共享经济与共享出行共享汽车外文翻译文献中英文2019

共享经济与个人出行的未来：共享汽车中英文2019英文The Sharing Economy and the Future of Personal Mobility: New Models Based on Car SharingNovikova OlgaAbstractThesharingeconomyis an emerging phenomenon that shapes the cultural, economic, and social landscape of our modern world. With variations of the concept of thesharingeconomyemerging in so many fields, the area of shared mobility - the shared use of a motor vehicle, bicycle, or other mode that enables travellers to gain short-term access to transportation modes on an on-demand basis - has developed as the forerunner of the transformation to be expected in other areas. This article examines how the sphere of personal mobility has been affected by the growth ofsharingeconomy. It contributes to the growing body of shared mobility literature by uncovering innovative mobility-based models that represent solutions on the intersection of shared mobility, physical infrastructure, and integrated-mobility schemes.Keywords:sharingeconomy, shared mobility, mobility modes, integrated solutionIntroductionDuring the last decade, the concept of thesharingeconomyhas entered various industries and has altered numerous aspects of daily life. The general notion ofsharingwithin the society is not new (Belk, 2007, 2010, 2014), however, the evolution of the Internet has enabledsharingto spread beyond the local interaction and facilitated connection between vast amounts of individuals (Belk, 2014; Botsman & Rogers, 2010; Hamari et al., 2016).Various definitions of thesharingeconomyhave been put forward in recent years, however, no single description has been widely accepted by research and practitioner communities (Botsman, 2013). For example, Botsman and Rogers (2010) broadly define thesharingeconomyor collaborative consumption as "traditionalsharing, bartering, lending, trading, renting, gifting, and swapping, redefined through technology and peer communities".Applications of thesharingeconomyconcept have found their way into various areas. In the area of production, thesharingeconomyis manifested in the design, production, and distribution of goods through collaborative networks, with examples including the TechShop (techshop.ws) workshop and fabrication studio and the Quirky () invention platform (Bauwens et al., 2012; Botsman, 2013). In consumption, it means maximizing the utilization of assets through efficient models of redistribution and shared access, as seen with the Zipcar () car-sharingservice, Airbnbs () accommodation marketplace, and the Lyft () transportation network (Botsman, 2013). In finance, the collaborativeeconomymeans person-to-person banking and crowd-driven investment models that decentralize finance, with examples including the Zopa () peer-to-peer lending platform and the Kickstarter () funding platform for creative projects (Botsman, 2013; Owyang & Samuel, 2015). In education, the collaborativeeconomyimplies open education and person-to-person learning models that democratize education, with examples including the Coursera () online course platform and the Skillshare () online learning community (Bauwens et al., 2012; Botsman, 2014).With variations of the concept of thesharingeconomyemerging in so many fields, the area of shared mobility - the shared use of a motor vehicle, bicycle, or other mode that enables travellers to gain short-term access to transportation modes on an on-demand basis - has developed as the forerunner of the transformation to be expected in other areas (Le Vine & Pollak, 2015; Shaheen & Chan, 2016). Thus, there has been a growing interest in the topic among researchers of mobility in recent years. Researchers have focused their attention on the evolution of carsharing(Shaheen et al., 2015), the technological aspects of the car-sharingmarket (Zoepf & Keith, 2016), the behaviours and motivations of carpooling service users (Shaheen et al., 2016), mobility business models for thesharingeconomy(Cohen & Kietzman, 2014), and the concept of mobility as a service (Expsito-Izquierdo et al., 2017), among other topics.Whereas research to date has focused on the existing characteristics of shared mobility, there is lack of understanding of what kind of new mobility models emerge with the advance of thesharingeconomy. It is also unclear what solutions appear on the intersection of shared mobility, physical infrastructure, and integratedmobility schemes. This study attempts to uncover the emerging innovative mobility models, based on the interviews collected with mobility experts, business owners of car-sharingcompanies, and users of shared mobility solutions.This article is structured as follows. First, it gives an account of research on car-sharing, ride-sharing, and other shared mobility modes. Then, based on the data collected for this study, it showcases new models emerging on the intersection of thesharingeconomyand the traditionaleconomy. Finally, it offers a model illustrating an integrated mobility solution.Mobility in theSharingEconomyOne of the perhaps most recognized and widespread applications of thesharingeconomyhas emerged in the area of personal mobility through carsharing(Botsman & Rogers, 2010; Cohen & Kietzman, 2014). As withsharingitself, carsharingis not a new phenomenon. Carsharingemerged in the 1950s when membership was primarily motivated by economics (Shaheen et al., 1998), and it has since continued its worldwide growth (Shaheen & Cohen, 2007). With carsharing, individuals gain the benefits of using private cars without the costs and responsibilities of car ownership (Shaheen et al., 1998). Thus, instead of owning one or more vehicles, a household accesses a fleet of vehicles on an as-needed basis. Carsharingmay be thought of as organized recurring short-term car rental. Individuals gain access to a car-sharingservice by joining organizations that maintain a fleet of cars in a network of vehicle locations. Generally, participants pay a modest fixed charge plus a usage fee each time they use a vehicle (Shaheen et al, 1998; Shaheen & Cohen, 2013). The impacts of carsharingcan be categorized as environmental, land use, social effects, and transportation (Shaheen & Cohen, 2013).Several possible typologies of carsharinghave been identified (Bauwens et al., 2012; Cohen & Kietzman, 2014; Shaheen et al., 1998). For example, Bauwens (2012) differentiates between peer-to-peer carsharing, business-to-consumer carsharing, and non-profit cooperatives. Peer-to-peer (or consumer-to-consumer) carsharingimplies that the fleet of cars is owned by a community. The marketplace then matches cars that are available by the owners with the prospective drivers willing to rent them. Companies such as Turo (formerly RelayRides), Getaround, and JustShareIt offer examples of peer-to-peer carsharing. Business-to-consumer carsharingmeans that a company owns a fleet of cars and facilitates thesharingamong members. Auto manufacturers (e.g., BMW, Peugeot, Daimler), rental brands (e.g., Hertz, WeCar), and car-sharingbrands (e.g., Zipcar, StattAuto, GoGet) offer examples of business-toconsumer carsharing. Nonprofit cooperatives (or public initiatives) involve a local organization or community that facilitates carsharingwith the goal of changing driving habits over making a profit. Organizations such as City Car Share, PhillyCarShare, and Autolib are examples of such initiatives.Another case ofsharingeconomythat shapes the personal mobility space is ridesharing(or ride hailing - vehicle owners allowing other passengers to ride in the same vehicle to and from the same or similar destinations), with Uber being the most prominent example of a platform enabling peer-to-peer transactions (Cohen & Kietzmann, 2014). Similarly, various dynamic rideshare systems aim to bring together travellers with similar schedules and itineraries on short notice. As Agatz and colleagues (2012) note, new dynamic ride-sharingsystems have the potential to provide significant societal and environmental benefits by reducing the number of cars used for personal travel and improving the utilization of available seat capacity.Overall, three factors seem to contribute to the ongoing worldwide growth in shared-use vehicle membership: i) cost savings; ii) convenience of locations, use, and access; and iii) environmental awareness (Shaheen & Cohen (2013).MethodThe author studiedsharingmobility solutions as part of a larger project examining an emerging electric vehicle ecosystem in Finland. In the first stage, the author collected documents and media material to identify the actors involved in shared mobility and to understand their roles.In the second stage (March 2012 - August 2013), the author conducted 32 open-ended interviews with a carsharing organization and actors that were the most relevant with regard to the shared mobility solutions, including car-sharingservice users, business owners, and mobility experts. In the third stage (March 2012 - May 2014), the author assessed additional documents and media reports to ensure continuous support for ideas development.The qualitative nature of the study implies its limitations in scope, scale, and replicability. However, it helps shed light on the emerging and previously not captured phenomena in the fast developing field of thesharingeconomy. Despite its relative maturity, the collected data is still relevant as it projects the anticipated future mobility models.As typical in qualitative research, the data analysis consisted of multiple iterative and overlapping phases (Yin, 1994). In the first phase, open coding of the interviews was carried out in order to identify important issues relating to mobility solutions in thesharingeconomy. This helped to identify the new emerging models and a version of an integrated mobility solution after coding more systematically in phase two.Findings and DiscussionThe present study has identified several innovative models in the space of shared mobility. They combine existing actors in thesharingmobility space and the traditionaleconomyin a novel manner and present an attractive opportunity for future service providers. The findings are summarized in Table.For existing car manufacturers, thesharingeconomyspace offers interesting solutions, such as "lease-toshare" model, whereby a system is created for a leased vehicle to be seamlessly integrated into a shared mobility mechanism. Also, the car-sharingbusiness model for car-manufacturers offers an attractive intermediate solution to address a growing trend of not owning a car. Another noteworthy model emphasizes collaboration between mobility providers with actors in a non-mobility space, such as real-estate developers, whereby the shared mobility solutions are taken into consideration before constructing commercial or residential properties. New technological advances, such as selfdriving cars will bring about flexibility, or, as one of the interviewees put it "fluidity" in the mobility system, whereby the new system will be private in terms of user experience and public in terms of system access. Finally, the industry will see a change toward offering integrated mobility schemes and systems versus current individual mobility solutions.Based on the interviews, three factors appeared to be crucial in affecting the choice of mobility solution:1. Time: defined as total time taken to accomplish a trip2. Cost: defined as total cost of a trip3. Convenience: defined as a perceived convenience of a tripAn integrated mobility solution provides an on-demand single-point-of-purchase tool that will enable a user to reach a desired destination by using any combination of transportation modes, such as public, private, and shared vehicles. The architecture will take into account a users preferences in terms of time, cost, and perceived convenience of the trip. Furthermore, the variety of payment systems (for example, pre-paid or pay-as-you-go) can be integrated to serve the needs of individual users.New technological mobility systems may provide significant societal and environmental benefits by reducing the number of cars used for personal travel and improving the utilization of available seat capacity. Technology will play a major role in matching needs and requirements of drivers and riders in real time (Agatz et al., 2012). It will also play a major role in providing a seamless solution for a traveller who would be able to choose a trip based on their preferences regarding time, cost, and convenience while integrating public, private, and shared modes of transportation.ConclusionThesharingeconomyhas been affecting various spheres of our daily lives, and it has made notable progress in the field of mobility services. This article contributes to the growing body of shared mobility literature by uncovering innovative mobility-based models that represent solutions on the intersection of shared mobility, physical infrastructure, and integrated mobility schemes. Furthermore, an outline of an integrated mobility solution where three factors influencing a users choice of mobility mode - time, cost, and perceived convenience of the trip - are incorporated into a scheme with public, private, and shared modes of transportation, is presented as a technological answer to the future transportation challenges.中文共享经济与个人出行的未来：基于共享汽车的新模式摘要共享经济是一种新兴现象，正在重塑我们当代世界的文化，经济和社会格局。随着共享经济出现在许多领域，共享出行领域-汽车，自行车或其他方式的共享使用，使旅行者能够在短时间内获得交通方式的短期使用权。这一共享需求基础-已催生了这一共享经济领域。本文探讨了共享经济的增长如何影响个人出行方面。研究发现一个创新的基于共享经济的模型，这些模型代表了共享出行，物理基础设施和集成出行方案的解决方案，从而为共享出行方面的研究做出贡献。关键词：共享经济；共享出行；出行方式；集成解决方案引言在过去的十年中，共享经济的概念进入了各个行业，并改变了日常生活的许多方面。在社会内部共享的一般概念并不是什么新鲜事物（Belk，2007年，2010年，2014年），但是，互联网的发展已使共享扩展到了本地互动之外，并促进了大批个体之间的联系（Belk，2014年； 2014年，Belk，2014年）。 BotsmanRogers，2010； Hamari等，2016）。近年来，对共享经济提出了各种各样的定义，但是，没有一个单一的描述被研究和实践界广泛接受（Botsman，2013）。例如，Botsman和Rogers（2010）广泛地将共享经济或协作性消费定义为“通过技术和同伴社区重新定义的传统共享，易货，借贷，交易，租赁，赠与和交换”。共享经济概念的应用已进入各个领域。在生产领域，共享经济体现在通过协作网络进行商品的设计，生产和分销中，其中包括TechShop车间和制造工作室以及Quirky发明平台（ Bauwens et al，2012; Botsman，2013）。在消费方面，这意味着通过有效的再分配和共享访问模型来最大化资产利用，如Zipcar汽车共享服务，Airbnb住宿市场和Lyft所示）交通网络（博茨曼，2013年）。在金融领域，协作经济意味着分散金融的个人银行业务和人群驱动的投资模型，例如Zopa（）点对点贷款平台和Kickstarter融资平台（Botsman，2013； OwyangSamuel，2015）。在教育领域，合作经济意味着开放式教育和人与人之间的学习模式，使教育民主化，例如Coursera在线课程平台和技能共享在线学习社区（Bauwens等，2012；博茨曼，2014）。随着共享经济概念的变化出现在许多领域，共享出行领域-机动车，自行车或其他方式的共享使用，使旅行者能够在短时间内获得交通方式的短期使用权。需求基础-已成为其他领域转型的先驱（Le VinePollak，2015； ShaheenChan，2016）。因此，近年来，关于机动性的研究人员对该主题越来越感兴趣。研究人员将注意力集中在汽车共享的发展，汽车共享市场的技术方面，拼车服务用户的行为和动机，共享经济的移动业务模型，移动即服务的概念以及其他主题上。尽管迄今为止的研究都集中在共享出行的现有特征上，但是对于随着共享经济的发展出现了什么样的新的出行模型还缺乏了解。还不清楚在共享出行，物理基础设施和集成出行的融合上有什么解决方案。这项研究试图根据与出行专家，共享汽车公司的管理者以及共享出行解决方案的用户进行的访谈，以提出一个创新的出行模式。本文的结构如下。首先，它介绍了汽车共享，乘车共享和其他共享出行方式的研究。然后，基于本研究收集的数据，它展示了在共享经济和传统经济的交叉点上出现的新模型。最后，它提供了一个模型，说明了集成的移动解决方案。共享经济中的出行方面通过汽车共享，在个人出行领域中，共享经济也许是最广为人知的应用之一（BotsmanRogers，2010； CohenKietzman，2014）。与共享本身一样，共享汽车并不是一个新现象。 1950年代出现了汽车共享，当时会员资格主要是由经济学推动的（Shaheen等，1998），并且自此以后就一直在全球范围内发展（ShaheenCohen，2007）。通过共享汽车，个人可以获得使用私家车的好处，而无需承担购车的成本和责任（Shaheen等，1998）。因此，代替拥有一个或多个车辆，家庭可以根据需要访问一组车辆。可以将汽车共享视为有组织的周期性短期汽车租赁。通过加入在车辆位置网络中维护一批车队的组织，个人可以获得汽车共享服务。通常，参与者每次使用车辆时都要支付适度的固定费用以及使用费（Shaheen等，1998； ShaheenCohen，2013）。共享汽车的影响可分为环境，土地使用，社会影响和交通（ShaheenCohen，2013）。我们确定了汽车共享的几种可能类型（Bauwens等，2012； CohenKietzman，2014； Shaheen等，1998）。例如，Bauwens（2012）在点对点汽车共享，企业对消费者汽车共享和非营利性合作社之间进行了区分。点对点（或消费者对消费者）的汽车共享意味着汽车的车队归社区所有。然后，市场将车主可用的汽车与愿意租用的潜在驾驶员进行匹配。 Turo，Getaround和JustShareIt等公司提供了点对点汽车共享的示例。企业对消费者的汽车共享意味着公司拥有一组汽车，并促进成员之间的共享。汽车制造商（例如BMW，标致，戴姆勒），租赁品牌（例如Hertz，WeCar）和汽车共享品牌（例如Zipcar，StattAuto，GoGet）提供了企业对消费者汽车共享的示例。非营利性合作社（或公共举措）涉及促进汽车共享的当