建筑外文文献(含中文翻译).pdf

中文译文 建筑业的竞争及竞争策略 美国的工程建筑公司几十年来一直控制着国际建筑市场 但近来世界上发 生的事件改变了它的主导地位 为了调查今后十年对工程建筑竞争产生影响的推动力及趋势 由建筑工业 研究院的 2000 年建筑特别工作组 发起一项称为 2000 年建筑市场竞争 分析 的研究项目 该研究项目考察了一些影响竞争的因素 包括下列方 面 企业能力塑造 采用纵向联合 横向发展的方法 提高企业的综合能力 扩大市场领地 这种做法包括被海外的联合企业收购或被其合并 或是由 美国公司收购外国公司 筹措资金的选择方法 私有化作用 建筑权力转让项目 未来市场中工程 筹资特征 管理 组织及结构 未来的经营管理及组织方法 组织结构 组织技巧要 有利于引导职员在世界竞争环境中发挥作用 劳力特征 未来具有专业水平和技工水平的工程建筑工人的供求情况 技术问题 技术将如何影响竞争 如何用来弥补劳力不足的缺陷 研究目标及范围 这一研究项目的目标是收集信息 使之为适应 2000 年及以后的工程建筑 业在调整 制定策略方面的需要提供真知灼见 并制定出 2000 年工程建 筑业的可能的发展计划 这项研究回顾了工程建筑业的历史过程 审视了 当前的发展趋势 以确定影响该工业未来的推动力 与该工业相关的有重 塑企业能力 私有化及筹措资金方法的潜在作用以及经营管理 组织方法 公司结构方面的未来发展方向 研究范围包括选定一些公司 采访这些公司有专业特长的人员 这些人员 的专业涉及面很广 包括商业建筑 重工业建筑 公共事业设施建设 基 础建设 轻工业建筑 电力 生产程序以及航天科学 工程建筑业竞争特性 工程建筑业的竞争特征由于下列原因在变动 80 年代发生的事件 以及计划在 90 年代实施的项目 正在引导建筑业摆 脱相互对立的局面 转向相互合作 应该以积极的眼光看待新的公司进入国际工程建筑市场 因为它增加了全 球合作的机遇 合作关系会使所有的伙伴受益 这是因为美国公司可以在 合作伙伴的国家找到机遇 同样 外国公司也会打入美国市场 未来的战略 到 2000 年 美国的公司将努力做到 提供最高质量的服务 可以承担世界任何一个地方的工程施工 另劈蹊径 以降低并控制风险 拿出参与国际市场最有竞争力的价格 为了实现这一理想 工程建筑业必须增加人员资本投资 提高劳力的知识及技术水平 具备坚实完备的通讯及运输基础设施 集中精力搞重点研究 产品优良 质量有保障 并注意激发工人们的积极 性 提高工人的技术水平 二十一世纪形响竞争的主要因素将包括一体化的国际市场 供过于求的生 产力 工会确定工资的权力减弱 减少对工业的管理及私有化的实现 美国公司的竞争能力 很大程度上取决于大力开展并有效地利用技术革 新 美国公司不仅需要利用国内的技术革新 还要利用其他国家优化改进 了的技术 在未来将流行的技术革新将不是一些大的技术突破 而是对现 存技术的不断改进 英国建筑公司概况 90 年代初 头脑灵活的建筑商们除了不搞建筑 别的什么营生可能都干 许多建筑公司遭受过经济萧条的严重打击 经历了与过度膨胀的房地产业 同样的厄运 但是 当看到他们的难兄难弟们在房地产业方面大把大把地 赚钱时 他们中的大部分人为了摆脱困境又把赌注重重地压在房地产开发 市场上 由阿兰 考克肖先生领导的艾莫克公司享有在老本行上能挣现钱的盛誉 并能保持资产负债表平衡 不过 在世界上其他的一些地区 这家公司也 陷人一片困境之中 尤其是在美国 由于路易斯安那州石油和天然气市场 的不景气 这一情况尤其突出 在英国的商业和工业房地产市场方面这家 公司也面临困境 利润随之而暴跌 而且情况还有变得更糟的危险 瓦利特发展公司 这个英国 90 年代初期第三大房屋建筑商 可能是因为 将伦敦郊区都尔威一处仿乔治时代建筑物出售给了前首相撒切尔夫人而 举世闻名 该公司的性格独特的主席劳利 瓦利特先生经常得益于 铁夫 人 给予他的公开支持 这种近似神话般的福气使他似乎注定还要享受一 阵子 事实上 瓦利特公司也受到房产业不景气的影响 只是在劳利的强 有力的领导下 该公司现在又朝着恢复其更强劲的金融地位迈进 劳利退 休后又重新执掌局面 1991 年秋他退休后为救活该公司又被召回 正像 它的大多数经营对手一样 瓦利特公司在房产业市场也遭受了暴跌的严重 打击 虽然在 1993 年初 该公司成为被 IBCA 机构提高长期信用等级的第 一家建筑公司时业务发展了一阵子 约翰 莱英公司的情况则不同 已很好地经受住了最近世界建筑业方面困 难的冲击 他们具有雄厚的资本 还清醒地认识到他们不得不大幅度降低 资产的帐面价值 例如 早在 1990 年 他们就在地产银行中划减了 1 200 万英镑的价值 在此之后 他们又削减了 26 的劳动力 尽管他们的住房 销售情况目前依然相当良好 但其赢利却减少了 莱英公司还以最关注环 境问题而闻名于世 塔迈克公司的状况与瓦利特形成了鲜明的对比 在 1993 年初 他们的信 用等级被 IBCA 机构降低了 该公司在 80 年代大部分时间里试图向世人证 明他们是英国最大的建筑商 结果信息一旦被人了解后 又后悔不迭 倒 但愿此事从没发生过 他们苦于应付高的增长速度 不得不大幅度削减住 房建造业务 不过塔迈克公司目前仍然是英国最大的建筑和建材集团公 司 1992 年 10 月 他们关闭了房地产业务 这是将其目前的七个经营业 务裁减到三个 建筑 采石和住宅建造 的计划的一部分 耐维尔 辛蝇 斯 这位集团公司的总裁 在该公司供职 22 年后 于 1992 年春坐上了目 前这把烫屁股的交椅 人们认为 随着房地产向题的曝光 这一位置已到 了岌岌可危的地步 这其中包括数个在公司资产负债表外的大型联合企 业 而这些联合企业业务的开展 实际上会使集团公司的债台更加高筑 泰勒 伍德劳斯的房地产业衰退的不愉快经历集中体现在 1992年的秋季 当时其房地产都以理彼得 赫基突然辞职 这事也就发生在其前任彼 得 兆提出辞呈引起众人震惊之后仅几个月 屋漏偏逢连阴雨 随后 泰 勒 伍德劳斯宣布由于经营不善 造成了严重的亏损 虽然建筑承包业务 的重要地位正日益衰退 但公司三分之二的收益仍来自这部分业务 不过 该公司拥有巨额投资资产有价证券 每年租金收益超过 5 000 万英镑 该 公司已不再开展风险性很大的开发业务项目 重新介入至少要等到局势好 转以后 东欧建筑市场竞争形势分析前言 当前 东欧的经济改革引起了混乱 因此这些地区的贸易活动同新的经济 体制相互冲突 分析专家们指出 从长远的观点看 采用市场经济政策会 带来一个更稳定 更有利的经济环境 东欧政治经济上的改革将会为那些 愿意来这一地区投资的公司创造一个很大的可赚钱的市场 如果保持目前 的增长势头 要不了多久 东欧每年 5640 亿美元的建筑市场将会占国际 建筑业市场的三分之一以上 这一地区的开放形势为世界范围的建筑业开 辟了一块新天地 研究的目标 目前研究的目标是要建立一个战路框架 使国际工程建筑公司可以制定出 可行的策略方案 并可以对之加以评价 已推出的战略框架对于东欧以外 的工程建筑公司在这一地区开展建筑业务很有帮助 为了衡量该地区市场 机遇与挑战情况 我们发出了调查表并进行个人访谈 这有助于确认重要 的成功因素或方面 从而阐明了工程建筑公司在确定他们的策略时必须具 备的特性 通过这项研究建立起来的战略框架已运用于该地区的一项实际 建筑工程 一家国际工程建筑公司正考虑承接这项工程 以检验这一战 略框架在具体市场环境下的效果如何 研究的方法 通过参考大量的文献 下发调查表和进行个人访谈 研究的目标已经达到 这项研究所利用的资料来自世界上 15 家主要的建筑公司 其中包括 13 家 美国公司 两家韩国公司 调查表编制得有利于资料的收集并确保调查内容的一致性 所提的问题不 加以暗示 编制的方式使答卷人不会产生某种倾向 可以自由地回答问题 问的题目不宜过多 为了保证参与公司的答案涉及的问题一致 调查表的 问题集中在三个主要方面 1 东欧建筑市场的机遇与挑战 2 确认这一 建筑市杨成功的关键因素 3 为确定战略框架 建筑行业方面应做出的 调整 每个主要部分下附一套问题 使所研究的目标得到进一步明确 访谈基于建筑工程公司自愿参与该项研究的条件下进行的 对交了答卷的 公司 进行 了单独或电话访谈调查 对于这些公司如何建立和运用自己在这一地区的 战略框架 如果研究人员认为方法可行 他们就把主要技巧汇编成文 被 访人员要回答如下问题 东欧建筑市场获得成功的重要因素是什么 这些 重要的因素对自己的公司是否有积极的或消极的影响 是什么影响 研 究人员还汇集了从国际建筑工程中吸取的教训 以及在后来的工程中已经 采取的弥补措施 房地产投资的未来趋势 住房一直是现代生活中最重要的需求之一 家庭对更宽敞 舒适的住房需 求日益增加 且希望有更多的可自由支配的收入用在购房上 其结果是 独户家庭住宅变得非常昂贵 除此之外 新的人口统计数据表明目前需要 将现有的房产转变为分套出售的住宅开发 娱乐性房产和退休人员的居住 社区 商业和工业地产投资也很看好 为了在市场范围内判断哪些房地产 比较紧俏 对市场进行认真的分析是很重要的 不过 许多投资的前景都 很乐观 就经济的可行性而言 未来的房地产投资呈现出强劲的势头 不过在总的 经济环境条件下 也不可排除它的 低潮 期 假如投资商能够制定出一 个稳妥的策略 那么他们将会获得可观的收益 这些策略包括有效经营和 管理地产 分析问题所在 并给予纠正 处理房主与承租者之间的矛盾 了解投资的作用及其对投资项目所产生的影响 把政府在限制产权方面所 起的作用纳人计划之中 房地产的投资者能否主宰市场这个问题同房地产收益是否已超过普通股 票收益的问题一样 也是一个老问题 实际上没有理由相信一个投资者会 利用相同的市场信息和分析技能在长期的经营中能够获得超额利润 不 过 利用内部消息 有效的数据分析和复杂分析方法 这样的投资者很可 能能够做出比其对手更好的抉择 房地产市场继续为按房地产投资过程投 资并减少 信息费 而获得较好成果的投资者们提供机会 我们知道 幸运 或运气可能会产生短期反常收益 我们甚至也知道会有 少数人因为善于 探听 消息从而避免付出昂贵的代价并取得成功 这些 人尽管为数不多 他们具有凭直觉按房地产投资过程办事的才能 如果你 也有这方面天才的话 就别研究了也去搞投资吧 房地产投资的种类虽然住宅投资是房地产中较为普遍的形式 还有几种地 产对未来的投资者也有相当大的吸引力 在每种地产中 还有不同的领域 包括住宅房地产 商业地产 工业地产 农业地产 以及诸如高尔夫球场 等特殊用途的地产 尽管有效分析所必需的投资技巧随着工程项目增大和 复杂而日益增多 但其基本的评估技巧和房地产投资过程仍然未变 可创收的房地产也可以按照收人水平和租金等级并根据地理位置分类 城 区位置的经济影响对房地产价值产生的效果很大 因此对经济环境的分析 十分重要 然而 某些位置的土地明显地更适合于特定用途 例如 在新 开发的城市住宅区内 土地可能太昂贵 就不适于开发密度低的花园式的 项目 由于很难用精确的方式预测将来要发生的事件 预测与实际结果间的差异 可能导致一些严重的问题 过高地估计租金增长率或将来的出售价格 过 低地估计营运费用 或未能充分确定设备更新费用都会引起产重的现金流 动问题 未能履行债务义务或房地产课税留置权可能被强制取消 所有这 几点都与投资者密切相关 外文文献 Construction of the competition and competition strategy Construction of the competition and competition strategy Engineering and construction firms from the United States dominated the global market for many decades but recent world events have altered their position To investigate the driving forces and trends that will affect engineering and construction competition in the next decade a research project called the Anatomy of Construction Competition in the Year 2000 was sponsored by the Construction Industry Institute s Construc tion 2000 Task Force The project examined the factors that affect competitiveness including the following The shaping of corporate capabilities vertical integration and horizontal expansion to increase corporate capabilities and market share including acquisition and mergers by offshore conglomerates and the acquisition of foreign firms by U S companies Financing options the role of privatization build own transfer projects and the nature of project financing in future markets Management organization and structure future management and organizational approaches structures and techniques to attract personnel to perform in a global competitive environment Work force characteristics future availability of engineering and construction workers at the professional and craft levels Technological issues how technology will affect competition and be used to offset work force shortages Research Objectives and Scope This research project s goal is to collect information to adapt to the 2000 and the engineering construction after adjustment formulate strategies needed to provide insight and formulate 2000 engineering construction of possible development plan This study reviewed the project construction process of history current development trend to determine the impact of the industry and the impetus to the future industrial enterprises are related to reshape the ability privatisation and financing methods of potential function and management organization structure methods for future development direction Research scope includes selected some of the company the company has interviewed expertise personnel The staff professional wide range including commercial buildings public buildings industrial infrastructure infrastructure construction power light industry The production process and space science Engineering construction competitive characteristics Engineering construction of competition because the following reasons in change features In the 1980s and plan in the 1990s the implementation of the project construction are guided from contradictory situation to cooperate Should be in a positive view of the new company to enter the international market because of its construction increased global cooperation opportunities Cooperation will make all the partners because the American company benefit can be found in the country partner likewise foreign companies opportunities will break into the U S Market Competitive strategy Future strategy In 2000 the company will strive to do Provide the highest quality service Can assume any part of the world In order to reduce the split ground and risk control Out in international market the most competitive price In order to achieve the ideal engineering construction should be Increase staff capital investment The knowledge and improve labor technology level Have solid complete communications and transport infrastructure Concentrate on key research product quality is guaranteed fine and arouse the enthusiasm of the workers improve workers technology level The 21st century is the main factor fractal ring will compete in the international market including the integration of productivity union salary to abate reduce the power industry management and privatization American company competition ability largely depends on developing and effective use of technical innovation American companies need not only use the technical innovation domestic by other countries optimization improved technology In the future will be popular technology innovation will not some big breakthrough but the existing technology continuous improvements British buildings company profile In the early 1990s the head of the flexible builders who don t make a building but what else can do making many buildings company suffered a serious blow the economic depression experienced and excessive expansion of real estate industry also But when he saw them in the real estate industry in the big money most of them in order to disencumber the bet down again in the real estate market By Alan cosmas indicopleustes under the leadership of Mr Shaw ai enjoy in the old field company Merck s reputation can earn cash on the balance sheet and can keep the balance However in some areas of the world the company also man a dilemma especially in the United States the change from a Louisiana oil and natural gas market of recession it is especially outstanding in Britain the commercial and industrial real estate market the company is faced with a difficult situation with profits And it also became worse The company s development walid UK early 1990s third big house builders probably because London suburb will have a copy from the era of George sell buildings of former prime minister Margaret thatcher and world famous The company s character chairman of the unique Laurie walid from Mr Often give iron lady public support The approximate mythological blessing that he seemed destined to enjoy In fact the company also is different the influence of the housing slump is strong in Laurie under the leadership of the company now recover its stronger towards the financial status Laurie retired charge again situation 1991 fall after his retirement he restored to the company recalled As most of its business competitors the industry in different market also suffered a serious blow although the slump in 1993 the company is beginning to improve long term credit rating IBCA institution of the first buildings company business development for a while John the company is different have very good to withstand the latest world construction difficulties They have abundant capital clearly recognized that they have greatly reduced the book value of the asset For example in early 1990 they in real estate in the bank delimit lost 1 2m value After that they cut and labor Despite their housing sales still quite good but its profit is reduced The company is in most lai attention is famous for its environmental problems The status and the tower mike company walid special form bright contrast in 1993 their credit rating agency reduced by IBCA This company in the 1980s most time trying to prove to the world that they are the UK s biggest builders the information being understanding and either but hopefully it never happened They suffer from cope with high growth rate cuts to build houses But the company is still tower mike Britain s biggest construction and building materials group company October 1992 they closed the real estate business and this is the will of the seven business to three building quarrying and residential building part of the plan Michael essien Somerville resistant to fly the group s President in the company after 22 years in the spring of 1992 sit on the seat of the hot ass People think that the housing problem of exposure this position has arrived at the point which including several on a company s balance sheet of the large scale joint enterprise joint enterprise business actually makes corporation debts machine more Taylor wood of real estate industry recession Royce unpleasant experiences embodied in 1992 when the estate of autumn is Daniel Peter HeJi sudden resignation it also happens in its predecessor Peter trillion resigned after all shocked by only a few months Home then reverse Taylor wood Rolls Royce announced due to bad management caused severe losses Although construction contracting business increasingly important status in a recession but company two thirds of income from this business is However the company has a huge investment assets securities rental income more than 5 year 2000 million pounds The company has no longer conduct risky business projects at least until the situation in better later Eastern European architectural market competition situation analysis At present the economic reforms of the eastern Europe thus caused confusion of these areas of business activities with the new economic system Experts say analyzed from a long term perspective using the market economic policy will bring a more stable and more favorable economic environment The reform of political economy in eastern Europe will be for those who are willing to invest in this area of the company to create a lot of money but market If you keep the momentum before long eastern Europe 5640 billion dollars each year for the construction of international construction market will be more than one third of the market This area is open to the world situation inaugurated a new construction The object of study The goal is to establish a framework and international engineering and construction company may formulate feasible strategy and to evaluate the The framework has been introduced for the project construction company outside the eastern area in the construction business is very helpful In order to measure the market opportunities and challenges we sent the questionnaires and interviews the individual to identify important success factors or aspects Thus illustrates construction company in determining their strategy must possess the characteristics Through the research of strategic framework has been set up in this area by an actual construction an international engineering and construction company is considering to undertake the engineering to test this strategic framework in specific market environment effect The research methods By reference to the literature questionnaire issued a personal interview and the research target has been achieved This research using data from the world s major construction company Including 13 U S companies two south Korean companies Questionnaires to collect data compiled for investigation and ensure the consistency of the content The problem not the way people won t produce a certain criteria Free to answer this question ask questions in order to guarantee the unfavorable and overmuch Participate in the company s answer to the question questionnaire involving the problems in three aspects 1 the eastern architecture market opportunities and challenges 2 the construction of key factors YangChengGong city 3 to determine the strategic framework construction industry should make adjustments Each main parts attached to a set of problems under which the object of study make clear further Interview based on construction engineering company voluntary under the condition of the study of the company in answer The telephone interviews survey or separate For these companies how to build and use their own in this area is a strategic framework if the researchers believe that the method is feasible and they put main skills assembly written By visiting personnel to answer questions what is eastern architecture market success factor The important factor in his company is a positive or negative impact What effect Researchers also collected from international architectural engineering as well as a lesson in later in the project of measures have been taken The future trend of real estate investment Housing has been the most important in the modern life of demand Families with more spacious and comfortable housing demand has increased and hope to have more disposable income in the house As a result households residential become very expensive In addition the new population statistics show that currently existing housing needs to sell the house of points recreational property and retiree community Commercial and industrial real estate investment is also very good In order to judge what real estate market within the scope of comparative spruce analyzed the market is very important However many investment prospects are very optimistic The feasibility of the economy the future of the investment real estate showing strong But in general economic conditions also do not exclude it low period If investors can develop a safety strategy so they will get considerable income These strategies including effective operation and management analyzes the problem real estate and correct treatment the contradiction between the owner and the occupiers and understand the role of investment and investment project the influence of the government in property The real estate investor can dominate the market this problem with real estate income has more than ordinary shares the problem is an old problem Actually no reason to believe that an investor can use the same market information and analytical skills in long term operation can obtain excess profit However using internal message data analysis and complex analysis method so investors will probably