大学外贸英语课文翻译.doc

.大学外贸英语课文翻译 Chapter 7Arguments on Government Intervention in International Trade政府干预国际贸易的理由 In this chapter well examine the reasons for government intervention in spite of the fact that some developed countries like the United States pay lip service to free trade and talk a lot about the benefits of liberal trade. 尽管一些发达国家如美国口头上说自由贸易如何好，本章还是考察一下政府干预国际贸易的理由。 Arguments for government intervention in western trade experts view fall into two categories：political arguments and economic arguments.按西方贸易专家的观点，政府干预国际贸易的理由分两大类：一类是政治上的理由，一类是经济上的理由。 First of all, lets examine the political arguments. This category of arguments cover arange of issues including：protecting jobs and industries，national security，retaliation，protecting consumers, furthering foreign policy objectives and protecting human rights. 首先让我们看一下政治理由。这类理由涉及一系列问题，包括：就业与产业保护，国家安全，报复，保护消费者，推动外交政策目标的实现和保护人权。 (1)Protecting jobs and industries Yes，export can create more job opportunities. But this is only one side of the coin. On the other hand，increasing imports can also make workers lose their jobs. The very recent U.S. threat of using anti-dumping policy against Chinese exports of color TV sets and textiles to the U.S. is based on such grounds. To protect jobs and industries，an importing country can take such measures as VERs and import quotas. VERs means voluntary export restraints，and is regarded as one of the most important of the nontariff trade barriers. From 1981 to 1985 the United States induced Japan to reduce its automobile exports to the U.S. for the reason that growing Japanese auto exports had made the Big Three U.S. auto makers suffer a big loss of $4 billion and nearly 300 000 American auto workers lost their jobs 就业与产业保护出口可以创造更多的就业机会。但这只是问题的一方面。从另一方面讲，进口会使工人失业。最近美国针对中国向其出口的彩电与纺织品使用反倾销政策的威胁就是以此为根据的。为保护就业与产业，进口国可以采用诸如VERs (自动出口限制)与进口配额之类的措施。这些是被看成最重要的非关税贸易壁垒。从1981到1985美国劝使日本减少向美国的汽车出口，理由是日本向美国不断增加的汽车出口使美国三大汽车巨头遭到巨大损失，损失金额为40亿美元，使近30万美国汽车工人失业。Similarly Japans quotas on rice imports from China and elsewhere are aimed at protecting jobs in that countrys agricultural sector，and the EUs CAP was designed to protect the jobs of its politically powerful farmers by restricting imports，guaranteeing prices，and granting subsidies in various forms.类似的，日本对从中国或其他地方进口的大米实行配额的目的，就是保护其农业部门的就业。欧盟的CAP(共同农业政策)的目的是通过限制进口，保证价格和提供各类补贴，保护其政治力量强大的农民。 Of course，a price must be paid for taking such measures. Such protection costs consumers dearly and creates possibility of retaliation当然，采取这些措施是必须要付出代价的。这些保护使消费者付出高昂的代价，也会造成被(别国)报复的可能性。 (2) National security Why is the United States trying hard to protect its semi-conductor industry from foreign competition? The answer is simple： Because many American officials think semi-conductors are now such important components of their defense products that it would be dangerous to rely primarily on foreign producers for them. American restrictions of some high-tech exports are frequently justified on such grounds.(2)国家安全为什么美国努力保护其半导体产业免受外国竞争? 答案很简单：因为许多美国官员认为，半导体是其国防产品的重要组成部分，依赖外国厂商生产这些产品是危险的。美国常以此种理由来限制一些高技术产品的出口。 (3) Retaliation Retaliation means “returning like for like，esp. returning evil for evil or paying back injury for injury”.报复报复的意思是：以牙还牙，以邪恶还邪恶，以伤害还伤害。 Again we11 take the United States as an example. Previous U.S. governments have often adopted this get-tough approach by threatening to impose punitive trade sanctions to achieve its political purposes我们再以美国为例。过去美国政府常采取威胁实行惩罚性贸易制裁这种强硬方式，达到其政治目的。However，retaliation is a highly risky strategy. If the threatened foreign government refuses to back down，say，by following a tit-for-tat policy，it will lead to a trade war or other conflictsIn the end both the threatening government and the threatened government will suffer a loss.然而，报复是一种高风险的战略。如果被威胁的外国政府拒绝让步，即也采取针锋相对的政策，那么会导致贸易战或其他冲突。结果威胁国和被威胁国都会遭受损失。 Other countries governments also，from time to time，use the threat to intervene in trade policy as a bargaining tool to help open foreign markets and force trading partners to play by the rules of the game for international trade.其他国家的政府也不时地运用这种威胁干预贸易政策，作为开辟外国市场和强迫贸易伙伴遵守国际贸易游戏规则的一个讨价还价的工具。 (4)Protecting consumers After the foot-mouth and mad cow diseases had been found and reported over the radio and in the press，countries，one after another，imposed bans on importation of beef from Europe. The purpose of doing so was to protect their consumers from the possible health consequences. By the same token，the EU banned importation of hormone-treated beef and discouraged Europeans from buying GM food from the United States.(4)保护消费者 在发现口蹄疫和疯牛病并且在电台报纸上对此报道后，一个接一个的国家对来自欧洲的牛肉进口实行禁令。这样做的目的是为了保护本国消费者的健康。同样原因，欧盟禁止进口用荷尔蒙(激素)生产的牛肉并阻止欧洲人从美国购买转基因食品。 (5)Furthering foreign policy objectives Very often governments of various countries use trade to support their foreign policy objectives. The most obvious example in the end of 20th century was Iraq which had laboured under the extreme trade sanctions after the UN coalition forces defeated the country in the 1991 Gulf War.促进外交政策目标的实现各国政府经常借助贸易支持其外交政策目标的实现。20世纪末最为明显的例子是，伊拉克于1991年海湾战争中被联合国部队击败后，在极端的贸易制裁下苦苦挣扎。Using trade as an instrument of foreign policy is not without defects. Other countries can take counter-measures to undermine any unilateral trade sanctions. For example, the U.S. sanctions against Cuba had not stopped other western countries from trading with that country把贸易当作外交政策工具并非是没有缺陷的。其他国家的反向行为会破坏任何单方面的贸易制裁。例如，美国对古巴的制裁并不能阻止其他西方国家与古巴的贸易。 (6)Protecting“human rights” Developed countries or the so-called western democracies，particularly the United States，every now and then，inflict punishments on countries with what they call human rights problems. Before Chinas WTO entry there used to be an annual debate in the U.S. Congress over whether or not to grant MFN treatment to China，in response to what it said “human-rights violations”. (MFN: most-favored-nation)(6)保护“人权” 发达国家或所谓的西方民主国家，特别是美国，动辄对它们所说的有人权问题的国家进行惩罚。在中国加入世界贸易组织之前，每年美国国会都要就是否给中国最惠国待遇进行讨论，理由是中国“侵犯人权”。 However，some trade experts are not wholly for limiting trade with countries which do have human rights problems. Some of them think that such a method makes matters even worse, not better. To improve these countries human rights picture，it is better to engage them in international trade. What is more，developed countries including the United States also have their own human rights problems. 然而，一些贸易专家并非全力赞成限制与确实有人权问题国家的贸易。他们中的一些人认为此种方法只会使事情更糟而不是更好。要改善这些国家的人权状况，更好的办法是使它们参与国际贸易。另外，发达国家包括美国也有自身的人权问题。 (1)Protecting infant industry An infant industry is a new industry that may merit some protection against foreign competition in the short term.(1)保护幼稚产业 幼稚产业是一个值得在短期内保护其免受外国竞争伤害的产业。The argument in favour of providing protection，say，in the form of a tariff on imported or competitors goods，is that it would provide a period during which the new industry could streamline its process and make the necessary economies in order for it to become truly competitive with all market producers，especially those in the developed world.主张以对进口商品或竞争商品征收关税的形式提供保护观点是，这种保护为幼稚产业提供成长的时间，在此期间，幼稚工业通过优化其生产流程，进行必要的节约，成为真正能与市场上所有生产厂商进行竞争，特别是与发达国家的生产厂商进行竞争的产业。 Such argument has appealed to the governments of developing nations during the past 40 years or so. In addition, the infant industry argument has been recognized as a legitimate reason for protectionism by the WTO.在过去40年左右时间内，此论点对发展中国家的政府有吸引力。此外，幼稚产业保护论已被世界贸易组织承认为进行保护的合法理由。Nevertheless，many economists remain critical of this argument. They have made two main points in their criticism of this argument. First，protection from foreign competition does no good unless it helps make the infant industry efficient. Secondly，the infant industry argument often relies on an assumption that firms are unable to make efficient long-term investments by borrowing money from domestic or international markets. Consequently，governments have been required to subsidize their long-term investments然而，很多经济学家仍对此观点持批评态度。他们对该观点的批评主要有两点：首先，除非有助于提高幼稚产业的效率，否则保护其免受外国竞争是没有好处的；其次，幼稚产业保护论常依赖于某一假设，即企业没有能力从国内外市场上融资以获取资金进行有效的长期投资。因此，要求政府对其长期投资提供补贴。 (2)Strategic trade policies argumentDefinition Strategic trade policies refer to those policies that promote exports or discourage imports in particular economic sectors (2)战略性贸易政策的理由 定义 战略性贸易政策是指那些促进特定经济部门的出口或阻止其进口的贸易政策。 The components of the strategic trade policies argument There are two components in this argumentFirst，a government can help raise national income if it can somehow ensure that the firms to be supported by subsidies which have the hope of gaining first-mover advantage in an industry are domestic rather than foreign enterprises；second，strategic trade policies can help government intervene in an industry if such policies help domestic firms overcome the barriers to entry erected by foreign firms that have already reaped first-mover advantage. 战略性贸易政策的理由 该理由包括：第一，如果政府能以某种方法确保用补贴支持的企业是有希望能在某一行业获得先动优势的国内企业而不是外国企业，那么有助于提高国民收入；第二，如果战略性贸易政策有助于国内企业克服已获得先动优势的外国企业所设置的进入障碍，那么该政策有利于政府对某一产业的干预。 Criteria of strategic trade policies Three criteria have been especially popular among supporters of strategic trade policies. They are：(1)Industries are desirable if they have high value added per worker；(2)Industries are desirable if they pay high wages；and(3)Industries are desirable if they make use of high technology. 战略性贸易政策的标准 三个标准深受战略性贸易政策支持者的欢迎。它们是：工人人均附加值高的产业；高工资产业；高技术产业。 Case studies of strategic trade policies A very frequently used example of strategic example is the Airbus case. Airbus is a consortium of European governments that produces large passenger airplanes，competing directly with U.S. counterpart. 战略性贸易政策的案例研究 最常采用的战略性贸易政策的案例是“空中客车”案例。“空中客车”是欧洲政府的一个生产大型客机并与美国飞机生产厂商进行直接竞争的财团。Since 1970s，the U.K，France，Germany and Spain have used $13.5 billion subsidy to increase Airbus competitiveness. As a result it gained around 40of the worlds commercial aircraft market，posing a threat to Boeings dominance by the late 1990s.自20世纪70年代以来，英国、法国、德国和西班牙为了增强“空中客车”的竞争力，对其补贴135亿美元。 20世纪90年代末，“空客”获得了约40的世界商用飞机市场份额，形成了对居统治地位的“波音”公司的威胁。 After the mid-1970s，Japans strategic trade policy has been aimed at developing its knowledge-intensive or high-tech industries by granting subsidies. Consequently Japan has become a significant producer of some products in which recent strategic trade policy has played a key role. The most famous and most significant of these are semi-conductor chips，digital color TV sets，video movie cameras and other high-tech products. 20世纪70年代后，日本的战略性贸易政策的目标是，通过补贴，发展知识密集型或高技术的产业。结果日本成为某些产品的重要生产者。在这些产品生产中，日本的近代战略性贸易政策起了关键作用。在这些产品中最值得关注的是半导体蕊片，数字彩电、摄相机和其他高端产品。 Chapter 8We have so far discussed the reasons for trade, six major influential modern trade theories and government intervention in trade. This chapter examines trade policies including its definition, component parts，objectives, chief types and instruments.到目前为止我们讨论了贸易产生的原因，六种有影响的主要现代贸易理论以及政府对贸易的干预。本章考察贸易政策，包括其定义、组成部分、目标、主要类型和政策工具。Policy from the legal point of view refers to a plan of action or a considered and consistent set of principles outlining the actions of an individual, company, government, etc. International trade policies mean those policies adopted by governments toward international trade that involve a number of different actions. International trade policy sometimes can also be defined as policy of important export toward other countries or regions. 从法律观点来说，“政策”是指一种行动计划或者一套经过深思熟虑的有连贯性的原则。这些原则大致规定了个人、公司、政府等的行为。国际贸易政策是指政府采取的有关国际贸易各方面的政策。国际贸易政策有时也可定义为向其他国家或地区重要出口政策。According to trade experts, a countrys international trade policies are composed of the following： Component Parts of International Trade Policies (1) General policies toward foreign trade which include general import policy and general export policy. Such policies are implemented during a longer period of time in consideration of the interests of a countrys whole national economy.国际贸易政策的组成部分按贸易专家的观点，国际贸易政策由下列部分组成： (1)对外贸易总政策，包括进口总政策与出口总政策。基于国家整体经济利益考虑的此类政策，执行时间较长。(2) Import and export commodity policies which are policies formulated on the basis of a countys general foreign trade policies, economic structure and domestic market conditions.(3)Foreign trade policies toward different countries and regions. These policies are made on the basis of a countrys general trade policies, in the light of its economic, political and diplomatic ties with other countries and regions. (2)进出口商品政策。这些政策是根据一国的对外贸易总政策、经济结构和国内市场情况而制定的。对不同国家和地区的外贸政策。这些政策是在一国总外贸政策基础上，根据该国与其他国家和地区的经济、政治和外交关系而制定的。 the most important goals or objectives of international trade policies of various countries are as follows：(1)To protect a countrys domestic markets;(2)To protect a countrys domestic industries;(3)To expand a countrys export markets;(4)To promote the improvement of a countrys industrial structure;(5)To accumulate capital or funds；and(6) to maintain a countrys economic and political relations with other nations(1)保护一国的国内市场；(2)保护一国的国内产业(或工业)(3)扩大一国的出口市场；(4)促进一国产业结构的改善；(5)积累资本或资金；(6)保持一国与其他国家的经济政治关系。 Since the introduction of international trade there have been basically two types of international trade policies: free trade policy and protective trade policy.自国际贸易出现以来，有两类基本的国际贸易政策：自由贸易政策和保护贸易政策。1. Definition of free trade policy Free trade policy is aimed at elimination of all restrictions on trade with other countries or nations. Governments following this type of policy do not attempt to set up barriers whatsoever to import and export trade. In todays world no government is really or completely following this type of trade policy.1自由贸易政策的定义自由贸易政策是一种以消除与其他国家进行贸易的一切限制为目的的政策。执行此种贸易政策的政府试图不对进出口贸易设置任何壁垒。在当今世界，没一个国家的政府是真正完全执行此种政策的。2Arguments for free trade policies Many economists, especially classical economists like Adam Smith, believe free trade will help the world to achieve the most efficient utilization of its resources (thus avoiding efficiency loss in association with protectionism), maximize world welfare and accumulate capital. But we should say free trade was, and still is, an ideal or a dream which could hardly come true. 2自由贸易的理由 许多经济学家，特别是像亚当斯密这样的古典经济学家认为，自由贸易有利于资源的最有效利用(从而避免与保护主义相伴的效率损失)，有利于全球福利的最大化和资本的积累。但是，可以说，自由贸易过去是，现在仍然是一个难以实现的理想或梦想。 1Definition of protective trade policy It means a trade policy by which a government sets up controls over its import trade for the purpose of protecting its economy (esp. agriculture and infant industry) from foreign competition and provides preferential treatment and subsidies to its own exporters or exporting firms. Protective tariffs, voluntary exports restraints (VERs), import quotas, import licensing system are all important forms of protective trade policies. Almost every country in one way or another pursues this kind of trade policy 1保护性贸易政策的定义 它是指一国政府为保护本国经济(特别是农业和新兴产业)不受外国竞争伤害而对进口贸易进行控制，向本国出口商或出口企业提供优惠待遇和补贴的一种贸易政策。保护性关税、“自愿”出口限制、进口配额和进口许可证制度都是保护性贸易政策的重要形式。几乎所有国家都会以这种或那种方法执行此类贸易政策。2Arguments for pursuing protective trade policy Protective trade policy is widely followed，especially by developed countries like the U.S., Japan and the EU member states while they pay lip service to free trade. Take the United States. Over the years a number of arguments for protectionism have been advanced to pressurize the U.S. president and Congress to enact restrictive measures against imports to America. The important ones are： 2实行保护性贸易政策的理由保护性贸易政策被广泛地执行，特别是在像美国、日本、欧盟成员国这些空谈自由贸易的发达国家。以美国为例。过去，为给美国总统和国会施加压力，使其制定限制性的进口贸易措施，许多保护理由被提了出来。重要的有：Job protection Protectionists believe cheap imports from developing nations make domestic workers lose their job, thus creating unemployment problems.Infant industry protection Although this argument does not oppose free trade theoretically it contends that nations should shield at least temporarily their newly developing industries from foreign competition, otherwise they would be driven out of the market. 保护就业 保护主义者们认为从发展中国家进口廉价商品使本国国内工人失去工作，从而导致失业问题； 保护幼稚产业 尽管此理由在理论上并不反对自由贸易，但它却坚决主张：国家应该至少在短期内保护其新兴的发展中的产业免遭外国竞争的伤害，否则它们将会在市场上被淘汰出局。National security This argument is more or less non-economic. Americas very recent protection of its steel industry is a case in point. Many American politicians hold the view that a healthy steel industry is vital for its national defense. Therefore, when it is “threatened” by foreign steel imports the United States must protect it with protective tariffs.为了国家安全 此理由或多或少地说是非经济的。美国最近对其钢铁业的保护就是一个典型例子。许多美国政治家认为：一个健康发展的钢铁业对美国国防是至关重要的。因此，当它受到外国钢铁进口的“威胁”时，美国必须用保护性关税对其进行保护。 In 1970s in the U.S. emerged a new protective trade policy known as new trade protectionism, which is characterized by increasing the number of products for protection, diversifying trade protective measures (anti-dumping duties, anti-subsidy tax), setting up non-tariff barriers and integrating protectionism with foreign trade system. Such a trend is worth our attention and study. 20世纪70年代，美国出现了被称为新贸易保护主义的保护性贸易政策。其特点是：增加受保护的产品数目，使贸易保护措施(反倾销税，反补贴税)多样化，设置非关税壁垒和将保护主义与外贸制度一体化。此种趋势值得我们注意和研究。 To achieve the objectives mentioned above, nations have the following tools at their disposal. In this section we review seven main instruments of trade policy：tariff, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, local content requirements (domestic content requirements), anti-dumping policies, and administrative policies. 为达上述目标，各国有下列工具供其使用。本部分我们评述一下七种主要贸易政策工具：关税，补贴，进口配额，“自愿”出口限制，本地成份要求，反倾销政策和行政政策。 (1)Tariff Tariffs are the oldest and simplest instrument of trade policies. A tariff is a tax levied on goods imported into a country, or occasionally imposed on goods exported to another country. The major types of tariffs are:Import ta