up.一般来说快速四级阅读的第一题往往是针对文章的开头部分。以该题为例，基本上所有考生都能够定位到第一段。可是第一段到底应该怎么读就成了个大问题。A few months ago, it wasnt unusual for 47-year-old Carla Toebe to spend 15 hours per day online. Shed wake up early, turn on her laptop and chat on Internet dating sites and instant-messaging programs leaving her bed for only brief intervals. Her household bills piled up, along with the dishes and dirty laundry, but it took near-constant complaints from her four daughters before she realized she had a problem.诚然，从头到尾“快速”读完确实是个办法而且也是绝大多数考生使用的办法，但这样做完全失去了skimming的意义。换个角度来说，如果每个题目都像这样把段落读完，那么十道题加在一起所积累的四级阅读量势必将超过15分钟的大限。其实大部分文章的段落重点或者说中心都集中在首末句上。略读所要考察的就是考生是否敢于大胆抓住首末句，抛去段落中间的无效部分，从而迅速找到答案。以本题而言，该段最后一句，尤其是but之后的“it took near-constant complaints from her four daughters before she realized she had a problem”(直到她的四个女儿开始不断发出抱怨的时候她在开始意识到自己出问题了)就是答案所在位置。故而选择A选项。再看2009年6月的快速英语四级阅读第六题：6. What did Dale think of Mindsets LLCs workshop?A) It was well-intentioned but poorly conducted.B) It tapped into the executives full potential.C) It helped him make fair decisions.D) It met participants diverse needs.这道题在当年得分率非常低。原因就在于这道题对应的可能段落有两段而不是一段(省略号表示段落略去部分，下文同此例)：“I had a management position open in my department ;and the two finalists were a man and a woman . Had I not attended this workshop , I would have automatically assumed the man was the best candidate because the position required quite a bit of extensive travel . ”Dales assumptions are another example of the well-intentioned but incorrect thinking that limits an organizations ability to tap into the full potential of a diverse workforce .“I learned from the class that instead of imposing my gender biases into the situation , I needed to present the full range of duties, responsibilities and expectations to all candidates and allow them to make an informed decision .” Dale credits the workshop , “because it helped me make decisions based on fairness .”这道题目的要求更高。考生不仅要知道重点在两个段落的首末句上，还需要结合题目所问，对这四个句子孰轻孰重作出预先判断，然后再进行四级阅读。题目问的是Dale对这个研讨班的看法。据此看来一段第一句无效，因其起始部分讲到的是Dale在公司的position(职位)。同样该段末句也无效，Dales assumptions讲的是Dale原先的一些错误想法和做法。很可惜的是当年不少考生都在这两个句子上耗费了大量时间，甚至还有个别考生通读该段，这样自然是得不偿失。再来看下一段的第一句，I learned from the class that instead of imposing my gender biases into the situation(我通过学习知道不能把自己的性别比、偏见带到工作中去)。这句话有用吗?显然也不行。因为它所讲到的是Dale在学习班里的收获。最后一句说道“because it helped me make decisions based on fairness”(因为这个研讨班让我能做出公平的选择)。读到这里第六题的答案也就顺理成章的选择C了。2010年6月第七题：7. Andrew Heidrich now visits websites that discuss online gaming addiction to _.A) improve his online gamin