学校里最近出了一件绯闻.ppt

AnIntroductiontoDiscourseAnalysisChengXiaotangBeijingNormalUniversity Lecture4 Cohesion Whybothwithcohesion Cohesionisoneofthemostimportantfeaturesofnaturaldiscourse Cohesivedevicesareextensivelyusedindiscourse Lackofcohesionmayleadtoincoherenceindiscourse Beforewestart Lookattheseexamples Aretheynatural Aretheymeaningful JohntookJohn shatoffandhungJohn shatonapeg IfyouseeMary tellMarythatIwanttoseeMary Sowepushedhimundertheotherone Washandcoresixcookingapples Putthemintoafireproofdish Washandcoresixcookingapples Puttheapplesintoafireproofdish Wouldyoulikesometea Yes Iwouldlikesometea DidIhurtyourfeelings Yes youhurtmyfeelings Ididn tmeantohurtyourfeelings Lyingonthefloor WhatwasJohndoingwhenyoucamein Lyingonthefloor Whatisyourfavouritepastime Lyingonthefloor Readthefollowing story 1Onceuponatimetherewasalittlewhitemousecalled tiptoe 2Theboyslivedinalarge red brickedhousewithathatchedroofattheendofthelongeststreetintown 3ThatmorningMrs Smookslefthomeinagreathurry 4But toolate Williamrealizedthatthecarhadnobrakes 5Sotheyranandtheyranandtheyranuntilthegiantgotsotiredthathecouldn tfollowthemanymore 6 whatanexcitingday shesighed 7Andsohenevergoesalonetotheshopsanymore Whatiscohesion Cohesionreferstorelationsofmeaningthatexistwithinthetext thatdefineitasatext CohesionoccurswheretheINTERPRETATIONofsomeelementinthediscourseisdependentonthatofanother HallidayandHasan 1976 4 Texture Cohesiverelationsinandbetweensentencescreatetexture whichmakesasetofsentencesatext Textureisthepropertythatdistinguishestextfromnon text atexthastexture Textureiswhatholdtheclausesofatexttogethertogivethemunity Fivetypesofcohesion ReferenceSubstitutionEllipsisConjunctionLexicalcohesion Reference Thecohesiveresourceofreferencereferstohowthewriter speakerintroducesparticipantsandthenkeepstrackofthemoncetheyareinthetext Consider Lookatthat Lookatthesun It sgoingdownquickly Reference Anexophorareferencereferstosomethinginthephysicalsituationinwhichthediscoursetakesplace Whoisthat It smysister Howbigisthefish Itisthislong Exophora Anendophorareferencereferstosomethinginthetext Ithastwosubtypes anaphoraandcataphora Ananaphorareferstosomethingintheprecedingtext Acataphorareferstosomethinginthecomingtext Anaphoricreference requiringreaderto lookback inthetext Cataphoricreference requiringreaderto lookforward inthetext Anaphoraandcataphora Amanwaswalkingonthestreet Heseemedtobelookingforsomething ShemustbefuriouswithhimwhenMikesaidhewasleavingher Belowisthebeginningofastory 学校里最近出了一件绯闻 什么学校 没头没脑的 一个大学 哪个大学 这个 不好说 这个大学你肯定知道 说吧 我保证不说出去 你知道我这个人从来不传话的 好吧 我是说给你听 至于哪所大学嘛 就叫它雨过天青大学好了 Substitution Substitutionreferstothereplacementofoneitembyanother Wordslikeone do soarecommonpro forms Examples Mybicyclewasstolen Iwillhavetobuyanotherone Thishatistoosmall Ineedabiggerone YouthinkJoanalreadyknows Ithinkeverybodydoes Areyoubuyingthegreenjumper Idon tthinkso Whatareyoudoingduringtheweekend Imightgodowntowntodosomethingshopping Ifyou couldyoubuysomecatfoodforme Ellipsis Ellipsisreferstotheomissionofanitem whichcanbeexplicitly recovered intheco text Joanbroughtsomecarnations andCathysomesweetpeas GroupAshoulddoExercise1andGroupBExercise2 Isthisawatch No itisn t It saclock Areyouacricketer sir Iwasonceuponatime Isubscribetotheclubhere butIdon tplay Andhowmanyhoursadaydidyoudolessons saidAlice Tenhoursthefirstday saidtheMockTurtle ninethenext andsoon Conjunction Conjunctionreferstothelogico semanticrelationsbetweenelementsindiscourse Conjunctionisusuallyrealizedbyconjunctivesorconnectives Typesofconjunction Additive and andalso nor orelseAdversative yet though only but however Causal so then therefore consequentlyTemporal then next afterthat finally Examples 小芳长得漂亮 而且很聪明 老王想睡觉 但睡不着 Susanwashospitalisedbecauseshewasinjuredinacaraccident 小芳昨晚一直在做作业 但是小强看了一整个晚上的电视 Comparetheseexamples 老王想睡觉 但睡不着 小芳昨晚一直在做作业 但是小强看了一整个晚上的电视 Does但havethesamefunctioninthetwoexamples Compare Slicethedeadendsoffthespinach Next slicestalksofffromleaves First hewasunabletostandupright Next hewasincapableofinsertingthekeyintothelock Doesnextinthesetwoexamplessignalthesamekindofconjunction Whatconjunctivescanbeusedifwecombinethesetwosentences Mikemakes2000dollarsamoth Hiswifemakes5000 Whatdoes and meanhere Man Ihavecomebacktomarryyou Woman Idon tloveyouanymore Man I vewaitedfor20yearstomarryyouandnowyousaidyoudon tlovemeanymore Lexicalcohesion Typesoflexicalcohesion 1 Reiteration a Sameword repetition b Synonym antonym c Superordinate d Generalword2 Collocation Examples I malwaysafraidofdogs YesterdayonmywaytoschoolImetadog andthatgovernmentofthepeople bythepeople forthepeople shallnotperishfromtheearth Istoppedinfrontofahouse Ipressthedoorbell Hefellasleep Whenhewokeup twentyyearshadpassed Thereareallkindsoffruitinthemarket Applesandbananasareverycheap 投机的狂热哟 投机的狂热哟 你 黄金的洪水 泛滥吧 冲毁了一切堤防 矛盾 子夜 Sampleanalysis1 ThecatonlygrinnedwhenitwasAlice Come it spleasedsofar thoughtAlice andshewenton Wouldyoutellme please whichwayIoughttogofromhere Thatdependsagooddealonwhereyouwanttogo saidtheCat Idon tmuchcarewhere saidAlice Thenitdoesn tmatterwhichwayyougo saidtheCat solongasIgetsomewhere Aliceaddedasanexplanation Oh you resuretodothat saidtheCat ifyouonlywalklongenough Sampleanalysis2 student swriting Oncetherewasalazyteacher Nobodyknewwhetherhewasreallylazyornot Butformypart I dratherconsiderhimasapioneerofnewteachingway AsaFormMasterofaprimaryschool heneverattendedthemorningclassbutaskedthemonitortoplayhispart Thatpoorgirl I hadtogiveupallgracefulmannersbyholdingalongstick walkingaroundtheclassroom WheneverIsawaboydoingsomethingelseexceptreading Iwouldrushtohisseatlikealeopardandbeathimontheheadwithout