英美文学期末考试.doc

名词解释1、英国浪漫主义（England Romanticism）A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art in western culture during most of the 19th century, beginning as revolt against classicism. Romanticism gave primary concern to passion emotion, and natural beauty. The English Romantic Period is an age of poetry.2. 英雄双行体（Heroic Couplet） Heroic couplet is a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often containing a complete though. There is a fairly heavy at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel or an antithesis within a line, or between the two lines. It is called heroic because in England, especially in the eighteenth century, it was much used for heroic (epic) poems.3. 超验主义（Transcendentalism）In New England, an intellectual movement known transcendentalism developed as an American version of Romanticism. The movement began among an influential set authors based in Concord, Massachusetts, and was led Ralph Waldo Emerson. Like Romanticism, transcendentalism rejected both 18th-century rationalism and established religion, which for the transcendentalists meant the Puritan tradition in particular. Instead, the transcendentalists celebrated the power of the human imagination to commune with the universe and transcend the limitations of the material world. The transcendentalists found their chief source of aspiration in nature.4. 迷茫的一代（Lost Generation）The Lost Generation refers to the disillusioned intellectuals and artists of the years following the First World War, who rebelled against former ideals and values but could replace them only by despair or cynical hedonism.5. 启蒙运动（Enlightenment Movement） The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive movement, which flourished in France and swept the whole Western Europe at the time. It was a furtherance of the Renaissance from the 14th to the 17th century. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The eighteenth century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe known as the Enlightenment Movement.7.无韵体 blank verse This term , which was first brought into England by Surrey , is used to name the unrhymed iambic pentameter line in poetry.8.三一律 The Three UnitiesThe Three Unities , formulated by Renaissance dramatists, are the unities of time, place and action. A play should have no scenes irrelevant to the action, should not cover more than twenty-four hours, and should not cover more than one locale. 6.自由体 free verse It is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without attention to conventional rules of meter.9.现代主义 Modernism Modernism was a complex and diverse international, movement in all creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided the greatest renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facts, such as symbolism surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism, etc.10.英国文艺复兴 Renaissance The term refers to a great bourgeois cultural movement in Europe which began in the 14th century and continued to the mid-17th century. It first started from Italy and then spread all over Europe. The Renaissance , therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalistic ideas in Medieval Europe.英国文学1. Beowulf : a national epic2. The Renaissance(原因)：(1) rediscoveries of ancient Greek and Roman culture.(2) discoveries in geography and astrology.(3)Religious reformation and economic expansion.3. William Shakespeare四大悲剧：Hamlet Othello Macbeth King Lear喜剧：The Merchant of Venice: It is a comedy dramatic ironic to Christian.17世纪：4. John Milton(约翰 弥尔顿)Paradise Lost blank verse(无韵体诗)5. John Bunyan(约翰 班扬)The Pilgrims Progress（天路历程）：让人遵守宗教条例并且通过不断与自己薄弱意识和恶势力作斗争来自我拯救。“Vanity Fair”是其中最富盛名的。18世纪：6. Daniel Defoe(丹尼尔 笛福)Robinson Crusoe:描述的是“真实的生活”，反映社会现实。7. Jonathan Swift(乔纳森 斯威夫特)Gullivers Travels反对，讽刺英国的社会。8. William Blake(威廉 布莱克)：浪漫主义起始London from Songs of Experience：消极、低调Songs of Innocence：乐观、热情浪漫主义时期9. William Wordsworth: He ushered in the English Romantic Movement with the population of “Lyrical Ballads”抒情歌谣集成就： advocate to used everyday language use of humble and rustic life advocate expression of spontaneous over flow of powerful feelings She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud10. George Gordon, Lord Byron(乔治 戈登 拜伦)Don Juan(唐璜) Childe Harolds Pilgrimage（恰尔德 哈罗尔德游记）11. Percy Bysshe Shelley(铂西 比希 雪莱)Ode to the West Wind The Cloud12. John KeatsOde to a Nightingale(夜莺颂)13. Jane Austen(简 奥斯汀)Pride and Prejudice(傲慢与偏见)主题：The title of this novel reveals the novelists concern: if making good relationship is our main task in life, we must first have good judgment. According to Jane Austen, our first impressions are usually wrong, as is shown her by that of Elizabeth.维多利亚时期14. Charles Dickens(查尔斯 狄更斯)Tale of Two Cities(双城记) &Oliver Twist(雾都孤儿) 史诗的散文15. William Makepeace Thackeray(威廉 梅克匹斯 萨克雷)Vanity Fair16. Charlotte Bronte & Emily Bronte(夏洛蒂 勃朗特 & 艾蜜莉 勃朗特) Charlotte BronteJane Eyre：第一次写家庭女教师 Emily BronteWuthering Heights17. Robert Browning(罗伯特 布朗宁)丈夫dramatic monologues戏剧独白 Elizabeth Barrett Browning妻子 From Sonnets from the Portuguese:写给她丈夫20世纪18. Thomas Hardy(托马斯 哈代)Nostalgia 怀乡情调，他以自己家乡Wessex为背景Tess of the DUrbervilles19. Oscar Wilde(奥斯卡 伍尔德)：被认为同性恋而入狱The Picture of Dorian Gray:唯一的一部小说20. George Bernard Shaw(萧伯纳)Greatest dramatist since Shakespeare,主要关注社会问题，discussion plays21. D.H. Lawrence(劳伦斯)第一部白孔雀 The White PeapockSons and Lovers:第一部自由体，利用心理分析美国文学1.Edgar Allan Poe埃德加爱伦坡to HelenThe Raven乌鸦2.Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生 超验主义（transcendentalist）3.Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔霍桑红字The Scarlet Letter 4.Walt Whitman沃尔特惠特曼Song of Myself5.Emily Dickinson艾米丽迪金森I heard a Fly buzz-when I died-19c女诗人Her themes include love, nature, friendshipA Bird came down the Walk- 6.Mark Twain马克吐温The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆索亚历险记The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利芬历险记7.Jack London 杰克伦敦Martin Eden自传体小说The Sea Wolf8.Theodore Dreiser西奥多德莱赛Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹9.Ezra Pound埃兹拉庞德The father of Imagist Poetry意象派诗歌之父10.Robert Frost罗伯特弗罗斯特The Road Not TakenStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening11.Thomas Stearns Eliot T.S.艾略特The Waste Land荒原12.F.Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯哥特菲茨杰拉尔德The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比13.John Steinbeck约翰斯提贝克The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄14.William Faulkner威廉福克纳 stream of consciousness意识流A Rose for Emily献给艾米丽小姐的玫瑰一I heard a Fly buzz when I died作者：Emily Dickinson主题：the theme of the poem is the exploration of death. The poet thought that death was inevitable, painless and natural and asserted that death meant eternity because people wound get another living after they have passed it.二The road not Taken作者：Robert Frost主题：The poet is expresses a complicated feeling about mingling with the beauty.(1)It is a meditative poem, in the poem the speaker tell us how the course of his life was determined when he came upon two roads that diverged in a wood. Forced to choose, he “took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference”(2)Here the poem means that his choice of the course of life is different from that of others.(3)In this simple but profound poem Frost tries to show the importance of choosing a correct way of life.三Stopping by woods on a Snowy Evening作者：Robert Frost主题：The poet expresses a complicated feeling about mingling with the beauty and quiet natural and the responsibility which the opeaker bears in the real world.四：Song of Myself作者：Walt Whitman主题：In song of myself, Whitmans own early experience may well be identified with the childhood of a young growing America, and he sets forth the principal beliefs of both the theory of universality and singularity and equality of an being in value.五Sonnet 18作者：William Shakespeare主题：not only appreciate the beloved woman; but also eulogize the power of artistic creation几行：十四行诗fourteen lines押韵形式：abab cdcd efef gg几个音部：five foots赏析：Sonnet 18 The poem is a sonnet which use the form of”abab cdcd efef gg” as rhyme.One and three lines end with /ei/; two and four lines end with /eit/; five and seven lines and with /aiz/; six and eight lines end with /imd/; nine and eleven lines end with/eid/; ten and twelve lines end with /ust/; thirteen and fourteen lines end with /i/. Each line have five foot. For example: the first line: Shall I compare thee to a summers day”.” Shall I”、”compare”、”thee to”、”a sum”、”mers day” are the five foot. In each foot the former syllable need lighten and the latter need stress.The poem contains two themes: first to appreciate has friend beauty; second to eulogize the power of artistic creation.西风颂（Ode to the West Wind）In the poem, the autumn wind, becomes an image of Shelley himself as he wants to be,in its freedom, its destructive constructive potential, its universality.The whole poem has a logic of feeling, that leads to the triumphant, hopeful and convincing conclusion.” If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” Which brought us a hopeful, optimistic attitude to the coming future.傲慢与偏见(pride and prejudice) The title of the novel Pride and Prejudice reveals the novelists concern: if making good relationship is our main task in life, we must first have good judgment. Our first impressions, according to Jane Austen, are usually wrong, as is shown here by that of Elizabeth. In the process of judging others, Elizabeth finds out absurd about herself: her blindness, partiality, prejudice and absurdity. At the same time, Darcy too learns about other people and himself. In the end, false, prejudice is humbled and prejudice dissolved.儿子与情人(sons and lovers)Its D.H.Lawrences Semi-autographical novelthe most popular one of his works. t tells the story of a coal miners family with the third son Paul as the central character. he thread of story evolved around Pauls love for the two girls Miriam and Clara as well as his love for his mother. Lawrence focused on the psychological development of its character. Mainly described sex and lust.论述题1.Roughly speaking, Shakespeares literary career can be divided into three periods. What are the three periods? And what are his major works in each period?莎士比亚创作分为哪几个时期，各时期代表作Shakespeares literary works can be divided into three periods: the first one from 1590 to 1600, the second from 1601 to 1608, and the third from 1609 to 1612.In the first period, optimism prevails in most of the works, which include histories, comedies, and poems. In them, he portrayed young people just freed from feudal fetters. He sang of their youth, love and ideals of happiness. His histories include Richard III, Henry IV, Henry V, ect. Comedies include The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado about Nothing, Twelfth Night, ect. And all his poems,154 sonnets and two long poems, The Rape of Lurece and Venus and Adonis, are written in this period, too.In the second period, Shakespeares optimism wanes and a strong touch of pessimism marks most of the works, which reveal the society to be an evil one. The famous four tragedies of his age are all complete in this period, which include Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, and King Lear.The works in the third period are mainly tragicomedies and romances: Cymbeline, The Winters tale, The Tempest, ect.2.What is the Shakespeares literary achievement莎士比亚的文学成就主要表现在哪几个方面(1)Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. He maintains that the purpose of dramatic performance is “to hold, as it were, the mirror up to nature”. In his work, he paints the decline of the old feudal nobility and the vice of the new Tudor monarch. Besides, his plays have good plots and life-like characters too. His drama is an expression, a monument of the English Renaissance since he wrote about his own people for his own time. (2)Shakespeare is a prolific writer. Within 22 years, he produced 37 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems. He is a master-hand for every form of drama-comedy, tragedy, and historical plays.(3)Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. And he is a great master of the English language. He used a vocabulary larger than any other English writers. Many of his new coinage and turns of expressions have become everyday usage in English life. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two great treasures of the English language.(4)Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers the world over.3.What are the main characteristics of Bernard Shaws plays萧伯纳的戏剧特点(1)Structurally and thematically, Shaw followed the great traditions of realism. He took the modern social issues as his subjects with the aim of directing social reforms.(2)One feature of Shaws characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another. Another feature is that Shaws characters are the representatives of ideas， points of view， that shift and alter during the play， for Mr. Shaw is primarily interested in doctrines.(3)Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation. The inversion, a device found in Shaw from beginning to end, is an integral part of an interpretation of life.(4)Shaws plays have plots， but they do not work by plots. The plot is usually the disregarded backbone to one long, unbroken conversation. It is the vitality of the talk that takes primacy over mere story. Action is reduced to a minimum, while the dialogue and the interplay of the characters maintain the interest of the audience. The forward motion consists not in the unrolling of plot but in the operation of the spirit of discourse.4.What are the stylistic features of Hemingways nov