定语从句讲解1文档.doc

定语从句讲解（一）一.定语从句及相关术语 1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。 关系词常有2个作用：1.引导定语从句。2.代替先行词且在定语从句中担当一个成分。 二.关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who指人，在从句中做主语 (1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. (6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? 5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替 (3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. (4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. 当堂反馈：1The place _ interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A. which B. where C. what D. in which2Do you know the man_ ?A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke3This is the hotel _ last month.A. which they stayed B. at that they stayedC. where they stayed at D. where they stayed4That is the day _Ill never forget.A. which B. on which C. in which D. when5The factory _ well visit next week is not far from here.A. where B. to which C. which D. in which定语从句讲解（二）一.介词关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词关系代词引导 (1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. (2) The school in which he once studied is very famous. (3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for. (4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked. (5) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about. (6) Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等 (1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) (2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F) 2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose 判断正误(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. ( ) (2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. ( ) (3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. ( ) (4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. ( ) 3.介词关系代词前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词 (1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. (2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. (3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 二关系副词引导的定语从句 1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came. 2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. (3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which. /where I was born. 三定语从句先行词为the way, 定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。 (1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising. (2) I dont like the way in which/that/ / you speak to me?比较：Everybody thought the way that/ /he thought of to solve the problem was practical.注意：在定语从句中case，point，situation，stage等做先行词，关系副词可以用where，但并不是特定词，而是要结合具体语境。例如：What do you think of teaching, Bob?I find it fun and challenging. It is a job (where) you are doing something serious but interesting.We will discuss a number of cases (where) beginners of English fail to use the language properly.He was driving so fast as to get himself into a dangerous situation (where) he is likely to lose the control over his car. 千万注意：situation,condition,state,activity,job,occasion等做先行词后面的定语从句未必一定就是where，关键还是分析从句中缺什么成分，若缺主表宾，即先行词可以在后面从句中做主表宾，此时需要选用关系代词而不是where。例如：This is the job that he offered to me.I wasnt clear about the situation that he was in at that moment.Is this the point that/which/ / he insisted on?当堂反馈：1. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 2. Is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 3. The wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found. A. that B. where C. in which D. in that 4. The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice. A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what 5. This book will show you _ can be used in other contexts. A. how you have observed B. what you have observed C. that you have observed D. how that you have observed 6. Ill tell you _ he told me last week. A. all which B. that C. all thatD. which 7. That tree, _ branches are almost bare, is very old. A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which 8. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. what 9. He failed in the examination, _ made his father very angry. A. which B. it C. that D. what 10. Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended last night. A. which B. whom C. who D. that 11. The girl _ an English song in the next room is Toms sister. A. who is singing B. is singing C. sangD. was singing 12. The train _ she was travelling was late. A. which B. where C. on which D. in that 13. He has lost the key to the drawer _ the papers are kept. A. where B. in that C. under which D. which 14. Is that the reason _ you are in favour of the proposal? A. which B. what C. why D. for that 15. He must be from Africa, _ can be seen from his skin. A. that B. as C. who D. what 16. He has two sons, _ work as chemists. A. two of whom B. both of whom C. both of which D. all of whom 17. I have bought two ball pens, _ writes well.A. none of them B. neither of them C. neither of which D. none of which 18. All that can be eaten _ eaten up.A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been 19. I have bought such a watch _ was advertised on TV.A. that B. which C. as D. it20. I can never forget the day _we worked together and the day _ we spent together.A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when定语从句讲解（三）限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开，意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除是对先行词的补充说明。which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 ，that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句只是对主句内容，或先行词的补充、解释或附加说明。主句与先行词或从句之间一般用逗号分开，常常单独翻译。没有它，主句意思仍然完整。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as，which，who， whom，whose等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。关系副词有when，where等，作定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省。 as，which是指代主句内容的非限制性定语从句时，表依据、评论与表事实、状态等没有多大差别，又在主句末时，有时可以通用。 who，whom，whose等引导非限制性定语从句时，指代人的普通名词、专有名词等。表示正是或专指先行词等情况。在定语从句中作主语、宾 语、定语等。 when，where引导非限制性定语从句时，作定语从句的状语。when and then， where and there。why不引导非限制性定语从句。1）Some of the roads were flooded, _(这使我们的旅程更为艰难). 2）He introduced me to his students, _(他们大部分是英语专业的学生).限制性定语从句举例： (1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. (2) China is a country which has a long history. 非限制性定语从句举例： (1) His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. (2) China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 要注意区分以下几个句子的不同 (1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥） (2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college. 他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥） 难点分析 （一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 1当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时 (1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said? (2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world. (3) All that can be done has been done. (4) There is little that I can do for you. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing. 2. 当先行词被序数词修饰 (1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 (1) This is the best film that I have seen. 4. 当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时 (1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy, (2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时 (1) Who is the man that is standing there? (2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时 (1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? （二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句 as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是： 1as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。 (1) He married her, as/which was natural. (2) He was honest, as/which we can see. 2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思 (1) As is known to all, China is a developing country. (2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer. (4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe. 注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which (5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry. 3. 当先行次受such, the same修饰时，常用as (1) I have never heard such a story as he tells. (2) He is not such a fool as he looks. (3) This is the same book as I lost last week. 注意：当先行次由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同 (4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。 (5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。 4.so that 引导的结果状语从句与as 引导的定语从句It is so heavy a box/such a heavy box that I cant lift it.It is so heavy a box/such a heavy box as I cant lift.当堂反馈：1. The Second World War _ millions of people were killed ended in 1945. A. when B. during thatC. in which D. which2. This is the case _ hes had all his money stolen. A. when B. where C. that D. on which 3. Mr. Smith will pay a visit to Beijing this autumn, _ we will enjoy the Olympic Games in 2008. A. where B. when C. which D. how 4. The artist will not paint people or animals but he will paint anything _. A. that the little girl asks him B. the little girl asks him to C. for the little girl to ask him D. what the little girl asks him 5. The world _ we live is made up of matterA. on which B. of which C. at which D. in which6. October 15th is my birthday, _ I will never forget. A. when B. that C. what D. which 7. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _ he can walk correctly and safely. A. when B. where C. which D. whose 8. There are several research centers in China _a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied. A. which B. where C. when D. what 9. I hope that the little _ I have been able to do does good to them all. A. which B. what C. that D. when 10. The time is not far away _ modern communications will become widespread in Chinas vast countryside. A. as B. when C. until D. before 11. _ is known to everybody, Taiwan is a part of China. We must unify it. A. It B. As C. Which D. What 12. I shall never forget the day _ Shen Zhou was launched, _ has a great effect on my life. A. when, which B. that, which C. which, that D. when, that 13. The bread my wife makes is much better than _ you can buy at a store. A. that which B. one that C. that of which D. this of which 14. There is no such place _ you dream of in all this world. A. that B. what C. which D. as 15. The people, _ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross. A. all whose homes B. all of whose homes C. all their homes D. all of their homes 16. The humans are destroying nature day by day, _ of course, will cause severe punishment from it sooner or later. A. who B. when C. on which D. which 17. Is this research center _ you visited the modern equipment last year? A. where B. that C. the one that D. the one where 18. Some pictures of the river brought the days back to the old _ they swam in it. A. when B. that C. who D. where 19. The man showed us so heavy a stone _ no man can lift. A. that B. as C. which D. and 20. He stayed there for quite a long time, during _ time he learned much spoken English. A. that B. this C. which D. same 答案与解析： 1. A. 主语与run(延伸)是主动关系，所以用现在分词。Those指街道，所以不用who而用that来引导定语从句。 2. B. 因为在此题中where引导定语从句，表示“在这种种况下”，与in which相当。 3. A. 因为先行词是Beijing而不是this autumn所以用where引