美国文学期末复习.doc

作家作品Naturalism1、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬克莱恩1871-1900 战争小说之父Maggie: A Girl of the Streets街头女郎麦琪（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）, a pioneering work of sociological naturalism；关于南北战争的The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章，奠定了他在美国文坛上不可动摇的地位；优秀短篇小说集The Open Boat海上扁舟和blue hotel 蓝色旅馆; wounds in the rain 雨中的伤痕The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇2、Theodore Dreiser西奥多德莱塞1871-1945美国文学史上最杰出的现实主义小说家，一位以探索充满磨难的现实生活着称的美国自然主义作家.Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹，真实再现了当时美国社会;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘，被称为嘉莉妹妹的姐妹篇;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic斯多噶）;An American Tragedy美国悲剧是德莱赛成就最高的作品，是人们清晰地看到了美国社会的真实情况，“至今依然具有巨大的现实意义”在美国悲剧中，Dreiser intended to tell us that it is the social pressure that makes Clydes downfall inevitable. Clydes tragedy is a tragedy that depends upon the American social system which encouraged people to pursue the dream of success at all costs.1、Naturalism emphasized heredity and environment as important deterministic forces shaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed circumstances.2. The effect of Darwinist idea of survival of the fittest was shattering. It is not surprising to find in Dreisers fiction a world of jungle, where “kill or to be killed” was the law.Dreisers Writing Features: As a naturalist writer, Dreiser stressed determinism in his novels which deals with everyday life, often with its sordid side. As a naturalist, he developed the capacity for photographic and relentless (无情的) observation, thereby truthfully reflecting the society and people of his time. His narrative method is natural and free from artifice. Modern Poetry3、Robert Frost罗伯特弗罗斯特1874-196320世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人, 美国文学中的桂冠诗人 田园诗；自然诗o He used symbols from everyday country life to express his deep ideas. His graceful and traditional poetic style is highly appreciated in the country.A Boys Will少年心愿and North of Boston波士顿之北 were published and highly acclaimed in England. Mending Wall修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后;Mountain Interval山间The Road Not taken没有选择的道路;New Hampshire 新罕布什尔West-running Brook西流的溪涧;A Further Range又一片牧场;A Witness Tree一株作证的树a masque of reason理智的假面具a masque of mercy慈悲的假面具complete poems诗歌全集a steeple bush尖塔丛林The Analysis of “The Road Not Taken”1. when confronted with important decisions which one must make in life, one must accept the consequences, for he will not have a chance to go back.2. He encourages people to try things new and choose the road less traveled by. At the same time, he expresses the regrets that one can not choose two at the same time.3. The poem is written in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme ABAAB4. Symbolism is used as a very effective writing technique.4、Ezra Pound艾兹拉庞德1885-1972Imagism1) With a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was anti-romantic and anti-Victorian.2) Imagism produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.3) Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet (creating an image). It calls for brief language, and pinpoints the precise picture in as few words as possible. 美国著名诗人，意象派的代表人物。他和艾略特同为后期象征主义诗歌的领军人物。他从中国古典诗歌、日本俳句中生发出“诗歌意象”的理论，为东西方诗歌的互相借鉴做出卓越贡献。他帮助了乔伊斯的尤里西斯的出版。庞德在促进中西文化交流方面作了很大努力。意象派（Imagists）现代英美诗歌流派。意象即融入了主观情意的客观物象，本是中国古典文艺理论固有的概念。20世纪初以美国诗人艾兹拉庞德、艾米洛威尔和英国诗人托马斯休姆、理查德奥尔丁顿为代表的一部分作家、评论家在法国象征主义和中国古典诗歌意象的丰富性、含蓄性、形象性影响下，兴起反对抽象说教，反对陈旧题材与表现形式的诗歌运动。1912年，庞德首次采用了意象派名称。帮助T.S.艾略特修改荒原获诺贝尔文学奖。In London, he came into contact with T.E Hulme and the Poets club and soon became the leader of the imagist movement. Then he moved to “vorticism动感意象派”，which though still stressing direct and bare presentation, sought for some principle of dynamism and energy in the image.A quinzaine for this Yule; Exultations; The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神; Personage面具The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派诗选;Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）Cathay: a collection of Chinese translations, based on the manuscripts of Ernest Fennellosa; The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）The Analyses of “ In a Station of the Metro” 地铁站一瞥Appreciation:1) The most celebrated imagist works3) The use of one dominant image to represent what he was experiencing5) The complex is represented “instantaneously,” the transition from the Metro Station to the wet bough somewhere outside liberates us from “space limits”, and the transition from the present faces to the remembered petals breaks down “time limits”5、Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯艾略特1888-1965曾受法国象征主义文学的影响The love song of J.Alfred PrufrockJ.阿尔弗雷德普鲁弗洛克的情歌, a poem that reveals the spiritual crisis of modern intellectuals. Prufrock and Other Observations普鲁弗洛克及其他;The Waste Land荒原，which catches precisely the state of culture and society after world war one and graphically illustrates the spiritual poverty of the West of the time. 被认为是英美现代诗歌的里程碑on the theme of the sterility and chaos of the contemporary world. Four Quarters 四首四重奏使他获得了诺贝尔文学奖并确立了当时在世的最伟大英语诗人和作家的地位。“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”n a typical example of modernism. n The poem is noted for its irony, and the allusions to classical literature. n He used the technique of the stream of consciousness.n “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrok” is Eliots most striking early achievement. It presents the meditation of a young man over the business of proposing marriage. The poem is in a form of dramatic monologue, suggesting an ironic contrast between a pretended “love song” and a confession of the speakers incapability of facing up to love and the life in a sterile upper-class world. n Prufrok, the protagonist of the poem, is neurotic, self-important, illogical and incapable of action. He is a kind of tragic figure caught in a sense of defeated idealism and tortured by unsatisfied desire. Lost Generation6、 Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特海明威1899-1961dramatized in his novels the sense of loss and despair among the post-war generation who are physically and psychologically scarred. Spokesman for The lost generation the young who had been disillusioned and cast adrift by the murderous blunders of those who had plunged the world into war. The Lost Generation refers to, in general, the post-WWI generation, but specifically a group of expatriate disillusioned intellectuals and artists, who experimented on new modes of thought and expression by rebelling against former ideals and values and replacing them only by despair or a cynical hedonism(享乐主义). 老人与海The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起; a Farewell to Arms永别了，武器; To Have and Have Not贫与富For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣In Our Time在我们的年代里; Men Without Women没有女人的男人;The Winners Take Notheing胜者无所获; Analyze the artistic features of Earnest Hemingways novels. 硬汉形象、重压下的风 度、冰山原则Hemingway style: simplicity and economy of expression; short, uncomplicated sentences; colloquial style ice-berg analogyHemingway theme: “grace under pressure” Hemingway hero: wounded but strong, enjoying the pleasures of life in the face of disasters and death; “despairing courage”; “Man is not born to be defeated.”7、 Francis Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯菲茨杰拉德Why is Fitzgerald regarded as spokesman of the “Jazz Age”?Fitzgerald was a representative figure of the 1920s. He never failed to remain detached and foresee the tragedy of the “Dollar Decade”. His works mirror the exciting age in almost every way and his fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the Jazz Age.Through the glittering world of his fiction run the themes of moral waste and decay and necessity of personal responsibility. The Great Gatsby, a book about the Jazz Age, is a case study in peoples pursuit of an elusive American Dream. It is also a powerful criticism of American society. Thus he is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.评论家都批评他生活腐化、自暴自弃，所以短寿，浪费了自己的才华The Side of Paradise人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned漂亮冤家;The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比, 此书堪称美国社会缩影的经典代表，描述1920年代美国人在歌舞升平中空虚、享乐、矛盾的精神与思想;Tender in the Night夜色温柔;The Last Tycoon最后的巨头,这三部书amplify the melancholy he discovered beneath the glitter of American-style success.短篇小说：Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们;Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事;Taps at Reveille早晨的起床号The Crack-up崩溃（自传体文集）all the sad young men悲伤的年轻人Realism8、 John Cheever约翰契弗1912-1982 美国的契科夫His short stories appeared in the New Yorker. Built around a strong moral core and tinged with melancholy nostalgia for the past, these stories form a running commentary on the tensions, manners, and crippled aspirations of urban and suburban life.短篇小说集： The Enormous Radio and Other Stories巨型收音机和其他;The Housebreaker of Shaddy Hill and Other Stories绿茵山窃贼和其他; The Brigadier and the Golf Widow陆军准将和高尔夫迷寡妇;The World of Apples苹果世界；The Stories of John Cheever契弗短篇小说选长篇小说：The Wapshot Chronicle/Scandal瓦普肖特纪事/丑闻;Bullet Park布利特公园;Falconer鹰猎者 the swimmer9、John Updike厄普代克1932-长篇小说：The Poorhouse Fair养老院义卖会;兔子四部曲Rabbit, Run兔子，快跑;Rabbit Redux兔子归来;Rabbit Is Rich兔字发财; rabbit at rest 兔子休息贝克三部曲 Bech: a book, museums and women and other storiesCouples夫妇; Gertrude and Claudius 葛楚德与克劳狄斯短篇小说集：Pigeon Feather and Other Stories鸽羽及其他故事;The Music School 音乐学校;Problems and Other Stories问题及其他故事 A&PBeat Generation10、Jack Kerouac杰克凯鲁亚克1922-1966（垮掉的一代奠基者）Beat movement is a Bohemian rebellion against established society which came to prominence about 1956 and had its centers in San Francisco and New York City. The term “Beat Generation” was first adopted by Jack Kerouac. In essence, “Beat”represents a nonconformist, rebellious spirit toward conventional value concerning sex, religion, education, politics, and the American way of life in general.Features: 1. the Beats were fed up with the official explanation of why things happened. 2. the Beats rejected middle class values, commercialism and conformity. 3.the Beats withdraw from politics and from the obligations of citizenship. 4. the Beats rejected the universities and the academic tradition. 5. the Beats evolved a free, non-materialistic religion with no formal church.The representatives of Beat Generation: Jack Kerouac, The Town and the City镇和城; On the Road在路上; Allen Ginsberg(spokesman Howl嚎叫) William Burroughs (naked lunch)11 、Gary Snyder加里斯奈德1930- ecology poet， 美国的寒山，佛教徒Riprap大卵石Piute Creek皮尤特河; Meeting the Mountain进山; Myths Texts神话与文本;Turtle Island龟岛;Left Out in the Rain：New Poems 1974-1985留在雨中:1974-1985新诗集Mountains and Rivers Without End Plus One山水无尽Women writer12、Katherine Anne Porter凯瑟琳安波特1890-1980Flowering Judas开花的犹大树，背叛的象征;Pale Horse, Pale Rider灰色骑士灰色马;Leaning Tower and Other Stories斜塔Ship of Fools愚人船（唯一的一部长篇小说） theft13、Alice Walker沃克1944-长篇小说：The Third Life of Grange Copeland格兰治科普兰的第三次生活;Meridian梅丽迪安;The Color Purple紫色，普利策文学奖短篇小说集：In Love and Trouble: stories of black women相爱与苦恼;You Cant Keep a Good Woman Down好女人永不屈服 散文集：In Search of Our Mothers Gardens：Womanist prose. Everyday use Jewish literature14、Isaac Bashevis Singer艾萨克辛格1904-1991 用意第绪语言写作Jewish Daily Forward 犹太前进报Gimpel the Fool傻瓜吉姆佩尔;The Family Moskat莫斯卡特家族; The Slave奴隶;The Manor庄园;The Estate产业;Enemies: A Love Story仇敌们，一个爱情故事;Shosha舒莎15、Saul Bellow索尔贝娄1915-长篇小说：Dangling Man晃来晃去/挂起来的人;The Victim受害者;The Adventure of Augie March奥基马奇历险记;Henderson the Rain King雨王汉德逊;Herzog赫索格; Mr Sammlers Planet塞姆勒先生的行星;Humboldts Gift洪堡的礼物(诺贝尔文学奖) Mosby MemoirBlack literature16、James Langston Hughes詹姆斯兰斯顿休斯discovered by Vachel LinsayAs the leader of the Harlem writers, who created the Black Literature Renaissance of the 1920ss, Hughes was known as the “Poet Laureate of Harlem黑人住宅区” and “O. Henry of Harlem”The negro speaks of rovers 黑人谈河;The Weary Blues疲倦的歌声; 17、Ralph Ellison拉尔夫埃利林1914-长篇小说：Invisible Man隐形人散文集：Shadow and Act影子与行动， explore the problem of identity within the context of Black culture; 18、Toni Morrison托尼莫里森首位获诺奖的黑人女性，黑人文学最高点The Bluest Eye最蓝的眼睛;Sula苏拉;Song of Solomon所罗门之歌,expose the evils of racial discrimination and the corruption of human nature among the Black and the black peoples pride and dignity in the search of freedom and happiness ;Tar Boy柏油娃娃;Beloved; Jazz爵士乐 playing in the DarkSouthern literature:19、William Faulkner威廉福克纳1897-1962 portraying the decadence and evil in the Southern s