大学英语语法归纳总结.doc

一、 大学英语三、四级语法归纳二、 时态和语态I、 时态 时态是表示动作发生的时间和表现方式的一种动词形式。每一种“时间方式”就构成一种时态。从时间上看，有现在、过去、将来和过去将来之分，从动作上看，有一般、进行、完成及完成进行之区别。（英语动词有16种时态）在实际应用中以及TOEFL等考试中出现最多的时态也只有4种，即一般现在时，现在完成时，一般过去时及过去完成时。1 用一般现在时表示将来的动作。B. 在由连词even if, unless, as soon as, if, when, in case, before, after, until, once, the moment, as long as等引出状语从句中，谓语一般不用will或shall来表示将来的动作，仅用一般现在时。例如：C. eg. She will come to see you the moment she finishes her work. The boss wont give the workers pay unless they _their work today. (03/12, 43) D. A) finish B) finished C) will finish D) had finished Such crimes may be so complex that months or years go by before anyone_ them.E. A) discovered B) will discover (03/1,31, CET-4)F. C) would have discovered D) discoversG. B. 某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按预定计划或时刻表在短时间内将发生的动作。这类动词有：be, go, come, start, leave, depart, arrive, begin, return等。例如： The train leaves at five sharp. H. 2. 现在完成时、过去完成时以及将来完成时之间的区别1) 现在完成时：I. 构成：havehas + 过去分词J. 语法意义及要点：A. 表示一个过去开始的状态或动作持续到现在并可能继续持续下去，常同表示一段时间的状语连用。eg. so far，up to now，since，for a long time etc.K. eg. He has worked as a teacher for many yearsL. Up till now，nothing has gone wrong Dont disturb Father. He _ letters all morning and has written ten so far. (99/6, 42)M. A) write B) has been writing C) has written D) was writingN. This is the worst time of the year. It _every day so far. (02/6, 42)O. A) is raining B) has rained C) rained D) rainsP. B表示一个过去发生的对现在仍有影响的动作或事件。常与不确定的过去时间状语连用(eg. yet，just，before，recently, etc.)；也同表示频度时间状语连用 (eg. often，ever，never，sometimes，several times, etc).；还可同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用 (eg. now，today，this morning, etc). 但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用 (last year，inl997 etc.)Q. eg. I have never learned Japanese beforeR. We have been quite busy lately /recentlyS. I am meeting Ivan tonight; I _a Russian before. (01/1,49)T. A) didnt ever meet B) have ever met C) had never met D) have never metU. C在时间或条件状语从句中，当表示将来完成时的意义时，要用现在完成时来代替将来完成时。 Well start at 5 0clock if it has stopped raining by then I shall go to see you when I have finished my homeworkV. Note：行为不能持续的瞬间动词(Instantaneous Verb)，eg. arrive, begin, come, go，start, leave, die，join，etc. 通常不能用于这一语法意义，即该类动词在现完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。 He has joined the army for five years(F) He has been in the army for five years。(T)W. 2) 过去完成时：X. 构成：had+过去分词Y. 语法意义及要点：表示某一动作或情况发生在过去某一时刻之前并持续到该时刻。Z. eg. David and Jenny had known each other for a long time before their marriage.AA. They had got everything ready before the party began The burglary _before I arrived at the office; all I could do was to call the police. (03/6, 56)BB. A) has occurred B) had occurred C) was occurring D) would occurCC. Note: 与现在完成时不同的是过去完成时可以与表示具体过去的时间状语连用。 He said that he had seen her the day before yesterday.DD. 3) 将来完成时：EE. 构成：shallwill +have+过去分词FF. 语法意义及要点：表示某一动作在将来某一时刻或将来某一动作之前已经完成或发生。GG. eg. He will have graduated from high school before his next birthday，HH. The shop will have closed already before you get thereII. By the end of next year they _together for twenty years. (01/1,48)JJ. A) will have worked B) had worked C) would work D) have worked KK. -May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five oclock tonight? (00/6,41, CET-4)-Im sorry. Mr. Williams _ to a conference long before then. A) will have gone B) had gone C) would have gone D) has goneLL. By the time he arrives in Beijing, we_ here for two days. (01/6,31, CET-4)A) have been staying B) have stayed C) shall stay D) will have stayedMM. By the time you get to New York, I _for London. (02/1,41, CET-4)A) would be leaving B) am leaving C) have already left D) shall have left NN. 4) 将来时间表示法：OO. be going to +V. 表示不太明确的意图、打算。 Were going to to build a new highway to the east. PP. be + to + V. 表示正式的安排、指示、命令、禁止等。例如：QQ. Youre to do your homework before you watch TV. Youre not to tell him anything about our plans. RR. be about to / be on the point of 表示不久的将来，后者表示更近的将来，强调将来要发生的事情已临近。例如： I feel that something terrible is about to happen. I cant see you now. Im on the point of leaving. SS. be due to 表示将来的用法与时刻表、实施计划有关。例如： The train to Hangzhou is due to arrive at 13:15. II、 语态TT. 英语动词有两种语态，一种叫主动语态（Active Voice）， 一种叫被动语态（Passive Voice）, 分别表示主语和谓语动词的主动关系和被动关系。.主动语态用于主动句，表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态用于被动句，表示主语是动作的承受者。UU. 基本公式是：“是”动词 过去分词 （被动语态有13种）VV. 1. am/ is / are +P.P 2. am/ is / are +being +P.PWW. 3. was/ were +P.P 4. was/ were +being +P.P XX. 5. has been + P.P 6. had + been + P.P YY. 7. shall / will be + P.P 8. should / would be + P.PZZ. 9. should / shall / would / must / need / may / might / ought toAAA. / can / could / will be+ P.P (情态动词)BBB. 10. be +to be + P.P (不定式) 11. to have been + P.P (完成体)CCC. 12 .being + P.P (动名词及分词) 13. having been +PP(完成时动名词及分词) 动词不定式符号to的处理。DDD. 感官动词（verbs of perception）, 如see , watch, observe, notice, listen to, hear, feel, etc;EEE. 使役动词（causative verbs）, 如make, have , let, etc; FFF. 如后面接不定式作为其宾语补语时，该不定式不能带有“to”这个符号。GGG. 即： 感官动词HHH. 主语 + 使役动词 + 宾语 + 不带to的不定式III. 但当上列结构由主动语态转成被动语态时，不带to的不定式须换成带to的不定式。JJJ. eg. We saw him cross the street. He was seen to cross the street. KKK. John heard Mary go downstairs. Mary was heard to go downstairs.LLL. The sharp pain made her cry out. She was made to cry out by the sharp pain.MMM. 二、非 谓 语 动 词I、 动名词 动名词可以在句中作主语补足语、主语、宾语、表语。它具有动词特征，有时态和语态的变化。例如：NNN. Transplanting will soon start. (S) Its no use waiting. (S)OOO. Would you mind standing on your head? (O) My favorite sport is swimming. (P) His job is looking after the two dogs of the old woman. (S-c) 1. 某些动词后要接动名词PPP. 某些及物动词后能用动名词而不能用不定式作宾语，其中最常用动词的有admit，avoid，appreciate(赞赏)，complete，consider，cant help，delay，deny，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，endure, excuse, fancy，favour(赞同)，finish，forgive，involve，imagine，mind，miss，postpone，practise，prevent，quit，resent，risk，resist，suggest, etc.QQQ. She suggested spending another day in the mountain areaRRR. Theres no way to escape doing the workSSS. She is considering asking her employer for a riseTTT. I shall postpone _ my paper until I get enough information on the subject. (02/6, 55)UUU. A) writing C) written B) being written D) to writeVVV. Maybe Ill _the MA program after graduating from college. (03/1,54)WWW. A) consider to take B) consider to taking XXX. C) consider taking D) consider on takingYYY. He considers _ an MA program after graduation in two years. (03/6, 51)ZZZ. A) taking B) to take C) took D) takenAAAA. Try to imagine _the Pacific Ocean in a small boat. (03/12, 54) BBBB. A) crossing B) to cross C) to be crossed D) on crossing CCCC. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _ at the next town. (00/6, 34, CET-4)A) to stop B) stopping C) stop D) having stoppedDDDD. That young man still denies _ the fire behind the store. (01/1, 45, CET-4)A) start B) to start C) having started D) to have startedEEEE. Note： 在need、want、require、deserve等动词后的动名词相当于不定式的被动式 The clock needswants repairing(The clock needswants to be repaired) The disabled deserve respecting(The disabled deserve to be respected)FFFF. 在like、hate、prefer等动词后，如果表示一般倾向，则用动名词作宾语；如果指具体的某次发生在将来的行动，则要用不定式。GGGG. I like reading books of this kind，but l dont like to read that bookHHHH. She prefers walking to cyclingIIII. I prefer to stay at home todayJJJJ. 在remember、forget、regret等动词后，如果用动名词作宾语，则表示该宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之前；如果用不定式作宾语，则表示宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之后。KKKK. I remembered locking the door(I remembered that I had locked the door.)LLLL. I remembered to lock the door(I remembered that l was to lock the door.)MMMM. I regret telling you about it(I regret that l told you about it.)NNNN. I regret to tell you he has fallen ill(I regret that I am to tell you he has fallen ill.)OOOO. 2. 动名词作介词的宾语PPPP. 动名词可作介词的宾语，与介词一起构成介词短语，在句中作定语、状语或表语。 His dream of becoming a successful writer has come true She left without saying goodbye to usQQQQ. 动名词作介词的宾语常用在某些词组后面。这类常用的词组主要有：be accustomed to，believe in，confess to，dream of，feel like，give up，insist on，be interested in，look forward to，object to，have an (no) objection to，pay attention to，put off，be responsible for，succeed in，be tired of，be (get) used to，worry about, etc. He is used to living on his own He has made up his mind to give up smoking.RRRR. 3、带逻辑主语的动名词SSSS. 动名词可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为“名词或代词的所有格+动名词”。带逻辑主语的动名词又称为动名词的复合结构，在句中用作主语，宾语，表语和介词的宾语。在非正式语体中，如果动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语，也可以用宾格来充当动名词的逻辑主语。但需注意的是，在各种英语测试中，专家们仍坚持在正式语体中用代词的所有格来作动名词的逻辑主语。TTTT. Your driving a car to New York took longer than I expectedUUUU. I appreciated her devoting herself to the cause Of educationVVVV. Your mother will be astonished at your coming home so late WWWW. What we felt uneasy about was Li Mings having too much confidence in himselfXXXX. I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late. （00/1，43, CET-4）A) you to delay making B) your delaying makingC) your delaying to make D) you delay to makeYYYY. 、不定式1. 某些动词后要接不定式ZZZZ. 某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语，其中最常用的动词有: agree，apply, afford，arrange，appear，ask，attempt，care，choose，continue，claim, decide，dare, demand，desire，determine，expect，fail，fear，forget，hate，hesitate，hope，intend，learn，like，love，manage，mean(打算)，neglect，offer(主动提出)，plan，prefer，prepare，pretend，promise， prove，refuse，regret，remember，resolve(决心), seek，seem, tend，try，volunteer，want，wish， etc.AAAAA. What do you plan to do tomorrow?BBBBB. She hated to move from such a nice villageCCCCC. In class teachers should try to get feedback from their students.DDDDD. 2. 不定式的被动式EEEEE. 不定式有被动式，当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式要用被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语，定语，状语，复合宾语等。作定语时，通常表示在谓语动作后将要发生的动作。FFFFF. eg. The last question to be discussed today is how to do the job more efficientlyGGGGG. She preferred to be given more difficult work to doHHHHH. It is a great honor for me to be invited to the party. IIIII. If the building project _by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.JJJJJ. A) being completed B) is completed C) to be completed D) completed (01/6, 48, CET-4)KKKKK. 3. 不定式的完成式LLLLL. 当不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成式，在句中可作宾语，状语以及构成复合宾语，复合谓语。 She seemed to have heard about the news already. He Was believed to have been a very rich manMMMMM. 4. 不定式的完成被动式NNNNN. 当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，且不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语或构成复合宾语，复合谓语。 OOOOO. eg. The forest fire is reported to have been put out last nightPPPPP. It is supposed to have been finished without referring to any reference booksQQQQQ. Twenty soldiers were reported _in that battle. (99/6, 44)RRRRR. A) to have been killed B) having been killed C) to be killed D) being killed The accident is reported _at dawn this morning, killing about ten people. (03/6, 42)SSSSS. A) to have occurred B) to have been occurred C) occurred D) occurring TTTTT. The bank is reported in the local newspaper _ in broad daylight yesterday. (01/1, 63, CET-4)A) being robbed B) having been robbed C) to have been robbed D) robbedUUUUU. 5. 带逻辑主语的不定式短语 VVVVV. 不定式可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为for+代词的宾格(或名词)+不定式。带逻辑主语的不定式短语可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或状语等。WWWWW. It is not easy for you to catch up with them in a short timeXXXXX. I think it better for you to see the doctorYYYYY. What we want is for you to understand the matter clearlyZZZZZ. I sent him some pictures for him to see what Paris is likeAAAAAA. 6. 带疑问词的不定式短语BBBBBB. 不定式前可以加某些疑问代词，如who、what、which，或疑问副词，如when、where、how、why等，构成一种特殊的不定式短语，可在句子中作主语宾语、表语或状语等。CCCCCC. How to improve English is often discussed among the studentsDDDDDD. We havent decided when to visit the placeEEEEEE. The most difficult thing in learning English is how to speak the language wellFFFFFF. You havent answered my question where to set these booksGGGGGG. 7. 某些动词后的不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to，这些动词是: feel, have，hear，let，make，notice，see，watch, etc.HHHHHH. eg. Suddenly l felt the atmosphere in the room become tense IIIIII. I often hear them sing this songJJJJJJ. As we felt the ground _to shake, we all hurried out and stood in the open. (03/6, 50)KKKKKK. A) to begin B) begun C) has begun D) begin LLLLLL. 、分词 分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种，主要起形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。1、 现在分词与过去分词的区别MMMMMM. 现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在时间和语态上。现在分词表示正在进行的动作并表示主动的意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作并表示被动的意义。NNNNNN. Cf：a changing world (一个变化着的世界) VS a changed world (一个已经起变化的世界)OOOOOO. Surprising news (令人惊讶的消息) VS surprised people (感到惊讶的人们)PPPPPP. 2. 分词作状语QQQQQQ. 作状语时，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步和伴随情况等。另外作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。RRRRRR. eg. Hearing the news，he heaved a sign of relief SSSSSS. Given another chance，Ill do it much better All things _, the result is satisfactory. (99/6, 50) TTTTTT. A) considered B) to consider C) considering D) are considered Children may improve their speech by listening to people talk, a fact that may go_. (01/1,59)UUUUUU. A) not to be noticed B) unnoticed C) being unnoticed D) not to notice VVVVVV. I think that _with the railway, the highway is much better. (02/6, 44)WWWWWW. A) comparing B) compared C) to compare D) compare _his homework, the schoolboy dashed to the playground to join his friends in the game. (03/6, 48) XXXXXX. A) Finished B) With finishing C) Finishing D) To finish YYYYYY. As a rule Mr. Smith went for a walk after supper, _by a white lapdog. (03/6, 52)ZZZZZZ. A) following B) followed C) to follow D) having followedAAAAAAA. The boy looked at the stranger carefully, _who he could be. (03/12, 42) BBBBBBB. A) to wonder B) wondered C) wondering D) having wondered CCCCCCC. _ in this way，the situation doesnt seem so disappointing. (00/1, 68, CET-4)A) To look at B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To be looked atDDDDDDD. These surveys indicate that many crimes go_ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them. A) unrecorded B) to be unrecorded C) unrecording D) to have been unrecorded (00/6, 26, CET-4) EEEEEEE. _ in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $21,000.A) Judged the best B) Judging the best (01/1, 46, CET-4)FFFFFFF. C) To be judged the best D) Having judged the bestGGGGGGG. _in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city. (01/6, 60, CET-4)A) Being the fourth biggest city C) Once the fourth biggest city B) It was once the fourth biggest city D) The fourth biggest city it wasHHHHHHH. He wasnt appointed chairman of the committee, _ not very popular with all its members. A) to be considered C) being considered (02/1, 53, CET-4)B) considering D) having consideredIIIIIII. We left the meeting, there obviously _ no point in staying. (02/6, 58, CET-4)A) were B) being C) to be D) having Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely _ to the outside world. (03/1, 43, CET-4)JJJJJJJ. A) having been lost B)to be lose C)losing D) lost -(be lost to) KKKKKKK. 3. 分词作定语LLLLLLL. 分词常用来修饰名词或代词作定语。单个的分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前；分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后。但有些单个的过去分词作定语时，也可放在被修饰词之后。 Hes a spoilt child The man standing over there is our English teacher.MMMMMMM. 4. 分词作宾语补足语NNNNNNN. 分词可在感觉动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语。OOOOOOO. 常用的感觉动词主要有：see，hear，notice，watch，find，observe，smell, etc.PPPPPPP. 常用的使役动词主要有：Set，have，keep，leave，set，make，let, etc.QQQQQQQ. 此外，分词还可在want，like，wish，order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词后作宾语补足语。RRRRRRR. She watched her baby sleepingSSSSSSS. I got my hair cutTTTTTTT. I dont want you worrying about me.UUUUUUU. They had their new house _in the earthquake last week. (02/6, 52)VVVVVVV. A) be destroyed B) being destroyed C) to be destroyed D) destroyedWWWWWWW. As a member, he tired hard to make his voice _in the committee. (03/6, 46)XXXXXXX. A) heard B) hear C) hearing D) be heard The wounded soldier had the message _straight to the army commander. (03/12,46)YYYYYYY. A) sent B) to send C) to be sent D) being sent ZZZZZZZ. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _ in Cuba. （00/1，45, CET-4） A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C) having cultivated D) cultivatingAAAAAAAA. You will see this product _ wherever you go. （00/6，30, CET-4）BBBBBBBB. A)