优化多样化用水流域水资源配置.doc

优化多样化用水流域水资源配置水资源的需求可以可以分为两部分，一部分是基本的生活需求，即为了维持正常生命、保障基本生活的日常生活用水，这部分用水的需求价格弹性很小，另一部分是非基本需求的多样化用水，需求价格弹性较大。The demand of water resources can be divided into two parts, part is the basic needs of life, namely, in order to maintain normal life, ensure the basic life daily life water, this part of the water demand price elasticity is small, the other part is the basic demand of diversification, water demand price elasticity is larger. 从流域整体来看，流域上下游不同地区之间有潜在的“水市场”。以黄河为例，黄河多数灌区工程老化失修，灌溉方式简单落后，不少地方还是大水漫灌，管理粗放，水资源有效利用率低（30-50%），农业如果采取有力的节水措施，就能转移出一部分农业用水满足非农业需求。From the whole of the basin, basin between upstream and downstream regions with potential water market. Most in the Yellow River as an example, the Yellow River irrigation area engineering aged disrepair, irrigation methods simple backward, many places still flood irrigation, management extensive, low effective utilization of water resources (30-50%), agriculture if effective water-saving measures, will be able to transfer a part of the agricultural water meet the demand of non-agricultural. 水资源越是易于获取的地区，大水漫灌越成为习惯，节水激励越弱，用水效率就越低下，另一方面下游水严重短缺，对水资源又迫切需求，而工农业经济损失可以提供潜在的资金供给。市场之所以是有效率的就是因为如果同时存在需求和供给，那么通过交换，供需双方都可以受益。Areas where the more easy to get water, flood irrigation is a habit, water-saving incentive is weak, water use efficiency is low, on the other hand, serious shortage of water downstream, and urgent demand of water resource, and industrial and agricultural economic loss may provide the potential supply of money. Markets are efficient because if there is demand and supply at the same time, then through the exchange, the supply and demand both sides can benefit. 如果节约用水就可以提供潜在的水供给，而节水是一种投资需求；下游地区拿出一部分经济损失和上游潜在的水供给相交换，水短缺和支付上游水价都会促使其提高节水水平，从而总受益增加；而上游收取下游的水价，以此对节水灌溉进行投资，虽然水量减少而产出却可以继续增加，其总收益也增加。这说明水资源作为一种稀缺的经济资源，其配置可以不完全依赖于政府的指令性分配，也可以充分利用市场加以配置，而市场配置资源是有效率的。If saving water can provide potential water supply, and water saving is a kind of investment demand; Downstream upstream part of the economic loss and potential water supply phase exchange, water shortages and upstream water will pay prompt it to raise the level of water-saving, and total benefit increase; And charging downstream water price, in order to invest in water saving irrigation, although is reduced and the output is can continue to increase, the total revenue will increase. Which showed that the water resources as a kind of scarce economic resources, the configuration can not completely rely on the governments the mandatory assignment, configuration, also can make full use of market and market resources allocation is efficient. 基本用水的比例很小，以塔里木河流域为例，按21世纪议程要求的每人每天40升淡水的用水标准，塔河全流域人口基本用水总量仅占水资源利用总量的0.5%。某些流域农业用水比重更高，钢塑土工格栅塔河流域农业用水越占全流域用水的95.5%，黄河农业用水占全河用水量的92%，而且上游比例更高。The basic water proportion is very small, in tarim river basin for example, in accordance with the requirements of agenda 21 40 liters of fresh water per person a day water standard, tahe population basic whole basin water amount accounts for only 0.5% of the total water resource utilization. Higher proportion of agricultural water, some basin basin water more accounted for 95.5% of the total water use in agriculture, the Yellow River water accounted for 92% of whole river water use in agriculture, and the upstream proportion is higher. 市场的力量能够优化资源配置，水资源作为一种稀缺资源，同样能够通过市场机制实现优化配置。应对日益严峻的水资源供需矛盾，必须开源和节流，由于开源成本越来越高，跨流域调水工程耗资巨大，行吊因此一般而言，在实施大规模的调水工程之前，应首先充分挖掘本流域用水潜力。Market power can optimize the allocation of resources, water resources, as a scarce resource, can also through the market mechanism to realize optimal allocation. Response to the growing contradiction between supply and demand of water resources, must be open source and throttling, due to the open source cost is higher and higher, inter-basin water transfer project is expensive, so in general, before the implementation of large-scale water diversion project, shall, first of all, fully tap the basin water potential. 利用市场机制配置水资源，既包括微观上的提高水价以促进节水，也包括在流域上下游之间、不同地区之间、不同部门之间的市场交易，引进流域水市场能够促进微观上的水价改革，优化流域水资源配置，增进流域的用水福利。Use market mechanism configuration of water resources, both in micro level raised to promote water-saving, also included in the valley between the upstream and downstream, market transactions bet