英汉术语翻译术语.doc

1绝对翻译。Absolute Translation。按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。 According to Gouadec,one of 7 types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements 2摘要翻译。Abstract Translation 古阿德提出的用以对付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。One of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfil the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment。 3滥译。Abusive Translation。路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。A term used by Lewis to refer to a radical approach to literary translation。 4可接受性。Accetability。图里采用的术语，用来指可以从翻译作品中观察到的两种倾向之一。A term used by Toury to denote one of two tendencies which can be observed in translated texts。 5准确。Accuracy。翻译评估中用来表示译文与原文相符成都的术语。A term used in translation evaluation to refer to the extent to which a translation matches its original。 6改编Adaptation。传统上用来指采用特别自由的翻译策略而做出任何目标文本的术语。A term traditionally used to refer to any TT in which a particularly strategy has been adopted。 7充分性。Adequacy。某些译评者讨论源文本与目标文本关系属性时所采用的术语。A term used by some commentators on translation to discuss the nature of the relationship between ST and TT,按照图里的解释，指翻译过程中与规范相关的连续体的 两极之一。According to Toury ，one of the two poles of the continuum relates to the NORMS used in the translation process。 8调整。Adjustment。按照奈达的解释，指圣经翻译中使用的一套技巧，旨在于目标语中“产生正确的对等形式”，以 帮助译文达至动态对等。According to Nida，a set of techniques used in Bible translation which are designed to “produce correct equivalents”in TL and thus help a translation achieve dynamic equivalences 9美学诗体翻译。Aesthetic-Poetic Translation:按照卡塞格兰德的解释，指四种翻译类型之一。According to Casagrande ，one of four types of translation。 10经纪人Agent。塞杰用来指“处于译者与译品最终使用者中间位置”之人的术语。A rerm used by Sager to the person who is “in an intermediary position between a translator and an end user of a translation。” 11国际会议口译联合会。AIIC(AssoicationIternationale Iterpretes de Conference)为包含会议口译员利益而成立于1953 年11 月的组织。An organization founded in November 1953 to protect the interests of conferences interpreters 12类同形式。Analogical form。按照霍姆斯的解释，译者在翻译诗体形式时可以采用的四种途径之一。According to Holmes， one of four approaches which a traslator may use when translating verse form。 13分析。Analysis。奈达与泰伯用来描述翻译过程三步骤之中第一步的术语。A term used by Nida&Taber to describe the first of the three stages of the translation process。 14应用翻译学，应用翻译研究。Applied translation studies。霍姆斯提出的翻译研究领域，与翻译研究中的理论研究及描写 翻译研究相对应（后两者构成纯翻译研究）。The area of investigation within translation studies constrasted by Holmes with theoretical and descriptive translation studies（the two of which together make up the field of pure translation studies） 15古词，废词。Archaism。用来指译本中使用古文（或指一例具体的此种用词）的术语。A term which refers to the use of obsolescent language in a translation （or alternatively，a single instance of such language） 16元译素（简称 ATR）。Architranseme。范。路文兹瓦特创造的术语，用来表示在文学文本与其译本之间进行详尽语言比 较时所用的理论概念。A term coined by Leuven-Zwart to designate a theoretical concept used in the close linguistic comparision of literary texts and their translations。 17关于范围的翻译理论。Area-restricted theories of translation。霍姆斯将此界定为关于语言或文化的局部翻译理论。Defined by Holmes as partial theories of translation which are restricted with regard to the languages and/or culteurs which are being considered 18自立幅度。Autonomy spectrum罗斯为翻译分类提供框架而引进的一个概念。A concept introduced by Rose to provide a framework for categorizing translation 19自译。Autotranslation or self translation波波维奇将此界定为“由作者本人将原作变成另一种语言的翻译。”Defined by Popovic as “the translation of an original work into another language by the author himself.” 20巴别塔。Bable ，tower of。圣经故事，讲述人类为什么注定要说多种语言。A biblical narrative explaining why man is destined to speak a multiplicity languages。21回译（Back-tanslation）。将已译成特定语言的文本译回源语的过程。A process in which a text which has been translated into a given language is retranslated into SL。 22双语料库（Bilingual Corpora），平行语料库（Parallel Corpora）。按照贝克的解释，指“用A 语写成的源语文本和用B 语 翻译的译文”组成的一种语料库。Accoeding to Baker，a type of corpus “consists of original ，source language-texts in language A and their translated versions in language B。” 23双文本（Bi-text ）哈里斯引进的术语，用来指既包括源文本又包括目标文本在内的一种概念。A term used by Harris to refer to a construct comprising both ST and TT，which exists as a psychological reality for the translator （or the bilingual reader ）。 24无韵体翻译。Blank verse translation 勒坲维尔所提译诗的七种策略之一。Presented by Lefevere as one of seven strategies for translating poetry 。 25借用。Borrowing 维纳与达尔贝勒纳描述的七种翻译程序之一。One of seven translation procedures described by Vnay&Darbelnet。 26仿造，又名借译。Calque or loan translation 。该术语用来只把源语词项的单个成分（如单词的各个词素）直译成目标语 对等成分的过程。A term used to denote the process whereby the individual elements of an SL item （eg morphemes in the case of a single word ）are translated literally to produce a TL equivalent 。 27范畴转换。Category shift 。卡特福德采用的术语，指两种主要类型的转换之一。A term used by Catford to denote one of two major typeset of shift 。 28词类转换。Class shift。范畴转换的一种，指使用属于不同语法类别的目标语项来翻译源语词项。A type of category shift which involves translating an SL iterm by means of a TL item belonging to a different grammatical class 。 29贴近翻译。Close translation 。一些学者（如纽马克）所用的术语，泛指强调在源语与目标语的语言单位之间保持完全对 应，而不强调传递源文本总体意义或精神的翻译策略。A generic term used by some writers （for example Newmark 1988）to refer to translation strategies which favour exact correspondence between Sland Tl linguistic units over an emphasis on conveying the overall meaning or spirit of SL。 30连贯。Coherence 。在一般用法中按照佛米尔的解释模式被界定为“文本与情景保持一致”。Defined in general terms as “the agreement of a text with its situation ” 31委托。commission 弗米尔在译者行动框架内使用的术语，指译者在做出目标文本时所遵循的工作要求。委托可以指来自 客户或其他第三方的一系列明确的指令和要求。A term used by Vemeer within the framework of translatorial to refer to the specifications which the translator works with when producing a TT。 32传译负荷communication load ，又名信息负荷information load 。奈达在关于翻译过程的模式中所采用的术语，奈达和 泰伯把此界定为“信息的难度。”A term used in Nidas model of the translation process ，and defined by Nida&Taber as “the degree of difficulty of a message 。” 33传意翻译，交际翻译，又名传意途径，交际途径。Communicative translation ，or communicative approach 用来指任何一 种把翻译视作“发生于社会情境之传意过程”的途径的术语。A term used to refer to any approach which views translation as a “communicative process which takes place within a social context” 34社群传译，又名对话传译或公共服务传译。Community interpreting or public service interpreting 。由使用环境区分的一种 传译。A form of interpreting which is distinguished by the contexts in which it is employed 35可比语料库。Comparable corporation 贝克采用的术语，指“同一语言里两组互为独立的文本集合” A term used by Baker to refer to “two separate collections of texts in the same llanguage 。 36补偿。Compensation 。与希金斯将此界定为“通过使用与源文本不同的手段，在目标文本中产生近似源文本的效果，以 补偿源文本重要特征在翻译中走失”的技巧。A term in general use for a number of decades ，and defined by Hervey&Higgins as “the technique of making up for the translation loss of important ST features by approximating their effects in the TT through means other than those used in the ST”。 37能力。Competence。图里用来研究某些翻译实践特征的术语。A termused by Toury for investigating certain aspests of translation practice。 38会议传译。Conference interpreting 。指用于国际会议以及其他高层次场所如讲座，电视广播或峰会的那一类口译。A term used to refer to the type of interpreting which occurs in international conferences as well as other high-profile settings such as lectures ，television broadcasts or summit meetings 39接续传译。Consecutive interpreting 。用来指两种基本口译模式之一的术语。 A term used to refer to one of the two basic modest of interpreting （see also simultaneous interpreting ）。 40建构性翻译常规。Constitutive translational conventions 。诺德提出的两种翻译常规之一。According to Nord ，one of two types of translational convention 。 41派生内容的形式，又名有机形式。Content-derivative form or organic form。霍姆斯采用的术语，指译者在目标语中处理诗 歌翻译形式时可以采取的四种途径之一。A term used by Holmes to denote one of four possible approaches open to a translator when faced with the problem of rendering verse form in TL。 42语境一致。Contextual consistency 。奈达与泰伯所用的术语，指“翻译某个源语词项时，在接受语中采用最符合具体语 境的表达形式，而不在所有语境里采用同一个表达形式”。A term used by Nida&Taber to describe “the quality which results from translating a source language word by that expression in the receptor language which best fits each context rather than by the same expression in all contexts。” 43受控语言。Controlled language。阿诺德将此界定为“一种语言的特殊简化版本”。Defined by Arnold as “a specially simplified version of a language 。” 44常规。Conventions。诺德使用的术语，诺德将常规界定为“规范的具体体现”，各个常规“既不是明确制定出来的，也 不具有约束力”，而仅是建立在人们的常识和共同期待的基础上。A term used by Nord ，starting from a general definition of the word convention ，Nord reasons that translation ，like any other form of social behavior ，will necessarily take place within parameters which are socially and culturally determined 。”45语料库。Corpora，singular corpus 。翻译研究中传统上沿用的术语，指较小规模的文本集合，（其中有些部分）供人工 从中搜索特征中有趣的范例。A term traditionally used in translation studies to refer to relatively small-scale collections of texts （parts of ）which are searched manually for examples of features which are of interest 46可修正性Correctability。按照赖斯与佛米尔的解释，该术语指翻译行动两大特征之一，翻译行动必须具备这两个特征才 能称得上是笔译，而不是口译或传译。According to Reiss&Vermeer ，one of two features which need to apply to a given act of translation in order for it to be considered an instance of translation rather than interpreting 。 47对应Correspondence。用来指源语成分与目标语成分关系的术语，这些成分在某种意义上被认为互为对应。A term used to refer to the relationship which exists between elements of SL and TL that are in some way considered to be counterparts of each other 。 48法庭传译。Court interpreting 。由所发生语境界定的一种口译类型。A type of interpreting which is defined by the context in which it occurs 。 49隐型翻译。Covert translation豪斯引进的术语指两类互为对应的翻译模式之一。A term introduced by House to refer to one of two contrasting modest of translation 50文化借用。Cultural borrowing 。赫维与希金斯采用的术语，指把某个源语表达形式逐词转移到目标语的一种文化置换。 A term used by Hervey&Higgins to describe the type of cultural translation in which an SL expression is trasferred verbatim Tlike because it is not possible to translate it by a suitable TL equivalent 51文化替换。Cultural substitution 。比克曼与卡洛在圣经翻译语境中采用的术语，指处理目标文化中所缺事物或活动 时而可能采取的策略。A term used by Beekman&Callow in the context of bible translation to describe a possible strategy for dealing with objects or events which are unknown in the target culture 。 52文化翻译，又名文化途径。Cultural translation or cultural approache。非正式使用的术语，指作为跨文化或人类学研究工 具的翻译类型，或指任何对文化以及语言因素反应敏感的翻译。A term used informally to refer to types of translation which function as a tool for cross-cultural or anthropological research ，or indeed to any translation which is senstive to cultural as well as linguistic factors 53文化移植。Cultural transplantation 。赫维与希金斯用来指最高成度的文化置换的术语。A term used by Hervey&Higgins to denote the highest degree of cultural transposition。 54文化置换。Cultural transposition 赫维与希金斯采用的意义宽泛的术语，指“译者在把源文本内容转移到目标文化语境的 过程中，可能会采用的对字面翻译的各种不同程度的偏离。” A general term used by Hervey&Higgins to describe “the various degrees of departure from literal translation that one may resort to in the process of transferring the contexts of a ST into the context of a target culture 55翻译即抉择。Decision-making ，translation as 。用以指译者生成目标文本时经历的部分过程的术语。A term used to characterize part of the process which the translator goes through in the course of formulating a TT。 56区分度，又名精准度。Degree of differentiation or degree of precision 。霍尼格与库斯莫尔采用的术语，指翻译源文化特 有事物和词汇时使用的一种策略。A term used by Honig&Kussmaul to refer to a strategy for translating words denoting items of the source culture 。 57描写翻译研究：描写翻译学，简称DTS。Descriptive translation studies 。霍姆斯将此界定为纯翻译研究的两个分支之一， 另一分支为理论翻译研究。Defined by Holmes as one of the two subdivisions of pure translation studies （the other being theoretical translation studies 。） 58图表翻译。Diagrammatic translation 。按照古阿德克，指用于满足专业环境里各种翻译需要的七类翻译（或类似翻译过 程）之一。According to Gouadec，one of seven typeset of translation （or translation-like process ）which serve to meet the various translation needs which occur in a professional environment 。 59说教忠信。Didactic fidelity。按照比克曼与卡洛，指用于圣经文本翻译的两种补充性忠信原则之一。According to Beekman&Callow ，one of two complementary principles of fidelity which are used in the translation of biblical texts 。 60直接翻译。Direct translation 。一些学者使用的术语（如图里），指目标文本直接产生于最初源文本而非转译自另一篇 用其他语言所作中介译文的翻译程序。A term used by a number of writers （eg Toury ）to refer to the type of translation procedure in which a TT is produced directly from the original ST，rather than via another ，intermediate translation in another language 。被界定为译者译入而非译出其本族语（或常用语）的翻译类型。Defined as the tupelo of translation in which translator works into ，rather than away from ，his or her native language （or language of habitual use ）格特将它界定为两 种可以采用的翻译类型之一。Defined by Gutt as one of two possible typeset of translation 。 61翻译方向。Direction of translation 。用来指翻译是从译者本族语（或译者常用语）译入还是译出的术语。A term which refers to whether translation occurs into or out of the translators native languageE(or language of habitual use)。 62文献型翻译。Documentary translation 。按照诺德，指根据目标文本应该如何在目标文化中发生作用而定义的两类翻译 之一。According to Nord，one of two types of translation defined according to how TT is intended to function in the target culture 。 63归化翻译，又名归化。Domesticating translation or domestication。韦努狄用来描述翻译策略的术语，在此类翻译中译文采 用明白流畅的风格，以使目标语读者对外来文本的陌生感降到最低度。A term used by Venuti to describe the translation strategy in which a transparent fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the the foreign texts for TL readers。 64配音。Dubbing。用来指翻译视听材料（如电影，电视节目）的两种主要翻译技巧之一。A term used to refer to one of the two main techniques used in the translation of audio-visual material such as films and television programs。 65杜布罗夫尼克章程Dubrovnik charter 1963 年国际译联（FIT）在杜布罗夫尼克市举行的第四届国际翻译者联合会议所通 过的译者章程。A translators charter adopted by the FIT in 1963 at the fourth International Translators Conference in Dubrovnik 。 66动态对等 dynamic equivalence 。奈达在圣经翻译中采用的术语，用来描述翻译过程中两个基本取向之一。A term education by Nida in the context of bible translation to describe one of two basic orientations found in the process of translation 。 67动态忠信。Dynamic fidelity 。比克曼与卡洛用来描述“结构上自然，内容上有意义”的圣经翻译术语。A term used by Beekman&Callow to describe a bible translation which is both “natural and meaningful in content 。” 68用功模式。Effort models贾尔杜撰的术语，指他于20 世纪70 年代末，80 年代初提出关于口译过程的一套模式。A term coined by Gile to refer to a set of models of the interpreting process ，which he developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s