by the time用法.doc

For personal use only in study and research; not for commercial use莁By the time 用法详解 蚇by the time意为“到时候（为止）”，是一个介词短语，在句中经常起连词作用，引导时间状语从句。它的主要用法如下： 蝿1. 如果从句中的谓语动词是一般过去时，那么主句中的谓语动词通常用过去完成 时，表示“截止到从句动作发生时，主句动作已经完成，即过去的过去”。例如： By the time he returned home，the rain had stopped. 螆 By the time I got to the station，the train had already gone。 袃2. 如果从句中的谓语动词为一般现在时/或现在完成时（表示将来），那么主句中的谓语动词常为将来完成时，表示“截止到将来某一时间为止，主句动作将已经完成”。 By the time you get back，I shall have finished the work. 葿 By the time I graduate next year, I will have lived here for 5 years. 芇 By the time of next term , we will have learned 3000 words. 薄3. 如果主句动作不强调已经完成，只是说明某个时候的状况，（主句是be的系表形式或者是表示像know, find, believe等表示认知的持续性动词，则往往用一般时态，不用完成时态。）此时主句不用完成时，而应根据实际需要选用适当的时态，此时by the time相当于when。 例如： 羃 He was out of breath by the time he reached the top. By the time the bus came，so many people were waiting that it was a free fight to get on it. 公共汽车来的时候，等车的人很多，成了一场挤车的混战。 袀By the time he went abroad, he was fourteen.出国那年他14岁。 罿By the time the war was over , death and suffering were to be seen everywhere. 薇在战争结束的时候，到处可见死亡和饥饿。 这里没有“死亡和饥饿”已经完成的意思，只是描述当时这个时间点的状况。所以用过去时。 肃巩固练习： 芁1. （2005天津卷） By the time Jane gets home， her aunt _for London to attend a meeting. A. will leave B. leaves 蒇 C. will have left D. left 莆2. By the time you have finished this book, your meal _ cold.(2012四川卷) 膃A. gets B. has got C. will get D. is getting 蚂3. （2009北京卷） When I talked with my grandma on the phone， she sounded weak， but by the time we _ up， her voice had been full of life. A. were hanging B. had hung 腿 C. hung D. would hang 肅4. Did you see Xiao Li at the party？ No，_by the time I arrived. A. shed left B. shes left 节 C. she was left D. she must leave 5. By the time I saw the angry expression on his face，I_ what I had to face. A. knew B. have known 衿 C. would know D. had known 薇6.（2008四川卷） The telephone_， but by the time I got indoors，it stopped. A. had rung B. was ringing C. rings D. has rung 袄7.（2008山东卷） By the time he realizes he _into a trap， itll be too late for him to do anything about it. A. walks B. walked C. has walked D. had walked 节芀情态动词用法总结如下表荿情态袇动词莂用 法蚁否定式螇疑问式蚆简答式蒂can肂1.表示能力（体力，技能）蒈2.允许或许可（口语中常用）蒅3.可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）薂4.用于肯定句表示理论可能性蒃can not / cannot 羆/cant do蒇Cando?蚂Yes,can.蕿No,cant.蚈could螂couldnt do肅may袁可以（问句中表示请求）莁可能，或许（表推测）袈祝愿（用于倒装句中）螄may not do 袁Maydo?螂薀Yes,may. 袇No,mustnt/cant.羁might羈might not do薆Mightdo?肁Yes,might莀No,might not.螀must莅必须，应该（表主观要求）蒅肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）螁must not/mustnt do膇Mustdo? 莈Yes,must.蒅No,neednt/dont have膁have to衿只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态和人称的变化）膆dont have to do薅Dohave to do?薂Yes,do. 莇No,dont.羅ought to蚅应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用should）虿ought not to/oughtnt to do聿Oughtto do?蚄Yes,ought. 螅No,oughtnt.肀shall薇用于一三人称征求对方意见螇用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等袄shall not/shant do蒁Shalldo?艿Yes,shall. 蒆No,shant.羄should袂应当，应该（表义务责任）蚇本该（含有责备意味）芅should not/shouldnt do肄Shoulddo?罿荿will肄意愿，决心肄请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉莀will not/wont do袆Will/Woulddo?肇Yes,will. 膄No,wont.螀would袅would not/wouldnt do肆dare蚄敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）莄dare not/darent do薂Daredo?螈Yes,dare.蚇No,darent.蒄need蝿需要，必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）蒀need not/neednt do蒆Needdo?薃Yes,must. No,neednt.膀used to羈过去常常（现在已不再）膅used not/usednt/usent to do蚃didnt use to do薁Usedto do?蚀Diduse to do?羄Yes,used. 蚃No,use(d)nt. 羂Yes,did. 肈No,didnt.羇螃聿蝿螆袃葿芇薄羃学法提炼袀must have done罿表示主观上对过去已经发生的行为进行推测，意为“想必，准是，一定做了某事”; 薇may/might have done肃表示对过去已发生行为的推测，意为“很有可能”；芁canhave done蒇cannot have done莆1) could have done 用于对过去可能性的推断，意为“可能”，在肯定句中，指“某事可能是事实或可能会发生”；用于疑问句或否定句，表示对过去情况的怀疑、否定或惊讶；膃2）could have done 意为“本来可以；差点就要”，指“某事可能发生但实际上未发生”常用于虚拟语气，表示惋惜、遗憾等；蚂might have done腿表示“本来可能，但实际上没有发生的事情”。另外，还可以表示“本来应该或可以做某事”之意，含有轻微的责备语气。肅should/ought to 节have done衿1) 用于肯定句时，表示本该做某事，而实际上未做；用于否定句时，则表示不该做的事反而做了; 薇2) 用于对过去的推断，说话人认为“按理应当、理应如此”，说话人不能肯定，只是试探性地得出结论，语气婉转；袄3) 对已发生的事表示“惊奇、失望、愤怒”等情绪。节neednt have done表示做了本来不必去做的事。注意：didnt need to do表示“没必要做而实际上也没有做某事”will/would have done用于推测过去，意为“想必、可以肯定”，指“说话人确信某事已发生，但并不确知”，并用于二、三人称：1）如果以现在为时间点，可以用“will have done”；2）如果以过去为时间点，只能用“would have done”；3）will have done也用于推测将来某个时间前已经完成。If they _ to do this work, he might do it some other way.A. wereB. shouldC. willD. can2. I was told yesterday that the company _ me to Rome next week for a business conference.A. should have sentB. were going to sendC. should be sendingD. should send3. Lets take a walk, _? A. will we B. dont we C. do we D. shall we4. He was a good swimmer so he _ swim to the river bank when the boat sank.A. could B. might C. should D. was able to5. I went to the doctors yesterday, I had to wait for half an hour before he _ see me.A. can B. may C. might D. could6. - _ this book be yours?- No, it _ not be mine. It _ be his.A. Can, must, mayB. May, might, mustC. Can, may, must D. Must, can, may7. - We didnt see him at the lecture yesterday.” - “He _ it.”A. mustnt attend B. cant have attended C. would have not attended D. needed have attended8. They _ the plane, or perhaps they have been prevented from coming for some reason.A. can have missed B. may have missedC. can have lost D. may have lost9. Since the ground is white, it _ last night.A. had snowed B. must have snowedC. must be snowing D. must have been snowing10. You must be fifty, _?A. mustnt you B. neednt you C. arent you D. maynt you11. You must have seen him off yesterday, _?A. havent you B. didnt you C. mustnt you D. neednt you12. - That must be a mistake.- No .it _ be.A. cant B. isnt able to C. can D. was able to13. He had known the matter before you told him, so you _ have told it to him.A. mustnt B. cant C. neednt D. shouldnt14. How _ so?A. dare you to say B. dare you say C. do you dare say D. dare to say15. You are their teacher. You _ care of them.A. should to take B. might to take C. ought to take D. need to take16. She is studying medical science now but she _ a lawyer.A. used to be B. would be C. were Youreturn the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like.A. cantB. mustntC. needntD. may not2.I wish Ito the moon one day.A. can flyB. an able to flyC. could flyD. was able to fly3.If my lawyerhere last Saturday, heme from going.A. had been; would have preventedB. had been; would preventC. were; would preventD. were; would have prevented4.If itfor the snow, wethe mountain yesterday.A. were not; could have climbedB. were not; could climbC. had not been; could have climbedD. had not been; could climb5.Without electricity human lifequite difficult today.A. isB. will beC. would have beenD. would be6.Jennyhave kept her word. I wonder why she changed her mind.A. mustB. shouldC. needD. would7.Welast night, but we went to the concert instead.A. must have studiedB. might studyC. should have studiedD. would study8.Could I borrow your dictionary?Yes, of course you.A. mightB. willC. canD. should9.If he, hethat food. Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.A. was warned; would not takeB. had been warned; would not have takenC. would be warned; had not takenD. would h