国际贸易中的绿色壁垒-论文英文译文.doc

精品文档Green Barriers in International Trade With the deepening of economic globalization, international trade, plus some unprecedented open trade treaties and agreements and trade organizations, trade effects of tariff barriers of protection weakened gradually. But in recent years, the financial crisis has thwarted some national economic development, international trade protectionism growth. In traditional tariff barriers up less than good effect, more and more countries tend to use non-tariff barriers to protect domestic production and economic development, the green barriers is a kind of new tariff barriers, covert, flexible trade measures.The general agreement on tariffs and trade (gatt) security has the life and health of people, animals and plants that must be measures and effective protection of natural resources with dried may the relevant measures as the principle of general free trade exception provision. This means that relevant countries can use them for trade protective measures, so taken with integrating environmental protection trade protection in the integration of green barrier arises at the historic moment, and gradually become the world, especially the developed capitalist countries protect domestic production and economic development of the favorable weapons. The meaning of the green barriers in theory has a variety of definition, but after all the green barriers specific means a country to protect the limited resources, ecological environment and human health, and enact harsh under the standards for environmental protection to limit imports of goods abroad. Here the environmental protection standards can be relevant regulations, also can be high technical limit, or is cumbersome customs inspection, examination and approval procedures, etc.The green barriers in a variety of forms, and great changes, the relevant countries according to its economic structure, the industrial characteristics or international economy faces to make the unexpected events with pertinence of the green barriers to protect domestic trade. Green barriers mainly have the following kinds:Green tariffs and market access. This is the developed capitalist countries for environmental protection for some environmental pollution and influence ecological of imported goods, the surtax levied stiff import ban the products or limited, the import, even for its practice of trade sanctions. To oil sales in America, for example, collecting environmental import surtax oil imports more than domestic similar product of a few cents a barrel surtax pay. This approach to protect domestic environment can play a certain role, it makes producers in the cost control possible under less driven with imported products.The green packaging and labeling regulations. Some countries in domestic market sales to the commodity packaging rules, including packaging material, packing, packaging and another in the text of the green label regulations. Imported goods imported must conform to the provisions of these regulations, but can will no doubt increase imports cost, weaken its competitiveness. The United States from 1999 banned China will untreated wooden packaging export to the United States, they think the embalm evaporate treatment without touching wood packaging will harm brought to the United States forest. In many countries in the text of the packaging requirements, such as France also require imports goods package instructions must be French. The so-called green label regulation is import green pass, it is a kind of printing in goods or their packaging graphics or sign, is by the importing relevant departments according to the strict environmental approval standards and awarded to the manufacturers, if import commodities without this symbol do not grant to imports, such as Germanys blue angel, Indias ecological marking system, etc.Green technology standards. The developed capitalist countries invested in r &d and production technology level is higher, larger, so often will use of their own advantages of technical standards formulated extremely strict production process of import goods, without reaching the standard will be restricted or banned imports of import, and the technical standards for developing countries is more difficult to attain, or will increase its production costs, this will give developing countries export commodities bring certain difficulties. In early 1990 the United States will use green technology standards and Mexico have trade disputes: back in October, the United States government in their tuna excuse Mexico has not implemented in the process of working standard, protect dolphins ban on imports of Mexican tuna and its products. In fact, the United States this way is unfounded and some bossy, if American this practice can words, so any country founded they can just find a reason, and made a laws restrict other countries merchandise imports, international trade order is out of control. So green technology standard is actually the developed capitalist countries a protectionist bluff.Green health inspection system. In recent years, along with some global spread of the disease and trade war intensifies, many countries pay more and more attention to health inspection of imported goods, some countries excuses hygiene inspection to limit commodity imports. These countries require the commodity inspection, testing standard also growing more and more severe, not only increased import inspection of commodity costs, and restricted some countries of commodities into. Such as early for agricultural and sideline products mainly is the residue of 666, DDT inspection, it now calls for inspection radioactive pollution, biphenyl and dioxin etc, and shall not exceed 100 PPM residue several. The developed capitalist countries are to peanut products aflatoxin inspection and to cosmetics, lead, arsenic elements such as inspection, toys, ceramic products to lead, mercury content for meat inspection, on hormones technology inspection, etc. This years and found that chicken in international, plus the residual dioxin H1N1 virus, avian influenza, mad cow disease, and the global spread of all countries to strengthen the imported meat, even banned imports of pathogenic test of the kingdom of meat.Environmental costs and green subsidy system. The developed capitalist country excuse protection resources and the environment, thought that has the necessity counts the environment and the resources expense in the cost, namely environmental costs internalization. This speaking of the developing country enterprise is unfair, because some small and medium-sized enterprise oneself bears the environment government expense incapable, therefore forms the high environmental standard product manufacturing enterprises fair competition. And once the governments of developing countries to give these produce green product of small and medium-sized enterprises environment subsidies or preferential loans of words, developed countries in to its name is collecting countervailing duties. And meanwhile, the developed capitalist countries by multinationals will again some high pollution products transferred to developing countries for production, make developing countries the environmental costs of goods and weaken developing countries improve the competitiveness of the products in the international market.From above, it seemed, the green barriers are generally dozen to protect the environment and human health pretence, implement restrictive import trade barriers, and with a strong concealment and discriminatory. It also will hold of consumer psychology, human guide consumers of technology standard relatively low or production consumption process was not a green import product produce contravene psychology, barriers. Although the green barriers and trade liberalization, but its conflict to protect the environment, to promote sustainable development also have certain positive meaning. So, as a developing country, China should be green barriers measures to reality, on one hand, for an excuse to environmental infringement the legitimate rights and interests of the green barriers in China will firmly opposed and attempt to eliminate, on the other hand to implement green strategy, the development of green products. Specific measures are as follows:Formulate the perfect environmental protection laws and regulations, adhering to the common but differs responsibility. Formulate laws and regulations regarding environmental protection and is effective means of reducing emissions, but also the strong weapon to respond to green barriers. Our country regarding environmental protection of domestic law although anti-pollution have certain effect, but not enough to respond to green barriers, the content of environmental protection laws and regulations shall not just simply to prevent and control pollution and protect the environment of enterprise production, still should monitor the whole process even consumption, promote the enterprise resource conservation, the adoption of advanced technology and process, to implement cleaner production, green consumption, and the international community, to promote the development of our countrys trade. In addition to resolutely implement pollution compensation payment and common but differs responsibility principle, the polluter check, make environmental internalization. In addition, our country will actively participate in international environmental conventions, strictly abide by the convention, and make domestic legislation and related conventions mutual echo.Flexible use of WTO dispute mechanism, to actively respond to green barriers. As a WTO member, China in the face of green barrier damage trade benefits in the incident, according to the rules of WTO negotiations with related parties to relevant organizations, or proceedings. This requires our country can use of WTO transparency principle on collected countries of the green barriers information and the relevant countries against the green barriers, summarizes the case in other countries, on the one hand, in order to deal with the experience of green barrier for providing timely, effective information, on the other hand help China to make effective green measures and to sanctions, good flexible use of WTO dispute mechanism solve the green barriers dispute, in consultation, mediation invalid cases, China also may according to relevant provisions of the WTO trade retaliation by implementing, safeguard their legitimate rights and interests. Meanwhile China but also cultivate the familiar WTO mechanism for our country enterprise service professionals, change our country enterprise in international trade war in the past, not responding in the negative passive concept, to actively respond to green barriers.Establish environmental marking system, build the green environmental standards. Environment mark has become commodities go out pass, China also should earnestly inspects the feasibility of establishing environmental marking system, introduced the situation of China as soon as possible for environmental marking system and specific implementation rules, make domestic comply with environmental standard product authentication, and can be related to import goods the implementation of the system can further assure the quality of imported goods, and for our associated with an increased income. At the same time, our country also with relevant laws to ensure the implementation of this system, to establish their authority, reliability, construct green guarantee system, protect domestic green industry.Develop green products, enhance the international competitiveness of enterprises in China. The so-called green product means from manufacturing to use and even the whole process recycling, accord with environmental protection requirement of ecological environmental hazards little or no harm, and recyclable products. The Chinese enterprises must implement green strategy, the development of green products of green products, professional research, make truly benefit of ecological environment, pay attention to the conservation of resources, taking into account the recycling, and according to its actual conditions and consumers bear ability to determine the green products green degree, not blindly pursuing green and make commodity costs lose market.In short, as environmental problem is becoming more and more serious, free trade and environmental protection is becoming more and more serious, the contradiction and concentrated expression in international trade of the green barriers, as a developing country, China must be developed capitalist countries by the trade restrictions. Faced with adverse situation, our country should actively use of WTO mechanism of special treatment, and strive to improve their economic level and technical level, setting up reasonable own green protective screen, to protect and promote Chinas trade development.国际贸易中的绿色壁垒随着经济全球化的不断加深，各国贸易空前开放，加上一些贸易条约、协定和贸易组织的影响，贸易中关税壁垒的保护作用逐渐减弱。但近几年，金融危机使得一些国家经济发展受阻，国际贸易保护主义抬头。在传统的关税壁垒起不到较好作用的情况下， 越来越多的国家倾向于采用非关税壁垒来保护本国的生产与经济发展，绿色壁垒是非关税壁垒中一种新兴的、隐蔽的、灵活多变的贸易措施。关税与贸易总协定曾将“保障人民、动植物的生命健康所必须的措施” 和“有效保护可能用竭的天然资源的有关措施”列为自由贸易原则的一般例外规定。这就意味着有关国家可以以此为由采取贸易保护措施， 于是集环境保护与贸易保护于一体的绿色壁垒应运而生， 并逐渐成为世界各国尤其是发达资本主义国家保护本国生产与经济发展的有利武器。绿色壁垒的涵义在理论界有多种界定， 但归根结底绿色壁垒具体是指一国以保护有限资源、生态环境和人类健康为名，通过制定苛刻的环境保护标准来限制国外商品的进口。这里的环境保护标准可以是相关的条例法规， 也可以是较高的技术限制，或者是繁琐的海关检验、审批程序等。绿色壁垒的形式多种多样，且极富变化性，有关国家可根据本国经济结构、产业特征或是国际经济面临的突发性事件来制定具有针对性的绿色壁垒以保护本国贸易。绿色壁垒主要有以下几种：绿色关税与市场准入。这是发达资本主义国家为保护环境对一些污染环境、影响生态的进口商品征收高额的进口附加税，或者限制、禁止其产品的进口，甚至对其进行贸易制裁的做法。比如美国就对石油销售征收环境进口附加税， 使进口石油比国内同类产品每桶多缴纳几美分的附加税。这种做法对保护国内环境能够起到一定的作用， 它使生产商在控制成本的驱使下尽可能地少用进口产品。绿色包装和标签规定。一些国家对在本国市场销售的商品的包装进行规定，包括包装材质、包装方式、包装上的文字说明，另外还有绿色标签条例。进口商品必须符合这些规定才能进口，但这些规定无疑会增加进口商品成本，削弱其竞争力。美国从1999年开始禁止中国将未经处理的木质包装输往美国， 他们认为未经薰蒸处理的木质包装会将天牛带到美国危害森林。许多国家对包装上的文字说明也有要求， 如法国要求进口商品包装的说明文字必须是法文。所谓的绿色标签规定是进口商品的“绿色通行证”，它是一种印刷在商品或其包装上的图形或标志，是由进口国的相关管理部门按严格环境标准审批并颁发给制造商的，如果进口商品上无此标志则不予进口，如德国的“蓝色天使”、印度的“生态标志制度”等。绿色技术标准。发达资本主义国家在研发生产方面投入较大， 科技水平较高，所以往往会利用自己的优势制定极其苛刻的技术标准，进口商品的生产过程没有达到该标准就会被限制进口或是禁止进口，而这些技术标准对于发展中国家而言较难达到，或者会增加其生产成本， 这就给发展中国家出口商品带来一定的困难。早在1990年美国就利用绿色技术标准与墨西哥产生过贸易纠纷：当年10月，美国政府借口墨西哥在捕捞金枪鱼的过程中没有实行保护海豚的作业规范， 下令禁止进口墨西哥的金枪鱼及其制品。事实上，美国这种做法是毫无根据的且有些霸道，如果美国的这种做法能成立的话，那么任何国家就都能随便找一个理由、立一个法限制其他国家商品进口，国际贸易秩序也就乱了套。所以绿色技术标准实际上是发达资本主义国家实施贸易保护主义的一个幌子。绿色卫生检验制度。近几年来，随着一些全球性疾病的蔓延和贸易战的加剧，许多国家越来越重视进口商品的卫生检验， 一些国家借口卫生检验来限制商品的进口。这些国家要求进行检验的商品越来越多，检验标准也越来越严，不仅增加了进口商品的检验成本，而且限制了一些国家的商品进入。比如早期对于农副产品主要是检验六六六、滴滴涕的残留，现在则要求检验放射性污染、多氯联苯和二恶英等，且残留物不得超过百万分之几。发达资本主义国家还对花生及其制品进行黄曲霉素检验， 对化妆品进行铅、砷等元素检验，对玩具、陶瓷制品进行铅、汞含量检验，对肉类进行荷尔蒙技术检验，等等。这几年国际上又发现鸡肉中残留二恶英，再加上疯牛病、禽流感、H1N1病毒的全球性蔓延，因而各国都加强了对进口肉类的检验，甚至禁止进口病源国的肉类。环境成本和绿色补贴制度。发达资本主义国家借口保护资源和环境， 认为有必要将环境和资源费用计在成本之内，即环境成本内在化。这对于发展中国家企业而言是不公