Unit-One-A-Brief-History-of-English.ppt

UnitOneABriefHistoryofEnglish PaulRoberts 英语简史 Textoutline 1 para 1 4 introductionandstructure 2 para 5 8 OldEnglish 3 para 9 14 MiddleEnglish 4 para 15 19 ModernEnglish 5 conclusion para 20 Part1 Introduction AbriefhistoryofUKandEnglishlanguage anotionof NounderstandingoftheEnglishlanguage 动名词结构做主语 canbeverysatisfactorywithoutanotionofthehistoryofthelanguage 介词短语作状语 ifwedonotknowthehistoryofthelanguagenotion anideaorbeliefaboutsth Wordsandexpressions Butweshallhavetomakedowithjustanotion 勉强对付 凑合使用Shall will 用在第一人称 tohitthehighspots thehighlights先挑重要的 明显的或好的事做i e Iwon tdiscusstheentirereport I lljusthitthehighspots 我不从头到尾谈这个报告了 挑重要的来说说 Wordsandexpressions JuteswerealongtimesecuringthemselvesinEnglandSecure tomakesafe很长一段时间他们为自卫而战 Wordsandexpression orbereducedtoslaveryReduceto 被动语态 tobringorforcesomeoneto esp aweakerorlessfavorablestate 使某人陷于较弱或不利的状况i e shewasreducedtobeggingforaliving她被迫沦落至乞讨为生 沦为奴隶 Wordsandexpressions werefirmlyestablishedTocausetobefirmlysettledoracceptedinaparticularstateorposition使立足 确立 使被接受Sheestablishedherselfasthemostpowerfulministerinthenewgovernment 她在新政府中使自己成为最有势力的部长Nowthathehasestablishedhimselfintheteam heisplayingwithmuchmoreconfidence 现在他已确立了在这支球队里的地位 所以打球更加有信心 Thethreeperiods OldEnglish 7thcentury 1100 AngloSaxonperiod MiddleEnglish 1100to1450 NormanConquest ModernEnglish1500 thepresentday Renaissance Part2 OldEnglish OldEnglish 7thcentury 1100 AngloSaxonperiodorMedievalperiod comeintohistory WhenEnglandcameintohistory WhenEnglandbeganitshistory Northumbria AmedievalkingdomofAngles653 954NorthernEnglandandSoutheasternScotland exercisecontrolover 对 实施控制 控制TheStateshallexercisemacro regulationsandcontroloverthetotalpayroll 国家对工资总量实行宏观调控 Northumbria Wessex WestSaxons AngloSaxonkingdom6thcentury 10thcenturySouth westEngland AlfredtheGreat 849 899 阿尔弗雷德大帝871to899KingofAnglo SaxonsDefendedhiskingdomagainstVikingattacksEncouragededucation TheVikingAge NorthernEuropeandScandinaviaThelate8thcenturyto11thcenturyTradeandwarfare achampionof ofsth apersonwhofightsfor orspeaksinsupportof agroupofpeopleorabelief斗争者 捍卫者 声援者 拥护者Shewasachampionofthepoorallherlife 她终身都是穷苦人的卫士 learning knowledge OldEnglish 7thcentury 1100 AngloSaxonperiodorMedievalperiod WordlevelInfluenceofLatin RomanEmpire throughtranslationandinterchangeandwordborrowingsfromNorse VikingAge norse 挪威语 ComparisonbetweenOldEnglishandModernEnglish 1 OldEnglishwasmorehighlyinflected 2 MostoftheOldEnglishwordsarenativeEnglish only14percentModernEnglishwordsarenativeEnglish OldEnglish Inflection inflexion Grammaraninflectionisachangeintheformofawordthatshowsitsgrammaticalfunction forexampleachangethatmakesanounpluralormakesaverbintothepasttense词形的曲折变化 inflection tense 时态 work workedgrammaticalmood 语气 modality情态动词grammaticalvoice 语态 主动态与被动态aspect 语法中动词的体 isthewaythataverbgroupshowswhetheranactivityiscontinuing isrepeated oriscompleted Forexample in Theywerelaughing theverbisintheprogressiveaspectandshowsthattheactionwascontinuingperson 人称 work worksnumber apple apples Caseending变格词尾 词格尾缀 Nominativecase主格Genitivecase所有格Dativecase与格 名词作为动词的间接宾语或某些介词的宾语的形式 Accusativecase宾格 具格 Thenominativecase主格 marksthesubjectofaverb Whentheverbisactive thenominativeisthepersonorthingdoingtheaction agent whentheverbispassive thenominativeisthepersonorthingreceivingtheaction Theboyatepizza Thepizzahasbeeneaten Genitivecase possessivecase secondcase所有格 thegrammaticalcasethatmarksanounasmodifyinganothernoun ItoftenmarksanounasbeingthepossessorofanothernounJanet sheight Dativecase与格 agrammaticalcasegenerallyusedtoindicatethenountowhichsomethingisgiven asin GeorgegaveJamieadrink Accusativecase宾格 thegrammaticalcaseusedtomarkthedirectobjectofatransitiveverb i e Wehavetodohomeworkeveryday Instrumentalcase agrammaticalcaseusedtoindicatethatanounistheinstrumentormeansbyorwithwhichthesubjectachievesoraccomplishesanaction Caseendingsfornouns Commoncase普通格Possessivecase所有格 Part3 MiddleEnglish 1100to1450 NormanConquest NormanConquestBorrowingsfromFrench politesociety 上流社会Frenchbecamethelanguageofthecourt thelanguageofthenobility thelanguageofthepolitesociety visitorsofhighstation vistorsofhighposition Wordsandexpressions Lehautmonde highsociety上流社会 Wordsandexpressions Topepperone sconversationwithFrenchexpressions well bred elegant aucourantTocausetoappearrepeatedlyin使连续出现Thereportedwaspepperedwithmistakes这篇报告接连出现许多错误 Well bred well cultivated有教养的 受过良好教育的 Wordsandexpressions aucourant adj beinguptoparticularstandardorlevelespeciallyinbeinguptodateinknowledge abreastof熟悉现状的 跟上时代潮流的 通晓最新发展的Thebookstaysaucourantbyconstantrevision 这部书由于经常修订 所以一直跟得上时代 TheAmericanswanttobeaucourant toknowwhatfictionhascriticalprestigeinEurope 美国人想了解现状 想知道欧洲时下声望最高的小说是什么 wordsandexpressions havesth atone scommand command掌握 支配 Clip Part4 ModernEnglish1500 thepresentday Renaissance EarlyModern 1500 1700 WilliamShakespeare KingJamesVersionoftheBibleLateModern 1700 present EnglishDictionarybySamuelJohnson OxfordEnglishDictionary WilliamShakespeare 1564 1616 WidelyregardedasthegreatestwriteroftheEnglishlanguage 1 andtheworld spre eminentdramatist KingJamesVersionoftheBible heAuthorizedVersion commonlyknownastheKingJamesVersion KingJamesBible anEnglishtranslationoftheChristianBiblebytheChurchofEnglandbegunin1604andcompletedin1611 thethirdofficialtranslationintoEnglishJamesVIofScotlandandIofEngland Dropoutofuse Stoppedbeingused Thedevelopmentofdictionary Tofixandestablishthelanguage SamuelJohnson 1709 1784 ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage 1755 sometimespublishedasJohnson sDictionary isamongthemostinfluentialdictionariesinthehistoryoftheEnglishlanguage OxfordEnglishDictionary publishedbytheOxfordUniversityPress istheself styledpremierdictionaryoftheEnglishlanguage1855 1928 Translation Wehavealso ofcourse numerouscommercialdictionarieswhichareasgoodasthepublicwantsthemtobeifnot indeed ratherbetter 此外 还编撰了许多商务词典 即使不能算尽善尽美 至少也满足了人们的实际需求 Wordsandexpressions AsEnglishcametoreplaceLatinasthelanguageofscholarship parseandanalyzeit asonecould parseandanalyze Latin parse 对 句子 作语法分析Ingrammar ifyouparseasentence youexamineeachwordandclauseinordertoworkoutwhatgrammaticaltypeeachoneis Wordsandexpressions Superimpose Iffeaturesorcharacteristicsfromonesituationaresuperimposedontooronanother theyaretransferredontoorusedinthesecondsituation thoughtheymaynotfit 使同样适用于 将 强加于Patternsofpublicadministrationandgovernmentaresuperimposedontraditionalsocieties 公共管理和执政模式移用于传统社会 Wordsandexpressions Obscure Ifonethingobscuresanother itpreventsitfrombeingseenorheardproperly 遮掩 遮蔽 使模糊不清Treesobscuredhisvision hecouldn tseemuchoftheSquare ssouthernhalf 树木遮挡了他的视线 南半广场的一大部分他都无法看清 Onewalloftheparliamentbuildingisnowalmostcompletelyobscuredbyahugebanner 议会大楼的一面墙现在几乎被一条巨型横幅完全盖住了 英汉互译 TranslationbetweenEnglishandChinese在英汉互译时 都需要摆脱原文结构的束缚 译出符合对方表达习惯的语言 Therebe结构 一年有四季 Therearefourseasonsinayear 1 无主句的翻译 英语是主语显著的语言 它所突出的是主语 为使句子在形式上保持结构完整 绝大部分句子不能没有主语 汉语是主题显著 topicprominent 的语言 其所突出的是主题而不是主语 汉语无主句或主语省略句译成英语时应根据上下文增加主语或变换句式 translation 朝闻道 夕死可矣 Apersonwhohasattainedenlightenmenthasnoregretinlife 无主句翻译处理方法 增加主语译成被动句译成祈使句用无生物词语作主语译成非谓语结构 增加主语 黑漆漆 不知是日是夜 Pitchdark Idon tknowwhetheritisdayornight 采取积极措施 促进全社会固定资产投资较快增长 Wewilladoptvigorousmeasurestopromoterapidexpansionoftotalfixedassetinvestment 译成被动句 大多数中学里都教英语Englishistaughtinmostmiddleschools 译成祈使句 好好学习 天天向上 Studyhardandmakeprogresseveryday 按照 三个代表 要求加强和改进党的建设 StrengthenandimprovethePartybuildinginaccordancewiththerequirementsofthe ThreeRepresent s 用无生物词语作主语 真没想到他是个不诚实的人Ithasneveroccurredtomethatheisadishonestman 在罗马发生过许多重大的历史事件 Romewitnessedgreathistoricevents 译成非谓语结构 坚持扩大内需的战略方针 努力保持国民经济的较快发展Continuingtoboostdomesticdemandandmaintainingrapiddevelopmentofthenationaleconomy 2 形合hypotaxis与意合parataxia 显性连接标记与隐性连接 Translation 不克服自满情绪 就无法学到东西 Wecanneverlearnanythinguntilweridourselvesofcomplacency translation 他不来 我不走 Iwillstayuntilhecomes Ifwintercomes canspringbefarbehind 冬天已经来临 春天还会远吗 Hehadtostayathomeyesterdaybecausehewasill 他病了 昨天不得不呆在家里 Einstein stheoryofrelativityissoabstrusethatfewpeoplecanappreciateit 爱因斯坦的相对论非常深奥 没多少人懂 3 汉语逆线性扩展 inverselinear 手提电脑丢了 买的手提电脑丢了 上周六买的电脑丢了小王上周六买的电脑丢了 句首开放open beginning 句尾收缩closedending contractingending 3 英语顺线性扩展 linear Thisistheboy ThisistheboythatkilledtheCarfield ThisistheboythatkilledtheCarfieldthatlayinthehouse ThisistheboythatkilledtheCarfieldthatlayinthehousethatTombuilt 句首封闭closedbeginning 句尾开放openbeginning Conclusion 汉语句子在结构上受句尾收缩的制约 不能有后置修饰语 附加语 因而以适当短为宜 太长形成拖沓混乱 英语结构上句尾开放 可以有很长的后置修饰语 附加语 因而可以很长 英语多复合长句 汉语多简单短句 translation Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortune mustbeinwantofawife 凡是财产丰厚的单身男子势必想娶个太太 这是一条举世公认的真理 Translation Threepassions simplebutoverwhelminglystrong havegovernedmylife thelongingforlove thesearchforknowledge andunbearablepityforthesufferingofmankind 对爱的渴望 对知识的探求 对人类苦难的深切同情 这是支配我生活的三种简单而无比强烈的情感 TranslationfromChineseintoEnglish 1 种瓜得瓜 种豆得豆 Asyousow sowillyoureap 2 施恩勿记 受恩勿忘 Weshouldneverrememberthebenefitswehaveofferednorforgetthefavoursreceived translation 4 中国将努力促进国内粮食增产 在正常情况下 粮食自给率不低于95 Chinaendeavorstoincreaseitsgrainproductionsothatitsself sufficiencyrateofgrainundernormalconditionwillbeabove95percent TranslationfromChineseintoEnglish 鲁迅是在文艺战线上 代表全民族的大多数 向着敌人冲锋陷阵的 最正确 最勇敢 最忠实 最热忱的空前的民族英雄 Representingthegreatmajorityofthenationontheculturalfront LuXunbreachedandstormedtheenemycitadel hewasthebravestandmostcorrect thefirmest themostloyalandthemostardentnationalhero aherowithoutparallelinourhistory TranslationfromEnglishin