精品语法——非谓语动词.doc

非谓语动词不定式非谓语：动名词 Ving形式分词：现在分词 过去分词注：【动词的非谓语形式没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。动词有谓语形式和非谓语形式，谓语形式作谓语；非谓语形式作除谓语以为的其他成分。】非谓语动词所作成分： 主 宾 表 定 状 补不定式 V V V V V V动名词 V V V V分词 V V V V一 动词不定式（一）形式/时态和语态 主动 被动一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing - 完成式 to have done to have been done完成进行式 to have been doing - 1 一般式：表示不定式的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.Im nice to meet you.We plan to pay a visit.He wants to be an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.2 进行式：表示不定式的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，强调正在发生。The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room3 完成式：表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前He is pleased to have met his friend.Im sorry to have kept you waiting.Im pleased to have been given this opportunity.4 完成进行式：表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，并一直在进行。He is said to have been working in that factory for 20 years.（二）不定式的句法功能1 作主语To save time is to lengthen life.注：不定式作主语通常用形式主语itIt means failure to lose your heart.It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.2 作宾语A:只跟不定式作宾语的动词口诀：决心 学会 想 希望 decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish拒绝 设法 愿 假装 refuse, manage, care, pretend主动 答应 选 计划 offer, promise, choose, plan同意 请求 帮一帮 agree, ask/beg, help注：如果作宾语的不定式后面有宾补，用it作形式宾语，不定式后置。I find it interesting to work with himI think it necessary to learn English well.B:不定式偶尔可作介词的宾语，但仅限于but，若but前有实意动词do的任意形式，则后接不带to的不定式，即无do有to，有do无to。I have no choice but to accept the fact.I dont know what to do but wait.注：在cannot (choose) but, cannot help but(两者都表示只好)后接不带to的不定式。I cannot but agree to his termsHe cannot choose but stay on.3 作表语Her ambition is to be an actress.Her job is to clean the hall.注：若主语部分含有实意动词do的任意形式，作表语的不定式可省略to。All you need to do is (to) press the button.All I want to do now is (to) fill my stomach.4 作定语动词不定式作定语须后置。通常表示将来。A:主谓关系He is the first to get hereHe is the best man to do the job.B:动宾关系I have a lot of work to do.由此看来，不定式作定语和被修饰词之间构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系（联想：在句子概述专题，宾语和宾补之间只有主谓关系）。当构成动宾关系，不定式动词又为不及物动词，或所修饰的名词是地点、工具等，应在该词后加一定的介词。The child has nothing to worry about.He found a good house to live inWhat did you open it with?He has a nice pen to write with.Give me a piece of paper to write on.注：不定式修饰place, time, way三个词时，不定式后的介词常省略。He has no place to liveThis is the best way to work out this problem注：不定式作定语，与被修饰词之间为动宾关系，不定式可用主动或被动，但意义上有差别。Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么东西吗？ （动作的主语为你）Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗？（动作的主语为我或别人）C:说明被修饰词的内容We all have a chance to go to college.We have made a plan to finish the work.5 作状语A:目的状语She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.He worked day and night to get the money.注：不定式作目的状语位于句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语一致To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.（X） To learn English well, he needs a dictionary（V）B:结果状语(表示出乎意料的结果，在不定式前加only)He rushed to the school only to find nobody there.C:原因状语（放于表示喜怒哀乐等的形容词后）They were very sad to hear the news.I am glad to see you.D:程度状语（了解内容）Its too dark for us to see anything. The question is simple for him to answer. E:评论性状语（独立不定式）to tell you the truthto be honestto be frankto sum upto begin with等6 做宾补A:有些动词后习惯接不定式作宾语补足语，如want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.等。My father wont allow me to smoke.With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema.B:感官动词和使役动词后接不带to的不定式做宾补，但在变为被动语态时须还原不定式符号to。吾看三室两厅，一感觉。五看：see, watch, observe, look at, notice两听：hear, listen to三使：make, let, have一感觉：feel口诀：感使感使真奇怪，to来to去记心怀 主动语态to离去，被动语态to回来I saw him cross the road.- He was seen to cross the road. He made me to think of this question.-I was made to think of this question.注：不能跟不定式作宾补的动词：hope, demand, agree, suggest, insist.（三）不定式的复合结构一般情况下，不定式的逻辑主语为主句的主语，但有时不定式需要有自己的主语，这时就需要用到不定式的复合结构，通常由for或of引出不定式的主语，即for sb/sth to do或of sb/sth to do.I found it hard for us to finish the work in an hour.Its kind of you to help me.由此看出，当形容词修饰不定式时，用for引出主语；而修饰逻辑主语时用of。（四）不定式的主动代替被动1 不定式作定语和被修饰词之间为动宾关系，又和主语构成主谓关系时，不定式可用主动代替被动（也可用被动，但意义上有差别）Have you got anything to sent? (不定式的主语是你)Have you got anything to be sent? (不定式的主语是我或别人)另外，在there be句型中，用主动表示必须有人完成某事；用被动表示某事本身必须完成。There is a lot of work to do.There is a lot of work to be done2 be+性质形容词+to do结构中The book is difficult to understand.3 不定式与疑问词连用I dont know what to do.4 be to blame表示被责备。（五）不定式符号to的省略问题1 不定式作感官动词的宾补2 不定式作介词but的宾语，若主语部分含有实意动词do的任意形式，则后接不带to的不定式。3 主语部分含有do的任意形式，作表语的不定式可省略to（六）只用不定式符号to的情况（避免重复）I havent been to Hong Kong, but I wish to.注：若省略不定式结构中含有be, have或have been.则必须保留到be, have或have been.-Are you on holiday?-No, but Id like to be-I didnt tell him the news.-Oh, you ought to have.二 动名词（一）形式/时态和语态 主动 被动一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been done1 一般式：正在发生的一般性动作Seeing is believing.He came to the party without being invited2 完成式：发生在谓语动词之前We remembered having seen the film.He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.（二）动名词的句法功能1 作主语（可用it作形式主语）Reading aloud is very helpful.Its no use quarrelling注：动名词的形式主语形式仅限于少数的几个句型It is no use/on good/not any good/not any use/useless doing sth.2 作宾语A:只跟动名词作宾语的动词口诀：考虑 建议 盼 原谅 consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon承认 推迟 没得想 admit, delay/put off, fancy避免 错过 继续 练 avoid, miss, keep(on), practice否认 完成 就欣赏 deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate禁止 想象 才冒险 forbid, imagine, risk不禁 介意 准 逃亡 cant help, mind, allow/permit, escapeB:介词宾语：be used to, lead to, devote to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, give up, feel like, insist on, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty(in)等。3 作表语Your task is cleaning the window.4 作定语动名词作定语表示被修饰词的用途和使用目的。a swimming pool=a pool for swimminga walking sticka washing machinea reading room5 同位语His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged(三)动名词的复合结构当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，需在动名词前加上物主代词或名词的所有格形式，即“形容词性无主代词/名词所有格+动名词”。但在口语中，若动名词的复合结构作宾语，可用人称代词的宾格代替形容词性物主代词，用名词的普通格代替名词所有格。His smoking made his family angry(句首不能用him)Marys being ill made her mother upset.（句首不能用Mary）Do you mind my (me) opening the window.The father insisted on his sons (his son) going to college.（四）动词明和不定式作宾语的区别1接不定式和动名词作宾语含意上几乎相同的动词有：begin, start, continue, cannot bear, hate, like, love, prefer, propose, attempt, intend, plan.注意：a在like, hate, prefer等表示情感的动词后面,如果表示一般倾向,多用动名词做 宾语,如果指具体某次行动,用不定式更多。I like swimming, but I dont like to swim today. b 在attempt, intend, plan等动词后面用不定式较普遍. c 当谓语动词用进行时时,用不定式作宾语.I am starting to work on my essay next week.2 接不定式和动名词作宾语，含义有差别的词有：(1) remember to do sth. 记住要做某事 remember doing sth. 记得做过某事(2) forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事 forget doing sth. 忘记曾做过某事(3) regret to do sth. 后悔（遗憾）地去做某事 regret doing sth. 后悔（遗憾）曾做过某事(4) try to do sth. 设法做某事 try doing sth. 尝试做某事(5) mean to do sth. 打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事(6) cant help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事 cant help doing sth. 禁不住做某事(7) go on to do sth. 做完某事后接着做另一事 go on doing sth. 继续做一直在做的事(8) stop to do 停下来去做另一件事 stop doing 停下正在做的事3. need/require/want doing to be done三个词表示需要时，可接动名词主动形式，也可接不定式的被动形式。The flowers need/require/want watering/to be watered.4 worth, worthy和worthwhilebe worth n.(钱) doingbe worthy of +n/ being done to be doneit is worthwhile to do/doing5 跟动名词作宾语，跟不定式作宾补的词allow/permit/forbid/advise sb to do doing（五）不定式和动名词作主语的区别动名词作主语（或宾语）指抽象的，习惯性的多次性的行为；而不定式作主语（或宾语）表示具体的一次性的行为。Teaching is my job.To teach students how to study is very important三 分词分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词有时态和语态的变化，过去分词没有变化。现在分词一般表示主动和正在进行，过去分词表示被动（及物动词）或完成（不及物）（一）形式现在分词： 主动 被动一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been done1 一般式：表示分词的动作和谓语动词同时发生。They went to the park, singing and talking.The problem being discussed is very important.2 完成式：表示分词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，常作状语Having done his homework, he played basketball.Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.（二）分词的句法功能1 作表语现在分词作表语表示主语的特征，令人.的。过去分词作表语表示主语的状态，感到.的。常用的有：interesting, interested. exciting, excited. frightening, frightened. surprising, surprised.tiring, tired. encouraging, encouraged. puzzling, puzzled. astonishing, astonished.worrying, worried. delighting, delighted. pleasing, pleased. touching, touched.satisfying, satisfied. disappointing, disappointed. boring, bored. terrifying, terrified.shocking, shocked. moving, moved.了解内容：其实，英语中的现在进行时，be+doing即是现在分词作表语的用法。2 作定语现在分词作定语表示主动和正在进行；过去分词作定语表示被动或完成（及物动词表示被动和完成，不及物动词表示完成的状态）。单个分词作定语通常放在被修饰词前，分词短语作定语通常后置(有时单个的过去分词也习惯后置)In the following years he worked even harder.The man standing over there is my English teacher.Our class went on an organized trip last Monday（及物动词）a retired teacher.(不及物动词)The story written by a middle school student is very popular Things lost will never come back.比较：boiling water 沸腾的水 falling leaves 正在下落的叶子 developing country 发展中国家boiled water 白开水 fallen leaves 落叶 developed country 发达国家注：分词作后置定语相当于一个定语从句如上面的例子2和5可改写成：The man who is standing over there is my English teacher.The story which was written by a middle school student is very popular3 作状语A: 作时间状语（While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.（When）asked her future plans, the girl said that she wanted to be a teacher.B: 作原因状语Being a League member, he is always helping othersBorn in a poor family, Nadia had only two years of schooling.C: 作条件状语Working hard, you will succeed.Given more time, Ill be able to do it better.D: 作让步状语Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.E: 作方式状语表伴随He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.The hunter walked slowly in the forest, followed by his dog.F: 作结果状语They opened fire, killing one soldier.注意：分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语必须和主句的主语保持一致。Seen from the mountain, the city looks beautiful.Seeing from the mountain, I feel that the city looks beautiful.G: 作评论性状语（独立分词）Generally speaking 一般来说Franking speakingJudging from/by 根据.来判断Considering./o consideration. 考虑到Seeing. 鉴于Supposing假设，如果Assuming假使Given 考虑到Providing/provided that. 如果Comparing/compared with. 和.相比4 作补语现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。A: 当谓语动词为感官动词时，可用不带to的不定式或现在分词作宾补，前者表示看到或听到的全过程，或者表示正在进行；用过去分词表示被动。Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Did you hear someone knock at the door?I heard an English song sung by her just now.B: 当谓语动词为使役动词时，宾补可用以下几种形式(1)have+O+do（不带to的不定式） 让.做. +O+doing 让.一直做. +O+done 让别人去做某事He had him desk mate do homework for him.We had the fire burning all night.He had her hair cut.(2)let+O+do 让.做. +O+be done 让.被做Dont let yo