大学英语语法讲解.ppt

大学英语语法讲解 情态动词的完成时 表示对过去的说法 must have 过去分词 用于肯定句 一定已经 Thelightisstillon Theymusthaveforgottentoturnitoffwhentheylefttheroom 注 mustn thavedone can t couldn t have 过去分词 用于否定或疑问句 不可能 HecannothavebeentothattownforIsawhimjustnow should oughtto have 过去分词本应该做 却没有做 Ashisbestfriend youshould oughttohavehelpedhim butinfact youdidn t shouldn t oughtnotto have 过去分词本不应该做 却做了 Youshouldn thaveparkedyourcarhere forit sapublicplace needn t have 过去分词本不必做 Youneedn thavewaitedforme ItoldyouyesterdayIwouldoverwork with with doneWiththehomeworkfinished theboywentout with doingWiththeoldmanleadingtheway wefinallyfindthehouse with prepWiththelighton allthestudentswentoutoftheclassroom 虚拟语气的用法 概念 表示说话人的愿望 假设 猜测 或建议 而不表示客观存在的事实 虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句 1 与过去事实相反If had done would should could might have doneIfyouhadtakenmyadvice youwouldn thavefailedintheexam 与现在事实相反If did be were would should could might doIfhehadtime hewouldattendthemeeting IfIwereyou IshouldstudyEnglish 与将来事实相反If did be were wereto should do would should could might doIfyoucametomorrow wewouldhavethemeeting Ifitweretoraintomorrow themeetingwouldbeputoff 虚拟语气用于宾语从句在表示建议 要求 命令类的动词后面的宾语从句中用 should do 如 advise suggest propose request require insist demand order command desireWesuggestedthatwe should haveameeting Weinsistedthatthemeeting should becancelled 注意 suggest作 暗示 表明 解时 insist作 坚决认为 解时不用虚拟语气 而用一般的时态 Mikeinsistedthathehadneverstolenanything Hersun tannedfacesuggestedthatshewasinexcellenthealth 虚拟语气用于主语从句Itisnecessary important natural strange essential etc thatsb should 动词原形Thisisaverydifficultoperation Itisessentialthatyoubepreparedforemergency Itisbesuggested desired ordered proposed advised etc thatsb should do 虚拟语气用于表语从句 同位语从句作advice idea order demand plan proposal suggestion request wish等名词的表语从句 同位语从句 其谓语动词用 should 动词原形Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe should gotoBeijingforsightseeing itis high timesb didItis high timeweleft 虚拟语气用于ifonly引导的感叹句中 要是 就好了 IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice accountfor 解释某事物的原因Pleaseaccountforyourrudebehavior bringup 抚养Shewasbroughtupbyheraunt getthrough 设法 完成 使 通过Thereisalotofworktogetthrough Shegotallherpupilsthroughthetest trytodo 设法做某事Wetrytofinishtheworkontime endeavor fml todo 设法做某事Weendeavortofinishtheworkontime succeed in doing成功做某事Wesucceedinfinishingtheworkontime asaresult 结果Asaresult twopeoplewerekilledintheaccident bytheway 顺便Bytheway pleasegiveittoMary onthecontrary 与此相反Itdoesn tseemuglytome onthecontrary Ithinkit sratherbeautiful pickout 挑出Hepickedouttheripepeach makeout 辨认Canyoumakeoutwhatthatsignsays giveoff 发出 蒸汽 光等 Thefoodgaveoffabadsmell separate 分开separate fromcompare 比较compare to with contrast contrast to with 对比 相比 comeupwith 提出Hecameupanewideaforincreasingsales catchupwith 赶上Afteraterm shecaughtupwiththeotherstudentsinherclass keepupwith 跟上Weshouldkeepupwiththepaceofthemodernsociety 定语从句 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词 引导定语从句的关系代词有who whom whose which that等和关系副词when where why等 他们在定语从句中担任句子成分 who 代替人 Iknowthemanwho thatisstandingunderthetreeoverthere whom Thedoctor whom youarelookingforisintheroom Whostandsneartheriverisourschool whose 可代替人和物 DoyouknowthemanwhosenameisWangYu Iliveinaroomwhosewindowsfacesouth which 代替物 Thebuildingwhichstandsneartheriverisourschool that 可代替人和物 Theletter that Ireceivedwasfrommyfather 注意 在下面几种情况下必须用 that 1 先行词是不定代词 all few little much something nothing anythingAllthat what wehavetodoistopractiseeveryday 2 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰 Thefirstlesson that Ilearnedwillneverbeforgotten 3 先行词被all anyevery few little no some等修饰 Ihavereadallthebooks that yougaveme whenIwillneverforgetthedaywhenImetMr Liu whereThisistheplacewherewelivedfor5years whyIknowthereasonwhyhecamelate 限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分 主句和从句之间不用逗号分开 非限制性定语从句一般用逗号把主句和从句分开 通常关系代词不能省略 不用that Ihavetwosisters whoarebothstudents 关系代词which as可指代前面整句话的内容 Asweallknow hestudiesveryhard P184第49题 倒装句 英语的正常语序是主语在前 谓语在后 但有时为了强调或为了语法结构的需要 可以将谓语的全部或部分提到主语之前 这种语法现象叫做倒装 全倒装 把全部谓语放在主语之前 以out in up down away here there 等副词开头的句子里 Herecomesthebus 部分倒装 把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前 否定副词提前的句型中 否定副词有hardly not nowhere seldom notonly scarcely never little atnotime innocircumstance Ishallneverdothisagain NevershallIdothisagain 如 P184第52 53题 P206第48题 P230第47题 relieve 解除或减轻 痛苦 忧虑等 relate relate to with 把 和 联系起来retain 保持 保留 ignore 忽视 忽略neglect 忽视 忽略refuse 拒绝 asfor sb sth 至于Asforyou youshouldbeashamedofyourself besides 除了Besidesme theyallwenttotheSummerPalace except 除了Exceptme theyallwenttotheSummerPalace sufficient 充足的 充分的effective 有效的efficient 有能力的 有效率的respective 各自的 分别的 progress 进步 进展proceed 继续前进 继续下去promote 推销propose 建议 计划 分词做状语 分词或分词短语作状语时 可以表示时间 原因 行为方式 伴随状况等 1 现在分词有一般式和完成式 一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为 完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作 主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done Beingastudent Imuststudyhard 原因 Havingbeenexaminedbythedoctor thepatientwenthome 注意 当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时 分词必须有自己的主语 Timepermitting Iwillfinishanotherlesson P195第46 47题 P219第53题 P231第52题 过去分词只有一般式 表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作 本身有被动含义 Theteacherstoodthere surroundedbythestudents Helayhalfdead withallhisfibsbroken P172第49题 represent 代表 描绘 塑造 陈述present 将某物赠予或交给某人supply 供应supplysb withsth Supplysth tosb explode 爆炸expand 扩大expose 暴露expose to 将 暴露于 explore 开发 spread 展开display 展示 陈列locate 位于 坐落于belocatedin instance 事例character 性格 人物item 条款 项目detail 细节 lookout 小心 向外看lookafter 照顾lookinto 调查lookon 旁观 occasion 时刻 场合situation 状况 处境ina situationcondition 条件under in conditionenvironment 环境 Icoulddonothingbutacceptit Icouldsaynothingbuttoacceptit exceptthat 除了Sherememberednothingaboutherexceptthatherhairisblack exceptfor 除了Itisagoodarticleexceptforsomespellingmistakes butfor 要不是Butfortherain wewouldhavehadaniceholiday Itis before Itis since Itisfiveyearssinceweleftschool contain 包含 包括Thestorycontains3parts secure 保护 使某物安全Thelawcansecurethecivilrightstheoldpeople reserve 保留Theseseatsarereservedforthespecialguests maintain 保持 sufficiently 充足地approximately 大概地considerably 很 相当地properly 正确地 comeacross 碰巧遇到comeup 长出地面Teto 到达 等于某数Thebillcomesto 30 Whenwecametotheroom noonewereinit comeover 从一地来到另一地Whydon tyoucomeovertoEnglandforaholiday impression 印象Hisspeechmadeastrongimpressiononus reaction 反应comment 评论Doyouhaveanycommentonthismatter other 另外的Somepeoplearesinging andotherpeoplearedancing benefit 使 某人 受好处Thepolicywillbenefitallthepeople affect 影响Smokingwillaffectyouhealth guide 指导 引导Heguidedmetomyseat effect 使发生 引起effectachange inrelationto 与 有关Thismatterisinrelationtomanypeople incontrastto 与 对比Herwhitehairisinsharpcontrasttoherdarkskin inexcessof 过度 Hewasinexcessofalcohol infavorof 支持 atheart 内心里 基本上I macountrygirlatheart inperson 亲身 亲自Youmustcomehereinperson onpurpose 故意的Hedidthatonpurpose bynature 天生的 祈使句 and If Ifwehadhadfiveminutesearlier wecouldhavecaughtthelasttrain can thelpbutdo禁不住做某事can thelpdoing禁不住做某事Wecan thelplaughing Thereisnopoint in doingsth 做 没有什么意义 作用 turnover 使