2014职称英语教材卫生类阅读理解B.doc

卫生类阅读理解b第十七篇 eating potatoes gives your immune system a boosteating potatoes is not only good for bowel health，but also for the whole immune system， especially when they come in the form of a potato salad or eaten cold. in a study on an animal model，researchers in spain found that pigs fed large quantities of raw potato starch (rps)1 not only had a healthier bowel, but also decreased levels of white blood cells, such as leucocytes and lymphocytes in their blood. white blood cells are produced as a result of inflammation or disease， generally when the body is challenged.the general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the spanish researchers suggests an overall beneficial effect, a generally more healthy body.2 the reduction in leucocyte levels was about 15 percent. lower lymphocyte levels are also indicative of reduced levels of inflammation but the observed reduction in both lymphocyte density and lymphocyte apoptosis is surprising.in what was the longest study of its kind，pigs were fed rps over 14 weeks to find out the effect of starch on bowel health. the use of raw potato starch in this experiment is designed to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch, ” said study leader jose francisco perez at the universitat autonoma de barcelona3，spain.humans do not eat raw potatoes，but they do eat a lot of foods that contain resistant starch， such as cold boiled potatoes，legumes，grains，green bananas，pasta and cereals. about 10 percent of the starch eaten by human is resistant starch 一 starch that is not digested in the small intestine and so is shunted into the large intestine where it ferments. starch consumption is thought to reduce the risk of large bowel cancer and may also have an effect on irritable bowel syndrome (ibs)4.immunology expert lena ohmans team previously found that the overall lymphocyte levels do not vary for ibs patients, but that lymphocytes are transferred from the peripheral blood to the gut, which support the hypothesis of ibs being at least partially an inflammatory disorder. she says the decrease in lymphocytes observed by the spanish is therefore interesting, and a diet of resistant starch may be worth trying in ibs patients. ohman is currently at the department of internal medicine, goteborg university, sweden5. the study is published in the journal chemistry and industry, the magazine of the sci6.词汇：boost提高，举起 bowel(常用复数）肠salad 色拉（西餐中的一种凉拌菜）spain .西班牙starch 淀粉 leucocyte 白细胞 lymphocyte 淋巴细胞inflammation 炎，炎症；发 炎部位 down-regulation 下调，向卞调节spanish 西班牙的 indicative 指示性的；象征性的；预示性的density密度 apoptosis 细胞凋亡（细胞的自然死亡）simulate 模仿，模拟 resistant有抵抗力的；耐久的barcelona .巴塞罗那（西班牙港市）legume 豆，（豆）荚 pasta 意大利面食cereal (常用复数）（作为主粮的）谷物类 digest 消化intestine (常用复数）肠 shunt (使）分流ferment (使）发酵 immunology 免疫 学peripheral 周围的;表面的 gut 肠hypothesis.(学说的）假设，假定 inflammatory adj.发炎的，炎 性的注释：1. raw potato starch (rps)：未经加工的土豆淀粉2.the general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the spanish researchers suggests an overall beneficial effect, a generally more healthy body.西班牙研究者们所观察到的白血球水平整体下调意味着未经加工的土豆淀粉具有全面的有益作用，也就是总的来说身体是更加 健康。3.universitat autonoma de barcelona是西班牙一个少数民族语加泰隆语，意为“巴塞罗那 自治大学”。这是该大学的原名。4.irritable bowel syndrome (ibs):肠易激综合征5.department of internal medicine, goteborg university, sweden:瑞典哥德堡大学内科医学系6.sci (science citation index):科学引文索引。美国科学信息研究所1961年创办出版的引文数据库。练习：1.what form of potato is the most nutrient to the human body?a potato soup.b potato cake.c potato salad.d hot boiled potato.2.what does the reduction in leucocyte levels in the body mean?a it may mean the reduced levels of inflammation.b it may mean somewhere in the body is inflamed.c it means that the body is challenged.d it means that the body cannot produce leucocytes any more.3.for what a purpose did the researchers use raw potato starch in their experiment?a they wanted to observe how the leucocyte levels reduced in the experimental pigs.b they wanted to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch.c they wanted to see how much potato an experimental pig ate every day.d they wanted to see how much body weight each experimental pig gained in the end.4.all of the following foods are rich in resistant starch excepta pasta.b grains.c legumes.d vegetables. 5.what a kind of starch is resistant starch after all?a it may cause irritable bowel syndrome.b it may bring about at least partially inflammatory disorder.c it may raise leucocyte and lymphocyte levels in the body.d it cannot be digested in the small intestine and ferments in the large intestine.答案与题解：1.c短文开头第一句就说,“吃土豆有益于肠道健康，而且对整个免疫系统也有益,尤其是吃 土豆色拉或凉吃”，因此在四个选项中最有营养的非c项莫属。2.a第二段第三句说，“淋巴细胞水平低显示炎症水平下降”，故其他b、c、d三个选项均不正确。3.b 二段第二句引用了研究组负责人自己的话说，“在实验中使用未经加工的土豆淀粉，就 是为了模拟富含耐久淀粉的饮食所起的作用”，其他a、c、d三个选项文章均没有提及。4. d第四段第一句列出了一些富含耐久淀粉的食品，其中就没有d项“蔬菜”，而且实际上蔬 菜也不是富含淀粉的食物。5. d第四段倒数第二句已经解释了耐久淀粉的特点：“不能在小肠中消化，而是分流到大肠， 在大肠中发酵。”其他选项个别词语虽在短文中出现过，但都不是说明耐久淀粉的。译文：食用土豆有益我们的免疫系统吃土豆有益于肠道健康，而且对整个免疫系统也有益，尤其是吃土豆色拉和凉吃。在对动物模式的一个研究中，西班牙的调查者发现用未经加工的土豆淀粉喂养的猪不仅肠道更健康，而且白血 细胞的水平降低了，如血液中的白细胞和淋巴细胞的数量。白血细胞通常是身体受到考验而产生炎 症和疾病时产生的。西班牙研究者们所观察到的白血球水平的整体下调意味着未经加工的土豆淀粉具有全面的有 益的作用，也就是总的来说身体是更加健康。白血球数量降低了大约百分之十五。淋巴细胞数量的 降低显示炎症指标的下降，然而观察到的淋巴细胞浓度和淋巴细胞凋亡的减少却是惊人的。在对此进行的最长的研究是用未经加工的土豆淀粉喂养猪14个星期后来判定淀粉对肠道健康 的影响。“在实验中使用未经加工的土豆淀粉,就是为了模拟富含耐久淀粉的饮食所起的作用。”西 班牙巴塞罗那自治大学的研究负责人jose francisco perez这样说道。人们不吃未经加工的土豆，但是却吃很多富含耐久淀粉的食物，比如说凉的熟土豆、豆荚、粮食、 绿香蕉、面食、谷物等。人们食用的淀粉大约有百分之十为耐久淀粉，也就是不能無小肠中消化，而 是分流到大肠，在大肠中发酵的淀粉。食用淀粉被认为可以降低大肠癌的得病几率，还有可能对过 敏性肠综合征起作用。免疫学专家lena ohman的研究小组曾发现过敏性肠综合征病人的淋巴细胞数量并没有改变， 然而淋巴细胞却是从周围的血液转移到肠内，这就给过敏性肠综合征至少部分是炎症性疾病的假设 提供了依据。lena ohman说道，因为如此,西班牙人观察到的淋巴细胞的减少很有趣，耐久淀粉食 品也许值得在过敏性肠综合征病人身上试验。ohman近来在瑞典哥德堡大学内科医学系工作，她 的研究成果发表在科学引文索引数据库收录的期刊化学和工业上。 第十八篇exercise can replace insulin for elderly diabeticsmost older people with so-called type h diabetes could stop taking insulin if they would do brisk exercise for 30 minutes just three times a week, according to new medical research results reported in the copenhagen newspaper berlingske tidende on monday.results from tests conducted on diabetics at the copenhagen central hospital rigshospitalets center for muscle research showed that physical exercise can boost the bodys ability to utilise insulin by 30 per cent, the newspaper reported.this is equal to1 the effect most elderly diabetics get from their insulin medication today，it said. 、researchers had a group of non-diabetic men and a group of men with type n, all more than60 years of age, exercise on bicycles six times a week for three months. after the three months the doctors measured how much sugar the test subjects muscles could utilise as a measure for how well their insulin worked.2associate professor3 dr. flemming dela of the muscle research center said the tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had just as high insulin utilisation as the healthy non?exercising persons.this means that the insulin works just as well for both groups. physical exercise cannot cure people of diabetes,4 but it can eliminate almost all their symptoms. at the same time it can put off5 the point at which they have to begin taking insulin or perhaps completely avoid insulin treatment，” dela was quoted as saying.6insulin isa hormone produced by the pancreas，controlling sugar in the body and used against diabetes.dela said that to achieve the desired effect diabetics need only exercise to the point where they begin to work up7 a sweat, but that the activity has to be maintained since it wears off6 after five days without sufficient exercise.most diabetics realise that they have to watch their diet while remaining unaware of the importance of exercise, dela added.词汇：insulin 胰岛素 diabetic(患）糖尿病的；糖尿病患者diabetes 糖尿病；多尿症 brisk轻快的；活泼的，活跃的copenhagen哥本哈根(丹麦首都）muscle.肌肉 utilise ( = utilize) .利用，使用medication 药物，药物治疗 subject 实验对象utilisation ( = utilization) .利用，使用saying 格言 hormone 激素 pancreas 胰腺注释：1. be equal to;等于2.as a measure for how well their insulin worked:作为测量他们的胰岛素工作状况如何的标志。 从语法上分析，how引起的从句是for这个介词的宾语从句。3.associate professor ：畐lj 教授4. . cannot cure people of diabetes:不能治好人们的糖尿病。cure sb. of sth.：给某人医治某 病。例如:liiis medicine should cure you of your cold.这药准能治好你的感冒。5.put off:推迟，延期6.dela was quoted as saying:dela的话像格言一样被人们所引用。注意谓语是被动语态。7.work up:逐步引起，激起8.wear off:逐渐消失9.(be) unaware of sth.：不知道，没觉察练习：1.how could most elderly type ii diabetics stop taking insulin?a by taking more salt than usual.b by taking less salt than usual.c by doing brisk exercise for half an hour at least three times a week.d by going climbing, swimming or boxing every day.2.physical exercise may increase the body ability to utilise insulin bya 70 per cent.b 30 per cent.c 60 per cent.d only a few per cent.3.the subjects of the research tests conducted at the copenhagen central hospital includeda elderly non-diabetic men.b elderly type ii diabetic men.c both sexes of all ages.d both a and b.4.to what a degree have diebetics to exercise in order to achieve the desired effect?a to the degree where they begin to sweat.b to the degree where they feel exhausted.c to the point when they feel thirsty.d to the point when they have to take insulin.5.according to dela, among most diabetics the importance of exercise is the importance of watching their diet.a as poorly understood asb as well understood asc less understood thand better understood than答案与题解：1.c文章一开始就有此问题的明确答案。至于吃多少盐或者从事其他剧烈运动文章自始至 终都没有提到。2.b文章第二段说到，体育锻炼能将身体利用胰岛素的能力提高30%。3.d此题答案在文章第四段，实验对象既有n型糖尿病患者，也有健康人，而且都是60岁以 上的男人。4.a文章倒数第二段说到，体育锻炼只要达到出汗的程度就能起作用。5.c最后一段明确说到，大多数糖尿病患者知道必须注意饮食，但却并不知道体育锻炼的重要性。译文：老年糖尿病患者进行体育锻炼可以取代胰岛素治疗哥本哈根的贝林时报周一刊登了一则最新医疗研究结果称，大多数型老年糖尿病患者只要每周坚持三次轻快的体育锻炼，每次30分钟，都可以不用注射胰岛素。报道称，哥本哈根市中心医院rigshospitalet肌肉研究中心对糖尿病人进行测试,结果显示体育 锻炼能将身体利用胰岛素的能力提高30%。据说，这一结果和大多数老年糖尿病患者每天接受胰岛素治疗的疗效相同。 研究人员挑选了一组非糖尿病患者,一组ii型糖尿病患者，都是60岁以上的男性。这些被试者 每周骑自行车锻炼六次，并持续了三个月。三个月后，医生测量出被试者肌肉能够利用的血糖总量， 以此作为测量他们的胰岛素工作状况如何的标志。肌肉研究中心副教授弗莱明?德拉医生称，实验结果显示，进行体育锻炼的糖尿病患者胰岛素 利用率和那些没有锻炼的健康人胰岛素利用率一样高。“这就意味着，两组被试者的胰岛素都是正常工作的。体育锻炼不能治好患者的糖尿病，但是 能最大限度地消除患者症状。另外,即使患者不得不接受胰岛素治疗，体育锻炼也能尽量推迟这一 临界点，甚至有可能完全避免实施胰岛素治疗。”德拉医生的话像格言一样被人们所引用。 胰岛素是胰腺分泌的一种激素，可以控制体内血糖，预防糖尿病。德拉解释说，糖尿病患者只需锻炼到出汗的程度即可达到理想的效果。同时他还强调，这种锻 炼必须坚持，如果五天没有进行有效锻炼，效果就会消失。德拉还补充说,大多数糖尿病患者意识到他们必须控制饮食，却忽略了体育锻炼的重要性。 第十九篇prolonging human lifeprolonging human life has increased the size of the human population. many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. in fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. in all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. in hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. in times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. in most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. we have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. in the united states many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often go on welfare if they have a serious illness.when older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. in the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. to meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. these are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. while a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply dumping grounds for the dying in which care is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.词汇：dependency 依赖性 contemporary 现代的obligation 义务 insurance 保险welfare 福利 senile 衰老的grave 严肃的 convalescent 康复的sponsor 发起，资助 institution 机构 注释:1. prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population:延长人类生命的结果使得人口的数量有了增加。句中的 prolonging human life是动名词短语。由动名词短语作句子的主语时，句中动词必须用单数形式。如 : collecting stamps is his hobby.2. many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago:如果今天活着的很多人生于一百年以前，他们会死于各种儿童疾病。3. because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time:因为有更多的人寿命更长，所以在任何一个特定的时间里的人也就更多。4. the dependency load: 抚养人口数量。5. in times of famine: 在饥荒年代6. go on welfare : 靠福利救济go on 有许多意思，其中的一个意思是依靠过活。例:many people go on welfare when jobs become scarce.(工作难找时，许多人靠政府救济金过日子。)7. grave problems: 严重的问题8. convalescent hospitals: 康复医院;疗养院9. profit-making organizations: 赢利机构10. dumping grounds: 垃圾场练习:1. the writer believes that the population explosion results froma an increase in birthrates.b the industrial development.c a decrease in death rates.d cultural advances.2. it can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering culturesa it was a moral responsibility to keep old-aged people alive.b infants could be left dead in times of starvation.c parents had to impart the cultural wisdom of the tribe to their children.d death was considered to be freedom from hardships.3. according to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the united states is true?a many of them have a very hard life.b they cannot live a decent life without enough bank savings.c they rely mainly on their children for financial support.d most of them live with their children and therefore are well looked after. 4. in paragraph 3, the phrase this need refers toa the need to prolong the lives of old people.b the need to enrich the life of the retired people.c the need to build profit-making nursing homes.d the need to take care of a sick and weak person.5. which of the following best describes the writers attitude toward most of the nursing homes, and convalescent hospitals?a sympathetic.b unfriendly.c optimistic.d critical.答案与题解 :1. c 第一段最后一句说： in fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion. 事实上，是由于死亡率的下降，而不是出生率的上升，导数了人口爆炸。因此，选项 c是正确答案。2. b 第二段第四句说： in times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. 在灾年，可能会容忍婴儿死亡，因为，如果他们的父母饿死了，他们也无法生存，而如果父母生存下来可重新生儿育女。因此，选项 b是正确的答案。3. a 第二段倒数第二句是这么说的：in the united states many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. （在美国，许多退休人员依靠社会保障金生活，其数额之小差不多使人穷困潦倒。）可以看出，在美国许多退休人员的生活是很艰难的。这正是选项a表达的意思，因而选项a是正确的答案。4. d 第三段第三句：today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. （当今，由于家庭中大多数人都出去工作或上学，家里常常没有人来照顾有病或虚弱的人。）this need 出现在下面这个短语中：to meet this need（为了满足这种需要），它指句子前面的care for a sick or weak person。这正是选项d表达的意思。5. d文章昀后一句说 : most of them are simply dumping grounds for the dying in which care is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.大多数机构只不过是倾倒垂死的人的垃饭场，所谓的照顾都是由收入低、超量工作、技术水平低下的人员提供的。作者如此措辞显然是对大多数机构的强烈批评。因此，选项 d是正确答案。译文：延长人类生命人类生命的延长使人口增加了。许多现在还活着的人，如果早出生100年的话，可能在幼年 就得病死了。因为活得长的人越多，在任何一个特定的时间里的人也就越多。实际上导致人口爆炸的是死亡率的降低而不是出生率的增长。延长人的生命同时也使要抚养的人数增长了。在所有的社会里，残疾的、太小或太老的以至不能工作的人，要靠社会中其他人的救助。在以狩猎和采集为生的时代，不能跟上其他人的老人会被甩在后面，任他死去。在饥荒年代，人们允许婴儿死，因为如果他们的父母饿死了， 他们也活不成，但是如果他们的父母活下来了，他们还可以再要个孩子。在大部分的当代社会里，人们觉得在道义上负有让人们活着的义务，不管他们能不能工作。现在有i午多人已经过了想工作 或能工作的年龄；我们也制定了让人们在特定年龄退休的规章制度。除非这些人为他们退休后的生活攒够了钱，否则别人就得负担他们。在美国，许多退休的老人靠很少的一点社会保障金过日子，生活几近赤贫。老年人比年轻人或中年人更容易得病；除非他们很有钱，或有私人或政府的保险金，否则他们在得重病的时候就得靠福利救济。当老年人变得袞老，或太虚弱，病太重以至于不能照料自己时，他们就给他们的家庭带来了 很严?的问题，在过去和一些流传的习俗里，他们会在家中得到照料直到死去。现在，由于大部分的家庭成员都在工作或上学，所以常常没有人在家照料病弱的人。为满足这种需要，许多养老 院和康复医院被建立起来。这些机构通常是缻利的，尽管其中有一些是宗教及其他非舔利团体资助的。然而只有少数的这样的机构是好的，它们大部分是垂死的人的 “垃圾场，里面的工作是 由一些工资低的、劳动蛩大的、没有技术的人做的。第二十篇fda: human, animal waste threatens producethe biggest food safety risk for fresh fruits and vegetables as they are grown, picked or processed comes from human and animal waste, the u. s. food and drug administration （fda）. said friday.more than 9, 000 americans die each year from food-borne diseases and some scientists believe fresh produce is the biggest carrier of contamination.the fda issued a set of draft guideline