教育心理学双语.doc

.U1 An Introduction to Educational PsychologyKEY WORDSTreatment治疗Negative correlation负相关Variables变量Uncorrelated不相关Laboratory实验室Descriptive Researches描述研究Internal validity内部效度Action research行为研究External validity外部效度Correlational study相关性研究Control group对照组Qualitative researches定性研究Quantitative researches定量研究Positive correlation正相关Questions1. Why is educational psychology valuable for teachers? 为什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值？Because according the educational psychology, teacher can make decisions better. It provided teachers a language to discuss our experiences and thinking.2. Generally speaking, what is educational psychology concerned about? 一般来说,教育心理学关注的是什么?The study of 1. Learners the nature of students 2. Learning principles of learning 3. Teaching methods of teachingU2 How Piaget View Developmentschemes格式conservation守恒adaptation适应centration自我中心化assimilation同化reversibility可逆性accommodation顺应reflexes反射Cognitive structure认知结构论Equilibration平衡1. To Piaget, how did one develop cognitively?1. Knowledge comes from action.知识来自行动。2. Development depends on childs manipulation and active interaction with the environment.发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用。3. A childs cognitive abilities progress through four distinct stages. Each stage is characterized by the emergence of new abilities and ways of processing information. 孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展，每一个阶段的特点是新的能力和方法的出现。2. According to Piagets theory, what is the best way to treat a child? 1. To know the process children use to get to the answer is as important as the result.知道孩子学习的过程和结果一样重要。2. Childrens self-initiated, active involvement in learning activities is crucial to their recognition.孩子自己发现，积极参与学习活动对他们的认知发展极为重要。3. Premature education is not necessary for children.过早的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的4. Children develop at the same sequence but different rates, so individuals and small group activities should be properly arranged in class.孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度，所以课堂活动安排要合理。3. How can learning happen according to Piaget?According to piaget , learning depends on this process of assimilation and accommodation.Assimilationunderstanding new experiences in terms of existing schemes. Accommodationmodifying existing schemes to fit new situations.U3 How Vygotsky View Cognitive Developmentsign system符号系统ZPD最近发展期self-regulation自我调节scaffolding支架教学1. To Vygotsky, how did one develop cognitively?1. Development depends on the sign systems that individuals grow up with. 2. Cognitive development is strongly linked to input from others. It is a process of learning from others and internalizing. 2. According to Vygotskys theory, what is the best way to treat a child? 1. Reading is very important in childrens intellectual development;阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要2. Imitation and cooperation is efficient ways in childrens study;模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式3. Teaching is finding the proper ZPD of children;找到孩子的最近发展期4. Encourage private speeches during solving tasks;解决问题时鼓励自言自语5. Teach the way of doing things in order that students can know how to do, not only what to do.教会学生如何去做而不是做什么4. How can learning happen according to Vygotsky?Learning depends on the process of self-regulation Action and sound have a meaningPracticeUsing signs to think and solve problemTOPIC 4 Theory into Practice1. Make a brief comparison between Piagets and Vygotskys theories.Where do they agree with each other?1. Children are active. 2. Trial-and-error is always a way to learn.3. Facing challenges will improve ones development.4. Developing is to improve ones ways of thinking & solving problems.Where are they different?1. Development depends on interaction with the environment or more competent human beings.2. Learning improves or DEPENDS ON development. 3. Cognitive structure or sign systems.4. Development begins from born ability or society.5. Assimilation & accommodation or internalization.What is in it for US?1. Development is independent. Nobody can take the place of another. 2. Active interaction with others is the main cause. 3. Adults can help children in 2 ways: giving them chances to try & handle errors; and helping them when they really need (ZPD).2. What can we do in class teaching according to their theory?1. It is not a good idea to get your kids to sit and listen except reading. 2. Making chances to get your kids to do something by themselves is always helpful. 3. Give your kids tasks individually or in small groups if you can. It is a proper way to find their ZPD where learning happens.4. Try to give opportunities for your kids to talk in which you will find out when and how to help (scaffolding).3. When planning to teach, what should we consider according to their ideas?1. What can the kids do with their hands?2. What have they known about my content?3. Can I make the content into tasks for small groups?4. What abilities of the kids can I use in the class?5. Is it possible to introduce other areas into this class?6. How long do I plan for the kids to sit and listen to me?7. What else may draw the children attention?TOPIC 5 Behavioral Theories of Learning（1）Theoretical Basislearning学习extinction消失stimulus刺激classical conditioning经典条件反射Laboratory实验室operant conditioning操作性条件反射conditioned stimulus有条件刺激negative/positive reinforcer负强化/正强化unconditioned stimulus无条件刺激primary/second reinforcer一级强化物二级强化物neutral stimulus无关刺激punishment惩罚shaping塑造一级强化物：满足人类的基本需求二级强化物：与一级强化物相联系1. How can we use reinforcement in the classroom?1. Decide what behaviors you want;2. Tell the students what behaviors you want; 3. Reinforce the wanted behaviors and tell the students why;4. Reinforce proper behaviors as soon as possible;5. Get the students to judge their own and their classmates behaviors and try to tell why.6. Make sure to turn them into new habits.2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the usage of reinforcement? 优点1. 低端学生形成新行为时非常有效。2. 通过培养新行为来减少不良行为缺点：1. 让孩子形成依赖2. 被动习惯TOPIC 5 Behavioral Theories of Learning（2）Reinforcement1. Can you tell the process of a reinforcement?Operation- pleasant consequence- strengthening behavior2. What is the general way to use reinforcement in your class?1. Decide what behaviors you want2. Tell the students what behaviors you want3. Reinforce the wanted behaviors and tell the students why4. Reinforce proper behaviors as soon as possible5. Get the students to judge their own and their classmates behaviors and try to tell why6. Make sure to turn them into new habits3. What can we do if we want to stop the kids learned behaviors?(If you want to stop a learned behavior.)1. Neglecting and patience are usually needed2. Telling kids what you will do and why3. Shift your attention to his other behavior 4. Praising him once he has improvement, even very little. Shaping a new behavior is usually a way to stop an unwanted one.4. What should you do if you want to stop or form a behavior according to theory of reinforcement?2+35. What should you avoid doing when using reinforcement?1.不要过度运用强化2.不要强化错误行为TOPIC 5 Behavioral Theories of Learning（3）Skills of ReinforcementMaintenance强化variable-ratio schedule变化比率强化计划Intrinsic reinforcer内部强化fixed-interval schedule固定时间强化计划extrinsic reinforcer外部强化extinction消减shaping/extinction塑造/消减Reinforcement强化fixed-ratio schedule固定比率强化计划modeling模仿punishment惩罚observational learning观察学习variable-interval schedule不固定时间强化计划vicarious learning替代学习1. What does social learning theory emphasize?Social Learning Theory is a learning theory that emphasizes not only reinforcement but also the effects of thought on action & action on thought.2. List the four phases of observational learning.Attention: paying attention to a model (attractive, successful, interesting, & popular). Retention: imitating the behavior one have paid attention to. Reproduction: match ones behavior to the models. Motivation: imitating a model for reinforcements.TOPIC 6 COGNITIVE THEORIES OF LEARNING (1)Information processingInformation processing model信息加工模型rehearsal训练attention注意力Episodic memory情景记忆Working memory工作记忆Procedural memory程序记忆Short-term memory短时记忆Semantic memory语义记忆Long-term memory长时记忆1. What is the sequence of information processing?2. How is the capacity（容量） of working memory? What does it mean to a teacher? 72 items1. Dont teach too much too rapidly in class.2. Always give students time and chance to rehearse. 3. Help students combine new knowledge with the old.3. According to information processing model, how does forgetting occur?Not transferred to long-term memory Lost the ability to recallTOPIC 6 COGNITIVE THEORIES OF LEARNING (2)Memoryretroactive interference倒摄抑制primacy effect首因效应proactive interference前摄抑制recency effect近因效应retroactive facilitation倒摄促进massed practice集中练习proactive facilitation前摄促进distributed practice分散练习1. What factors contribute to long-term retention?Rehearsal & CodingMaking information meaningfulConnecting new & old information2. What can we do to avoid interference?1. Dont teach too much at a time. 2. Dont teach similar things closely. 3. Try to teach similar things in different ways. 4. Learn new information well in the first place. 5. Compare similar things from time to time.3. What can we do to help facilitation happen? 第一题或者第四题答案4. List three things that a teacher can do to improve the students learning.1. Not teach similar and confusing concepts too closely in time.2. Present information in a clear, organized way.3. Help the students relate information to information already in students mind.4. Make sure that students have truly understood the concepts being taught and can apply them to new situations. TOPIC 6 COGNITIVE THEORIES OF LEARNING (3)automaticity自动化free-recall learning自由联想dual coding双编码loci method位置法paired-associate learning配对学习rote learning机械学习serial learning系列学习meaningful learning意义学习1. What does automaticity mean to learning?Skills in music, sports, math, reading, etc.Brain become more efficient as one reaches the level. Automaticity gains through practice.Automaticity is “the hands and feet of genius”.2. What can we do to improve our remembering?No.1: AutomaticityNo.2: Dual coding: coding in visual and verbal forms No.3: Make Information MeaningfulNo.4: Using study strategies：Note-takingUnderliningSummarizingWriting to learnOutlining and MappingPQ4R (Preview, question, read, reflect, recite, review)5.及时复习或者分散复习3. Generally speaking, what can we do