新理念综合教程BOOk4单元测试1.doc

The soaring number of gender-bending chemicals in the environment has disturbing fertility implications for humans and wildlife, scientists are warning. They say wild animals are being feminised by a host of common man-made pollutants which mimic the female sex hormone oestrogen and escape into seas, rivers, the earth and air when waste is disposed of. The chemicals-found in food packaging, cleaning products, plastics, sewage and paint-cause genital deformities, reduce sperm count and even turn males into females. Dozens of species-including polar bears, fish, whales and otters-are suffering, according to the environmental group ChemTrust. Fish have been badly hit by man-made gender-bending chemicals. In one study, half the male fish in British lowland rivers had signs of being feminised. But all vertebrates-or creatures with backbones-have similar sex hormone receptors in their bodies. Therefore, observations in one species may serve to highlight pollution issues of concern for other vertebrates, including humans, the report says. Its author, Gywnne Lyons, a former government adviser on chemical-pollution, said: some Urgent action is needed to control gender-bending chemicals and more resources are needed for monitoring wildlife. If wildlife populations crash, it will be too late. Unless enough males contribute to the next generation there is a real threat to animal populations in the long term. Some studies have shown that sperm counts in the West have fallen over the past 30 years. Others have shown a rise in boys born with genital deformities. Communities heavily polluted with hormone-disrupting chemicals in Russia, Canada and Italy have produced twice as many girls as boys.Passage TwoBiological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only since the past two decades. The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests which are the ecosystems with the highest known species diversity on Earth has awakened people to the importance and fragility of biological diversity. The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is jolting, but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all ecosystems. As the human population continues to expand, it will negatively affect one after another of Earths ecosystems. In terrestrial ecosystems and in fringe marine ecosystems (such as wetlands), the most common problem is habitat destruction. In most situations, the result is irreversible. Now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of activities, such as the disposal and runoff of poisonous waste; in less than two centuries, by significantly reducing the variety of species on Earth, they have unraveled cons of evolution and irrevocably redirected its course.Certainly, there have been periods in Earths history when mass extinctions have occurred. The extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by some physical event, either climatic or cosmic. There have also been less dramatic extinctions, as when natural competition between species reached an extreme conclusion. Only 0.1 percent of the species that have lived on Earth have survived to the present, and it was largely chance that determined which species survived and which died out.However, nothing has ever equaled the magnitude and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment. In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves, that will lead to biological devastation. Life on Earth has continually been in flux as slow physical and chemical changes have occurred on Earth, but life needs time to adapt time for migration and genetic adaptation within existing species and time for the proliferation of new genetic material and new species that may be able to survive in new environments. 26. Which is the best title of the passage?A. The Variety of SpeciesB. The Rapid Destruction of the Tropical Rain ForestC. Species Adaptation to New EnvironmentD. The Impact of Human Activities on Earths Ecosystems请根据需要填入Script：正正确答案：D得分：2分27. According to the passage, how do humans destroy marine ecosystems?A. Through shipping a lot of goods.B. Through disposal and runoff poisonous waste.C. Through destroying Earths ecosystem.D. Through hunting fish.请根据需要填入Script：正确答案：B得分：2分28. What determines which species survived and which died out?A. Slow chemical changes.B. Impact of human activities.C. Chance.D. Some physical event.请根据需要填入Script：正确答案：C得分：2分29. What will lead to biological devastation?A. Climatic or cosmic event.B. Chemical change.C. The rate of change humans are inflicting.D. Physical change.请根据需要填入Script：正确答案：C得分：2分30. The natural evolutionary change is different from change caused by humans in that it _.A. is irreversibleB. affects the ecosystemC. occurs at a faster rateD. occurs at a much slower rate请根据需要填入Script：正确答案：D得分：2分Vocabulary and Structure请根据需要填入Script：Directions: Each of the following sentences is provided with four choices. Choose The destruction of our natural resources and contamination of our food supply continue occur, largely because of the extreme difficulty in affixing (把固定) legal responsibility on those who continue to treat our environment with reckless abandon (放任). Attempts to prevent pollution by legislation, economic incentives and friendly persuasion have been net by lawsuits, personal and industrial denial and long delaysnot only in accepting responsibility, but more importantly, in doing something about it.It seems that only when government decides it can afford tax incentives or production sacrifices is there any initiative for change. Where is industrys and our recognition that protecting mankinds great treasure is the single most important responsibility? If ever there will be time for environmental health professionals to come to the frontlines and provide leadership to solve environmental problems, that time is now.We are being asked, and, in fact, the public is demanding that we take positive action. It is our responsibility as professionals in environmental health to make the difference. Yes, the ecologists, the environmental activists and the conservationists serve to communicate, stimulate thinking and promote behavioral change. However, it is those of us who are paid to make the decisions to develop, improve and enforce environmental standards, I submit, who must lead the charge.We must recognize that environmental health issues do not stop at city limits, county lines, state or even federal boundaries. We can no longer afford to be tunnel-visioned in our approach. We must visualize issues from every perspective to make the objective decisions. We must express our views clearly to prevent media distortion and public confusion.I believe we have a three-part mission for the present. First, we must continue to press for improvements in the quality of life that people can make for themselves. Second, we must investigate and understand the link between environment and health. Third, we must be able to communicate technical information in a form that citizens can understand. If we can accomplish these three goals in this decade, maybe we can finally stop environmental degradation, and not merely hold it back. We will then be able to spend pollution dollars truly on prevention rather than on bandages.1. We can infer from the first two paragraphs that the industrialists disregard environmental protection chiefly because _.A) they are unaware of the consequences of what they are doingB) they are reluctant to sacrifice their own economic interestsC) time has not yet come for them to put due emphasis on itD) it is difficult for them to take effective measures2. The main task now facing ecologists, environmental activists and conservationists is _.A) to prevent pollution by legislation, economic incentives and persuasionB) to arouse public awareness of the importance of environmental protectionC) to take radical measures to control environmental pollutionD) to improve the quality of life by enforcing environmental standards3. The word “tunnel-visioned (Line 2, Para. 4) most probably means “_”.A) narrow-mindedB) blind to the factsC) short-sightedD) able to see only one aspect4. Which of the following, according to the author, should play the leading role in the solution of environmental problems?A) Legislation and government intervention.B) The industrys understanding and support.C) The efforts of environmental health professionals.D) The cooperation of ecologists, environmental activists and conservationists.5. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?A) Efforts should be exerted on pollution prevention instead of on remedial measures.B) More money should be spent in order to stop pollution.C) Ordinary citizens have no access to technical information on pollution.D) Environmental degradation will be stopped by the end of this decade.参考答案：1.B 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.C1The word nature is derived from the Latin word natura, meaning essential quality, origin, innate disposition, 2Natura originally related to the intrinsic characteristics that plants, animals, and other features of the world develop of their own accord.12 The concept of nature as a whole, the physical universe, is one of several expansions of the original notion; 3Within the various uses o