托福阅读点题冲刺班.ppt

托福阅读点题冲刺班 托福考点概述技巧思维综述阅读新题难题 托福考点概述 1 基本句法结构 定语 状语 2 句间逻辑结构因果 转折 比较3 句间论证结构X opinion forexampleY fact 4 句间并列 递进结构5 观点概括归纳 逻辑关系1 1显性 Because since leadto contributetoReason consequently attributeto hence therefore thus outcome effect dueto inthat cause resultin from induce trigger bringabout giveriseto 2隐性 Accountfor suggesting for by through engender accordingto liein beascribedto bebasedon beguidedby depend relyon evolvefrom comefrom inthesenseof similar like both comparable consistent thesameas asmuchas inthesameway parallels likewise resemble unlike relatively different more less although however nevertheless but instead ratherthan whereas yet conversely onthecontrary unless onlyif incontrast Asopposedto ontheotherhand 1同级 2差量 1相反 2相对 逻辑关系2 1较强 particularly additionally what smore also beside then furthermoremoreover inaddition aboveall inparticular even moreimportant inthisconnection atmost apartfrom 2较弱 and notonly but aIso neither nor both and one another some others Typeyourphrasesandsentenceshere forexample forinstance toillustrate specifically suchas Accordingtoa n experiment research study survey experimentally 技巧思维综述 阅读理解句子 句子理解核心 阅读考查结构 结构不可变态 阅读答案直接 直接对应文章 题干比较复杂 读题一定清晰 选项句式纠缠 错误定语状语 选项必须科学 极端态度不选 选项结构固定 添加结构不选 选项偶有陷阱 指代跳跃避免 阅读理解句子 句子理解核心 Sincethelawsofphysics notsomearbitrarydecision havedeterminedthegeneralformofapplied artobjects theyfollowbasicpatterns somuchsothatfunctionalformscanvaryonlywithincertainlimits Inseekingtodescribetheoriginsoftheater onemustrelyprimarilyonspeculation sincethereislittleconcreteevidenceonwhichtodraw Desertificationisaccomplishedprimarilythroughthelossofstabilizingnaturalvegetationandthesubsequentacceleratederosionofthesoilbywindandwater 句子的核心含义 主干 逻辑 态度 例题1 OG P81Q3 EdisonwasmoreinterestedinthesaleofKinetoscopes forroughly 1 000apiece totheseparlorsthaninthefilmsthatwouldberuninthem whichcostapproximately 10to 15each Herefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine aprojector fromhiminsteadofseveral ExcerptfromOG Edisonwasmoreinterestedindevelopingavarietyofmachinesthanindevelopingatechnologybasedononlyone Edisonrefusedtoworkonprojectiontechnologybecausehedidnotthinkexhibitorswouldreplacetheirprojectorswithnewermachines Edisondidnotwanttodevelopprojectiontechnologybecauseitlimitedthenumberofmachineshecouldsell Edisonwouldnotdevelopprojectiontechnologyunlessexhibitorsagreedtopurchasemorethanoneprojectorfromhim 例题2 TPO3 1 3 Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically Theworld sarchitecturalstructureshavealsobeendevisedinrelationtotheobjectivelimitationsofmaterials Unchangingphysicallawshavelimitedthesizeandstrengthofbuildingsthatcanbemadewithmaterialsdiscoveredlongago Buildingmaterialshavechangedinordertoincreasearchitecturalsizeandstrength butphysicallawsofstructurehavenotchanged Whenpeoplefirststartedtobuild thestructuralmethodsusedtoprovidestrengthandsizewereinadequatebecausetheywerenotbasedonphysicallaws Unlikebuildingmaterials themethodsofsupportusedinarchitecturehavenotchangedovertimebecausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws 拓展1 TPO1 1 4拓展2 TPO14 3 8 阅读答案直接 直接对应文章 细节类题目 答案选项与原文是同义改写关系 不作推理 例题1 TPO3 1 8 Modernarchitecturalformsgenerallyhavethreeseparatecomponentscomparabletoelementsofthehumanbody asupportingskeletonorframe anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces equipment similartothebody svitalorgansandsystems Theequipmentincludesplumbing electricalwiring hotwater andair conditioning Ofcourseinearlyarchitecture suchasigloosandadobestructures therewasnosuchequipment andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone 8 Whichofthefollowingcorrectlycharacterizestherelationshipbetweenthehumanbodyandarchitecturethatisdescribedinparagraph5 Complexequipmentinsidebuildingsistheoneelementinmodernarchitecturethatresemblesacomponentofthehumanbody Thecomponentsinearlybuildingsweresimilartothreeparticularelementsofthehumanbody Modernbuildingshavecomponentsthatareaslikelytochangeasthehumanbodyis Ingeneral modernbuildingsmorecloselyresemblethehumanbodythanearlierbuildingsdo 例题2 TPO3 3 3 Anecologistwhostudiesapondtodaymaywellfinditrelativelyunchangedinayear stime Individualfishmaybereplaced butthenumberoffishwilltendtobethesamefromoneyeartothenext Wecansaythatthepropertiesofanecosystemaremorestablethantheindividualorganismsthatcomposetheecosystem 3 Accordingtoparagraph2 whichofthefollowingprinciplesofecosystemscanbelearnedbystudyingapond Ecosystempropertieschangemoreslowlythanindividualsinthesystem Thestabilityofanecosystemtendstochangeasindividualsarereplaced Individualorganismsarestablefromoneyeartothenext Achangeinthemembersofanorganismdoesnotaffectanecosystem sproperties 题干比较复杂 读题一定清晰 题干举例1 TPO6 3 4 4 Allofthefollowingtheoriesabouttheinabilitytorecallearlyexperiencesarerejectedinparagraph2EXCEPT 题干举例2 TPO11 3 9 9 Inparagraphs4and5 whatevidencesupportstheclaimthattheintensityofnestlingbeggingcallsisagoodindicatorofwhichoffspringinanestwouldmostbenefitfromafeeding 选项句式纠缠 错误定语状语 例题1 TPO3 1 6 Evendevelopmentinarchitecturehasbeentheresultofmajortechnologicalchanges Materialsandmethodsofconstructionareintegralpartsofthedesignofarchitecturestructures Inearliertimesitwasnecessarytodesignstructuralsystemssuitableforthematerialsthatwereavailable suchaswood stone brick Todaytechnologyhasprogressedtothepointwhereitispossibletoinventnewbuildingmaterialstosuitthetypeofstructuredesired Enormouschangesinmaterialsandtechniquesofconstructionwithinthelastfewgenerationshavemadeitpossibletoenclosespacewithmuchgreatereaseandspeedandwithaminimumofmaterial 6 Accordingtoparagraph4 whichofthefollowingistrueaboutmaterialsusedintheconstructionofbuildings Becausenewbuildingmaterialsarehardtofind constructiontechniqueshavechangedverylittlefrompastgenerations Theavailabilityofsuitablebuildingmaterialsnolongerlimitsthetypesofstructuresthatmaybebuilt Theprimarybuildingmaterialsthatareavailabletodayarewood stone andbrick Architectsinearliertimesdidnothaveenoughbuildingmaterialstoencloselargespaces 例题2 SummaryQ1 OGT2 1 Fullerbelievedthataudiencesinthelatenineteenthcenturyhadlostinterestinmosttheatricaldance 2 Fullertransformeddanceinpartbycreatingdanceinterpretationsofworksbypoetsandpainters 3 Fuller sworkinfluencedanumberofotherdancerswhowereinterestedinexperimentaldance 4 Fullerintroducedmanytechnicalinnovationstothestagingoftheatricaldance 5 Fullercontinuedtodevelopthroughouthercareer creatingmorecomplexworksandexploringnewartisticmedia 6 Bythe1920 s Fuller stheaterattheParisExhibitionhadbecometheworldcenterforinnovativedance AnswerChoices1 Icecoreswereusedtodeterminethatgreenicebergswereformedfromthecompactionofmetalliccompounds includingcopperandiron 2 Alliceshelvescanproducegreenicebergs buttheAmeryIceShelfisespeciallywellsuitedtodoso 3 Greenicebergsformwhenatwolayerblockoficebreaksawayfromaglacierandcapsizes exposingthebottomseaicetoview 4 Icecoresandsamplesrevealedthatbothiceshelvesandgreenicebergscontainalayerofbubblyglacialiceandalayerofbubble freeseaice 5 Greenicebergsarewhiteuntiltheycomeintocontactwithseawatercontainingplateletsandsolubleorganicgreenpigments 6 Inagreeniceberg theseaicecontainslargeconcentrationsoforganicmatterfromtheseawater 例题3 SummaryQ1 TPO3 1 Answerchoices Architectsseektocreatebuildingsthatarebothvisuallyappealingandwellsuitedforhumanuse Overthecourseofthehistoryofbuilding innovationsinmaterialandmethodsofconstructionhavegivenarchitectsevergreaterfreedomtoexpressthemselves Throughouthistorybuildingshavebeenconstructedlikehumanbodies needingdistinct organ systemsinordertofunction Bothclientsandarchitectsareresponsibleforthemediocredesignsofsomemodernbuildings ModernbuildingstendtolackthebeautyofancientstonebuildingssuchasthoseofMachuPicchu Thediscoveryanduseofthearchtypifiesthewayinwhicharchitectureadvancesbydevelopingmoreefficienttypesofstructures 选项必须科学 极端态度不选 选项结构固定 添加结构不选 极端态度词 any every main major primary always best must most superior only more mostlikely probably prefer surprisingly strikingly exclusively indicate suggest 添加结构 比较结构 让步转折 例题1 OG P251Q1 Mostpeopleconsiderthelandscapetobeunchanging butEarthisadynamicbody anditssurfaceiscontinuallyaltering slowlyonthehumantimescale butrelativelyrapidlywhencomparedtothegreatageofEarth about4 500billionyears Therearetwoprincipalinfluencesthatshapetheterrain constructiveprocessessuchasuplift whichcreatenewlandscapefeatures anddestructiveforcessuchaserosion whichgraduallywearawayexposedlandforms ExcerptfromOG Accordingtoparagraph1 whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofchangesinEarth slandscape Theyoccurmoreoftenbyupliftthanbyerosion Theyoccuronlyatspecialtimes Theyoccurlessfrequentlynowthantheyoncedid Theyoccurquicklyingeologicalterms 例题1 OG P115Q6 Becausetheyarealwaysswimming tunassimplyhavetoopentheirmouthsandwaterisforcedinandovertheirgills Accordingly theyhavelostmostofthemusclesthatotherfishesusetosuckinwaterandpushitpastthegills Infact tunasmustswimtobreathe Theymustalsokeepswimmingtokeepfromsinking sincemosthavelargelyorcompletelylosttheswimbladder thegas filledsacthathelpsmostotherfishremainbuoyant ExcerptfromOG Accordingtothepassage whichofthefollowingisoneofthereasonsthattunasareinconstantmotion OTheylackaswimbladder OTheyneedtosuckinmorewaterthanotherfishesdo OTheyhavelargemusclesforbreathing OTheycannotopentheirmouthsunlesstheyareinmotion 选项偶有陷阱 指代跳跃避免 例题1 TPO6 2 8 AshecollectedfossilsfromstratathroughoutEngland SmithbegantoseethatthefossilstoldadifferentstoryfromtherocksParticularlyintheyoungerstratatherockswereoftensosimilarthathehadtroubledistinguishingthestrata butheneverhadtroubletellingthefossilsapart Whilerockbetweentwoconsistentstratamightinoneplacebeshaleandinanothersandstone thefossilsinthatshaleorsandstonewerealwaysthesame SomefossilsenduredthroughsomanymillionsofyearsthattheyappearInmanystrata butothersoccuronlyinafewstrata andafewspecieshadtheirbirthsandextinctionswithinoneparticularstratum 8 Accordingtoparagraph4 itwasdifficultforSmithtodistinguishrockstratabecause therocksfromdifferentstratacloselyresembledeachother hewasoftenunabletofindfossilsintheyoungerrockstrata theirsimilaritytoeachothermadeitdifficultforhimtodistinguishonerocktypefromanother thetypeofrockbetweentwoconsistentstratawasalwaysthesame 例题2 OG P237Q9 TheWhigs incontrast viewedgovernmentpowerpositively Theybelievedthatitshouldbeusedtoprotectindividualrightsandpublicliberty andthatithadaspecialrolewhereindividualeffortwasineffective Byregulatingtheeconomyandcompetition thegovern mentcouldensureequalopportunity Indeed forWhigstheconceptofgovernmentpromotingthegeneralwelfarewentbeyondtheeconomy Inparticular WhigsinthenorthernsectionsoftheUnitedStatesalsobelievedthatgovernmentpowershouldbeusedtofosterthemoralwelfareofthecountry Theyweremuchmorelikelytofavorsocial reformlegislationandaidtoeducation Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph5aboutvariationsinpoliticalbeliefswithintheWhigParty OTheywerefocusedonissuesofpublicliberty OTheycausedsomememberstoleavetheWhigparty OTheywereunimportanttomostWhigs OTheyreflectedregionalinterests 阅读新题难题 段落大意段落关系推理题目 段落大意 例题1 TPO1 1 11 Theproportionofemptyspaceinarockisknownasitsporosity Butnotethatporosityisnotthesameaspermeability whichmeasurestheeasewithwhichwatercanflowthroughamaterial thisdependsonthesizesoftheindividualcavitiesandthecreviceslinkingthem 11 Whatisthemainpurposeofparagraph7 Toexplainwhywatercanflowthroughrock Toemphasizethelargeamountofemptyspaceinallrock Topointoutthatarockcannotbebothporousandpermeable Todistinguishbetweentworelatedpropertiesofrock 例题2 TPO1 2 9 Inadditiontoexploringthepossibleantecedentsoftheater scholarshavealsotheorizedaboutthemotivesthatledpeopletodeveloptheater Whydidtheaterdevelop andwhywasitvaluedafteritceasedtofulfillthefunctionofritual Mostanswersfallbackonthetheoriesaboutthehumanmindandbasichumanneeds One setforthbyAristotleinthefourthcenturyB C seeshumansasnaturallyimitative astakingpleasureinimitatingpersons things andactionsandinseeingsuchimitations Another advancedinthetwentiethcentury suggeststhathumanshaveagiftforfantasy throughwhichtheyseektoreshaperealityintomoresatisfyingformsthanthoseencounteredindailylife Thus fantasyorfiction ofwhichdramaisoneform permitspeopletoobjectifytheiranxietiesandfears confrontthem andfulfilltheirhopesinfictionifnotfact Thetheater then isonetoolwherebypeopledefineandunderstandtheirworldorescapefromunpleasantrealities 9 Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofparagraph5 Theauthorpresentstwotheoriesforahistoricalphenomenon Theauthorarguesagainsttheoriesexpressedearlierinthepassage Theauthorarguesforreplacingoldertheorieswithanewone Theauthorpointsoutproblemswithtwopopulartheories 段落关系 例题1 TPO6 1 2 Paragraph1 InBritainoneofthemostdramaticchangesoftheIndustrialRevolutionwastheharnessingofpower UntilthereignofGeorge 1760 1820 availablesourcesofpowerforworkandtravelhadnotincreasedsincetheMiddleAges Therewerethreesourcesofpower animalorhumanmuscles thewind operatingonsailorwindmill andrunningwater Furthermore eventhemostreliablewaterpowervariedwiththeseasonsanddisappearedinadrought thenewageofmachinery inshort couldnothavebeenbornwithoutanewsourceofbothmovableandconstantpower Paragraph2 Thesourcehadlongbeenknownbutnotexploited Earlyinthecentury apumphadcomeintouseinwhichexpandingsteamraisedapistoninacylinder andatmosphericpressurebroughtitdownagainwhenthesteamcondensedinsidethecylindertoformavacuum This atmosphericengine inventedbyThomasSaveryandvastlyimprovedbyhispartner ThomasNewcomen embodiedrevolutionaryprinciples butitwassoslowandwastefuloffuelthatitcouldnotbeemployedoutsidethecoalminesforwhichithadbeendesigned Inthe1760s JamesWattperfectedaseparatecondenserforthesteam sothatthecylinderdidnothavetobecooledateverystroke thenhedevisedawaytomakethepistonturnawheelandthusconvertreciprocating backandforth motionintorotarymotion 2 Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationofparagraph2toparagraph1 Paragraph2showshowtheproblemdiscussedinparagraph1arose Paragraph2explainshowtheproblempresentedinparagraph1cametobesolved Paragraph2providesamoretechnicaldiscussionoftheproblemintroducedinparagraph1 Paragraph2showswhytheproblemdiscussedinparagraph1wasespeciallyimportanttosolve 推理题目 TPO3 3 7 Eventhekindofstabilitydefinedassimplelackofchangeisnotalwaysassociatedwithmaximumdiversity Atleastintemperatezones maximumdiversityisoftenfoundinmid successionalstages notintheclimaxcommunity Oncearedwoodforestmatures forexample thekindsofspeciesandthenumberofindividualsgrowingontheforestfloorarereduced Ingeneral diversity byitself doesnotensurestability Mathematicalmodelsofecosystemslikewisesuggestthatdiversitydoesnotguaranteeecosystemstability justtheopposite infact Amorecomplicatedsystemis ingeneral morelikelythanasimplesystemtobreakdown 7 Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph5aboutredwoodforests Theybecomelessstableastheymature Theysupportmanyspecieswhentheyreachclimax Theyarefoundintemperatezones Theyhavereduceddiversityduringmid successionalstages TPO4 1 2 Nearlyanykindofplantoftheforestunderstorycanbepartofadeer sdiet Wheretheforestinhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadowplants theblack taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberry salad dogwood andalmostanyothershruborherb Butthisisfair weatherfeeding Whatkeepstheblack taileddeeraliveintheharsherseasonsofplantdecayanddormancy Onecompensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt inurgetomigrate Deermaymovefromhigh elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall Evenwithsnowontheground thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar hemlock redalder andotherarborealfodder 2 Itcanbeinferredfromthediscussioninparagraph2thatwinterconditions Causesomedeertohibernate Makefoodunavailableinthehighlandsfordeer Makeiteasierfordeertolocateunderstoryplants Preventdeerfrommigratingduringthewinter 让步逻辑陷阱 9 Accordingtoparagraph4 thefactthatpastoralistcommunitiesaresubjectto strictrulesofportability encouragessuchcommunitiesto relocatelessfrequentlythantheywouldotherwise havehouseholdsthataremoreorlessequalinwealth becomeself sufficientinthemanufactureofsilkandjewelry sharelargematerialsurpluseswithneighboringcommunities Nomadismalsosubjectspastoralistcommunitiestostrictrulesofportability Ifyouareconstantlyonthemove youcannotaffordtoaccumulatelargematerialsurpluses Suchruleslimitvariationsinaccumulatedmaterialgoodsbetweenpastoralisthouseholds thoughtheymayalsoencourageatasteforportablegoodsofhighvaluesuchassilksorjewelry So byandlarge nomadismimpliesahighdegreeofself sufficiencyandinhibitstheappearanceofanextensivedivisionoflabor Inequalitiesofwealthandrankcertainlyexist andhaveprobablyexistedinmostpastoralistsocieties butexceptinperiodsofmilitaryconquest theyarenormallytooslighttogeneratethestable hereditaryhierarchiesthatareusuallyimpliedbytheuseofthetermclass TPO7 1 4 Inthedaysfollowing samplesofsolidgypsumwererepeatedlybroughtondeckasdrillingoperationspenetratedtheseafloor Furthermore thegypsumwasfoundtopossesspeculiaritiesofcompositionandstructurethatsuggestedithadformedondesertflats Sedimentaboveandbelowthegypsuml