英语写作中的衔接与连贯.ppt

英语写作中的衔接与连贯CohesionandCoherenceinEnglishWriting 是文涛 概念与方法 衔接 语篇中的一个成分和对解释它起重要作用的其他成分之间的语义关系1 指代referenceIn1860 LincolnwaselectedPresidentoftheUnitedStates He 人称指代 wasthecandidateofthenewRepublicParty ThisParty 指示指代 opposedthecreationofnewslavestates 2 替代substitutionThisbiscuitsarestale Getsomefreshones 名词性替代 ifyouhaveseenthemsooften ofcourseyouknowwhatthey relike Ibelieveso Alicerepliedthoughtfully 分句性替代 3 省略ellipsis zerosubstitution howmanyhoursadaydidyoudolessons saidAlice Ididthattenhoursthefirstday saidTom 分句性省略 4 连接conjunctionA 通过标点符号衔接Icame Isaw Iconquered JuliusCeaser Thesunisgrowingwarm frogsarewakinginthemarshes plantingtimewillbesoonhere B 通过连接词衔接5 词汇衔接lexis Halliday Hasan CohesioninEnglish1976 连贯 coherence 是整个语篇一致性的抽象特征 词汇衔接句子衔接段落衔接 1 词汇衔接 连接词 同义词 反义词 上 下义词 同一语义场等 例1 连接词 conjunction Astudentacquiresknowledgemainlyfromthetextbookandinclass Asaresult 结果 whenhegraduatesfromschoolhecandonothing For 原因 everythingisdifferentfromwhatteacherstoldhim Hemayevenbedisappointedand 并列 frustrated Intheend 总结 hemaybeafraidtofacetherealworld 例2同义词 synonym Thefarmwasownedbytwobrothers Theyemployedafewfarmhands butnoonewaswillingtoworklong Everytimeaworkergaveuphisjob hetoldthesamestory Farmlaborerssaidthat 例3反义词 antonym Failureisthemotherofsuccess 例4上 下义词 hyponymy Ithasneverbeenexplainedwhyuniversitystudentsseemtoenjoypracticaljokesmorethananyoneelse Studentsspecializeinaparticulartypeofpracticaljoke hoax Invitingthefirebrigadetoputoutanonexistentfireisacrudeformofdeception Studentsoftencreateamusingsituationswhicharefunnytoeveryoneexceptthevictim 例5同一语义场 semanticfield Smallboatsloadedwithwaresspedtothegreatlinerasshewasenteringtheharbor Beforeshehadanchored themenfromtheboatshadclimbedonboardandthedecksweresooncoveredwithcolorful butIdecidednottobuyanythinguntilIhaddisembarked 例6综合运用Walter sgoalinlifewastobecomeasuccessfulsurgeon First though hehadtogetthroughhighschool soheconcentratedallhiseffortsonhisstudies inparticular biology chemistryandmath Becauseheworkedconstantlyonthesesubjects Walterbecameproficientinthem however Walterforgotthatheneededtomasterothersubjectsbesidesthosehehadchosen asaresult duringhisjunioryearofhighschool WalterfailedbothEnglishandLatin Consequently hehadtorepeatthesesubjectsandhewasalmostunabletograduateonschedule Finally onJune6 Walterachievedthefirststeptowardrealizinghisgoal 2句子衔接 使用过渡句Ithasbeensaidthateveryonelivesbysellingsomething Inthelightofthisstatement 概括 具体 teacherslivebysellingknowledge philosophersbysellingwisdomandpriestsbysellingspiritualcomfort Everyonehassomethingtosell 承上启下 Trampsseemtbetheonlyexceptiontothisgeneralrule Beggarsalmostsellthemselvesashumanbeingstoarousethepityofpassers by Butrealtrampsarenotbeggars Theyhavenothingtosellandrequirenothingfromothers 使用平行结构American therichestandmostpowerfulnationintheworld canwellleadthewayinthisrevolutionofvalues Thisisnothingtopreventusfrompayingadequatewagestoschoolteachers ThereisnothingbutalackofsocialvisiontopreventusfrompayinganadequatewagetoeveryAmericancitizen Thisisnothing exceptatragicdeathwish topreventusfrom Thereisnothingtokeepusfrom 使用信息结构粘连句子 1 Butmoneyisnoteverything 2 Itisthat withmoney wecanbuywhatevermaterialthingswewant 3 Life however ismorethanjustmaterialthings 4 People sspiritualneedsusuallycannotbefullymetwithmaterialthings 5 Onthecontrary manypeoplewhoaremateriallyricharesufferingfromlackingspiritualballast 6 Somoneyalonedoesnotleadtoahappylife 使用信息结构粘连句子已知信息 新信息 已知信息 新信息Butmoneyisnoteverything Itisthat withmoney wecanbuywhatevermaterialthingswewant However materialthingsonlydonotmeanahappylife Inamoreimportantsense lifeinvolvesspiritualthings People sspiritualneedsusuallycannotbefullymetwithmaterialthings Onthecontrary manypeoplewhoaremateriallyricharesufferingfromlackingspiritualballast Somoneyalonedoesnotleadtoahappylife 3段落衔接 按时间顺序 chronologicalorder Wehadanumberofclosecallsthatday Whenwerose itwaslateandwehadtohurrysoasnottomissbreakfast Then whenwehadbeendrivinginthedesertfornearlytwohours itmusthavebeenclosetonoon bythetimewereachedthemountain itwasfouro clock notrealizingthedarknesscamesuddenlyinthedesert Bysixwewerestruggling Bynine ithadbeenourluckyday 按空间顺序 spatialorder Fromadistance itlookedlikeaskinnytube butaswegotcloser wecouldseeitfleshoutbeforeoureyes Standingtenfeetaway wecouldmarvelat inside thetubewasgloomy Thenasteep narrowstaircasetookusupinsidethepagoda 按重要性顺序 重要性递增或递减 Workisindispensabletoman sexistence Itprovidesthematerialthingsoflife thegoodsandservicesthatmakepossibleourancientcivilizationandmoderncivilizationaswell Mancan tpossiblysurvivewithoutfood clothingandshelterwhicharefruitsofhiswork Howevermorepsychologistshavecometorealizethatworkismorethatanecessityformostpeople Itisthesourceofhappinessandcreativity Amoderateamountofworkisbeneficialtoman shealth Factsprovethatthemoreoneuseshidbrains themoreactiveandefficientheisthinking Ofallworkersofalltrades mailmenonbikehavethelongestlifeexpectancy Aboveall workoffersambitiouspeoplechancestorealizetheirvalues Awriterorascientistmayconceivewonderfulideasordesigns yettheirworksordesignscan tcomeintobeingwithouttheircreativework Inthissense weshouldregardnotonlyasmeansofmakingalivingbutalsomeansofenrichingourlife ASample SmokingSmokingisaveryharmfulandunhealthyhobbyfromwhichweshouldkeepaway Aboveall cigarettescontainnicotine apoisonoussubstancethathastheeffectofcausingcancer adreadfulandincurabledisease Itisestimatedthatmorethan80percentoflungcancervictimsaresmokers Butifyourefrainfromsmoking thethreatifsuchadiseasewillbegreatlydiminished Financially aheavysmokerneedsmuchmoneytbuycigarettes Thecostthusbecomesaheavyburdentohisfamily What smore smokingisonesourceofenvi