英语专业写作教程第二册复习资料.doc

The preparation for the exam of Successful WritingA good topic sentence should have at least the following features:1. It is a complete sentence.2. It contains both a topic and a controlling idea.3. It is neither too general nor too specific, too emotional.4. It tells the reader what to expect in the paragraph.Several devices can be used to help achieve coherence in a paragraph:1. Repetition of key words and phrases2. Transitional signals连词, 连接句子的短语3. Use of pronouns代词4. Repetition of sentence patterns1. A thesis statement is best expressed in a complete sentence, not a question.2. A thesis statement is clear.3. A thesis statement focuses on a narrow aspect细微方面 of the subject.4. A thesis statement sets forth the writers view.5. A thesis statement is not an obvious opinion that readers already share.6. A thesis statement can be defended by reasoning rather than by emotion.不能太情绪化u 段落写作方法一：Development by time（Linking devices）1. 根据日期，小时，月份写时间u 段落写作方法二：Development by space（Linking words of location and direction）1. 水平（左到右）：to the left, to the right, next to2. 垂直（上到下）：below在下面, under,3. 纵深（里面到外面）：in front, in back, behind在后面, beyond4. 环形（从东到西，再由西到东）：on the opposite side, across5. 放射形（从近到远）：foreground to backgroundu 段落写作方法三：Process analysis（Step by step）1. in detail from beginning to end2. Follow the order of the actual steps3. explanation or classification to further clarify the procedure. （more typical）例子：l first，then，after this，now，when all this is done，finally.l A festival for the Dead is held once a year in Japan. This festival is a cheerful occasion, for on this day, the dead are said to return to their homes and they are welcomed by the living. Food is firstly prepared and laid out for them as they are expected to be hungry after their long journey home. Also prepared and specially made are the lanterns, which are hung outside each house to help the dead to find their way. Afterward people keep dancing and singing all night long till the early morning. Then the food that had been laid out for the dead is now thrown into a river or into the sea as it is considered unlucky for anyone living to eat it. In thrown that are near the sea, the tiny lanterns , which had been hung in the streets the night before, are placed into the water. This signals the end of the festival. Thousands of lanterns then slowly drift out to sea guiding the dead on their return journey to the other world. This is a moving spectacle, for crowds of people stand on the shore watching the lanterns drifting away until they can be seen no more.u 段落写作方法四：Development by exemplification1. Specific 具体2. And relevant相关的3. Sufficient充分的（比如说多个例子）u 段落写作方法五：Methods of developing definition1. The term术语 to be defined（basic dictionary meaning）是什么2. The general group or class the term belongs to（synonyms）分类3. The distinguishing characteristics of the term（direct explanation and indirect explanation）区别4. 是什么，什么时候，为什么，长什么样，什么颜色，影响.u 段落写作方法六：Cause and effect1. 一个结果多个原因2. 一个原因多个结果3. 多个原因多个结果u 段落写作方法七：Classification分类法 1. A topic sentence a body a concluding sentence2. 写法：Something can be divided into (how many) things.Something fall into (how many