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语法讲解介词一表示时间的介词1. at, in, on,by at at表示某一具体时间点,某一时刻/ 年龄 at six oclock at noon at that time at the moment at the age of at night in 表示时间段, 一天的三个时间段以及月份, 年, 季节, 世纪, 人生的某个时期(某人几十岁时) in the morning/afternoon /evening in spring /in 2007/in March in the twenty-first century in his fifties on 表示星期几/某一具体的日子/具体某天的上午/下午/晚上, 表示一天中的三个时间段名词 前有修饰语或后有修饰语时. on Monday on New Years Day on Sunday morning on a rainy night on the evening of April 1st, 2007 by 表示“不迟于.,在.前” The meeting should have finished by 4:30. 表示“在.期间,在.时间内” He worked by day and and slept by night. 他白天工作,夜里睡觉。2.in , after “in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后; “after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后; 3.from, since, for (1)from +时间点, 表示行动或状态的起始点,不涉及时间的延续及长短 from+过去的时间点与一般过去时连用 from+现在或将来的时间点与一般将来时连用 She began to learn to sing from the age of five.(2) since +时间点 表示自(某具体时间)以来 They have been close friends since childhood(3) for+时间段,表示某行为持续多久,可与现在完成时,过去时或将来时连用 He has live in this city for more than 10 years.4. before, by (1)by,表示不迟于,包括某时在内。 若by 后接表示将来的时间,则用将来时或将来 完成时;若后接表示过去的时间,则与过去完成时连用 Well have finished the work by ten oclock tomorrow.(2) before后接时间点,表示在某时之前,不包括某时在内 I will be back before supper.2 表示方位的介词1.in, to, on in 表示在某地范围之内。如: Shanghai is/lies in the east of China. 上海在中国的东部。to 表示在某地范围之外。如:Japan is/lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东面。on 表示与某地相邻或接壤。如:Mongolia is/lies on the north of China. 蒙古国位于中国北边。2.at /in / onat 表示在小地方:at the station, at the cinemain 表示在大地方:in China, in Beijing on 指在某物体的表面上 on the desk3.between / amongbetweenand指两者之间,在之间。among,用于三者或三者以上,在之中。There is a football match between Class One and Class Two on the playground.The teacher is standing among the students.4.along/ across / through /cross(1)across为介词,表示横过,穿过,即从物体表面通过,与on有关; Be careful when you go across the road. She swam across the river.(2)cross动词,穿过,横过,从表面过去 Be careful when yo cross the road. 名词,十字架,crossing 十字路口(3)through穿过,即从物体内部穿过,与in有关。 He walked through the forest.(4) along.表示沿着一条直线在水平方向上运动 I walked along the street.5. above / over / under / below / on/ beneath above 指在上方,不强调是否垂直,与 below相对; over 指垂直的上方,与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触;与under相对 on表示某物体上面并与之接触。 The bird is flying above my head. There is a bridge over the river. He put his watch on the desk. below, under 在下面 under表示在正下方 below表示在下,不一定在正下方 Beneath在.下,有接触,无间隔 There is a cat under the table. Please write your name below the line. 3 表示方式、手段、工具的介词by, with, on, inby 用某种方式,多用于交通。如by bus乘公共汽车,by e-mail. 通过电子邮件。He makes a living by selling newspapers.注意:表示搭乘交通工具时,用by时不用冠词,用in时要用冠词。请比较:I went there by bus/in a bus. 我是坐公共汽车去的那儿。 with 用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前,其后的名词多被冠词、物质代词等修饰He broke the window with a stone. 他用石头把玻璃砸坏了。with 的其他用法表示“和.在一起”“由.陪同” The students went to the farm with their teachers.表示随着 With time passing 表示具有,带有,包括.在内 China is a country with a long history.on 表示“以方式”,多用于固定词组。They talked on the telephone. 他们通过电话进行交谈。She learns English on the radio/on TV. 她通过收音机/电视学英语。in 表示用方式,用语言(语调、笔墨、颜色)等 The foreigner spoke to us in English.四表示计量的介词:at, for, by1. at表示“以速度”“以价格”。如:I sold my car at a high price. 我以高价出售了我的汽车。2. for表示“用交换,以为代价”。如:He sold his car for 500 dollars. 他以五百元把车卖了。注意:at表示单价(price) ,for表示总钱数。3. by表示“以计”,后跟度量单位。如:They paid him by the month. 他们按月给他计酬。Here eggs are sold by weight. 在这里鸡蛋是按重量卖的。五表示关于的介词:of, about, on1. of仅是提到或谈到过某人或某事。如:He spoke of the film the other day. 他前几天提到了这部影片。He thought about this matter yesterday. 他昨天考虑了这件事。2. about指“关于”某人或某事物的较详细的情况。如:Can you tell me something about yourself? 你能告诉我一些关于你自己的事情吗?3. on指“关于”学术性的或严肃的事。如:Its a textbook on the history of china. 它是一本有关中国历史的教科书。六表原因或理由的介词:for, at, from, of, with, by, because of1. for表示原因,常与sorry, famous, punish, praise, thank, blame等词连用。如:I am sorry for what I said to you. 我后悔不该对你讲那些话。2. at指情感变化的原因,意为“因听到或看到而”。如:He was surprised at the news. 听到这消息他大吃一惊。3. from指“外在的原因”,如受伤、车祸等。如:He died from the wound. 他因受伤而致死。4. of指“内在的原因”,如病、饿等。如:The old man died of hunger. 老人死于饥饿。5. with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。如:Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 他们听到这个消息,欣喜若狂。He was shaking with anger. 他气得浑身发抖。6. by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。 Her body was bent by age. 他因年老背弯了。She took your umbrella by mistake. 我因弄错拿了你的雨伞。7. because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。如:He retired last month because of illness/because he ill. 8. owing to多作状语或表语,作状语要用逗号隔开,作表语时可与due to互换。如:Owing to the rain, they could not come. 由于下雨他们没来。9. thanks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因,常译为“幸亏,多亏”。如:Thanks to John, we won the game. 多亏约翰,我们才赢了这场比赛。10.due to,归因于,归功于由于,多做表语11. out of表示动机的起因,常译为“出于”。如:He asked the question out of curiosity. 他出于好奇才问了那个问题。七表示好像或当作的介词:like, as1. like表示“像一样”,其实不是。如:Peter the Great, like his country, was strong and proud. 彼得大帝像他的国家一样强健和自豪。2. as表示“作为,以身份”,其实也是。如:He talked to me as a father. 他以父亲的身份跟我谈话。注:as作连词时,可表示“好像”。如:The work is not so difficult as you imagin这工作不像你想像的那么困难。八其余介词1.besides, except besides是包括后面所提人或物在内的“除外,还”。如:Thirty students went to the cinema besides him. 除他以外,还有30个学生去看了电影。(他和另外30人都去了) He is interested in tennis besides(=as well as)football. 除了足球,他还对网球感兴趣。 except是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的“除去”。 Everyone is excited except me. 除我以外的每个人都很激动。注意:(A) except通常与表示全体的all, every连用;若与other连用,只能用besides。 如:He had other people to take care of besides me. 除我之外,他还要照顾别人。(B) except是排除同类;而except for是排除非同类,常在说明基本情况后,从细节上加上修正或说明。后面跟名词、代词或what从句The composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes. 除了几处拼写错误之外,这篇作文整体还是不错的。(作文与拼写错误是非同类的) 但except for也可代替except,特别是在句首时,因为except是不能用于句首的。如:Except for George, you can all go. 除乔治外,你们都可以去。(C)but , except 两者表示除了.以外时可通用,但一下三点多用but 前面有不定代词、疑问词在意义上对称时,多用but All but one are here. 后接不定式短语为排除对象时,多用but He has nothing to do but wait.(前面有do, 后面省to) but 与一些固定结构连用 have no choice but to do sth只得做某事 can not but do sth 不得不 can not help but do sth 不得不 but for.若不是2.in front of, in the front of in front of意思是“在前面”,指甲物在乙物之前,两者互不包括;其反义词是behind There are some flowers in front of the house.(房子前面有些花卉。) in the front of 意思是“在.的前部”,即甲物在乙物的内部.反义词是at the back of There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom. 我们的教室前边有一块黑板。3.on the tree /in the tree on the tree 表示 “树上本身长的东西” 在树上. 而in the tree 表示 “外界的物体进入树中” 人或物在树上. There are some apples _ the tree. There is a boy _ the tree. 4. against 1)与.竞争 He was injured in the game against the Lions. 2)触,碰,撞,靠 She stood with her back against the tree. 3)反对,违背 He did it against his own will. 4)防备,地域 They took measures against the fire. 5)以.为背景,衬托 The hill looks more beautiful against the blue .5. Beyond1)表示(时间)过了, 比.晚,迟于 they arrived beyond nine oclock.2)表示(位置)在.的那边,在.以外 The small village is 20mailes beyond the town.3)表示为.所不及,超出.之外 The book is beyond me.4)表示“除.外” I know nothing beyond this.常见“介词+名词/代词”短语as a matter of fact 其实,事实 as a result结果,因此as a rule通常 at a time 每次,一次at all events 无论如何 at any rate无论如何,至少at first sight 乍一看,初看起来 at first起初at hand 在手边,在附近 at heart 在内心;实质上at home 在家,在国内 at last终于at least至少 at once立刻at one time 同时,曾经,从前曾 at no time 从不,决不at present 目前,现在 at the moment 现在,此刻by accident /chance偶然 by all means 无论如何,必定by hand 用手 by heart 牢记,凭记忆by means of 借助于,用 by mistake 错误地by no means 决不 by oneself 独自地by reason of 由于 by the way顺便说for (the) purpose of 为了 for a moment 片刻,一会儿for a while一会儿 for example例如for instance 例如,举例说 for one thing 首先,一则for oneself为了自己 for the moment 现在,暂时for the present目前,暂时in (the) future 今后,将来 in a hurry 匆忙地,立即in a moment 立刻,马上 in a sense从某种意义上说in addition 另外 in any event无论如何in case 假如,以防(万一) 免得 in common共同,共有in conclusion总之 in danger 在危险中in debt欠债 in detail详细地in fact 其实,实际 in general 通常,大体上in half 成两半 in hand 在掌握中,在控制中in line成一直线,排成一行 in nature 本质上in order 秩序井然,整齐 in particular 特别地,尤其,详细地in person亲自 in place在适当的位置in practice在实际中,实际上 in public公开地,当众in return作为报答,作为回报 in secret 秘密地,私下地in sight被看到,在望 in spite of 不管,不顾in step同步,合拍 in sum总而言之in tears流着泪,含泪,哭 in the distance在远处in the first place起初,首先 in the last place最后in the least 一点,丝毫 in the long run 最终,从长远观点看in the past 在过去,以往 in time 及时of course 当然 off duty 下班on (the) one hand. . . 一方面 on average平均,一般说来on business 因公,因事 on duty 值班,上班on earth 究竟,到底 on fire烧着on foot 步行 on hand 在手边,临近on ones own 独自地,独立地 on ones way在去某地的路上on purpose故意,有意 on the other hand. . . 另一方面on the second thoughts 经重新考虑,一转念 on time准时on the spot 当场,在现场 on the telephone用电话out of breath 喘不过气来 out of control失去控制out of danger脱离危险 out of date 过期(时) 的out of order发生故障,失调 out of place不得其所的,不适当的out of practice久不练习 out of sight看不见,在视野之外out of step步调不一致,不协调 to the point切中要害,切题under control被控制中 up to date 时新的 as a result of由于的结果 in honor of以纪念,向表示敬意in favor(u) r of 有利于,赞成,支持 in front of 在面前in line with与一致,按照 in place of 代替in memory of纪念 in the light of按照,根据in/with relation to 关系到 with respect to关于with the exception of 除之外 with the purpose of为了“形容词+介词”短语be absent from缺席 be active in在某方面活跃be afraid of害怕 be angry at sth. 因某事生气be angry with sb. 对某人生气 be anxious/eager for渴望be bad for对有害 be busy with sth. 忙于某事be capableof能 be content with满足于be delighted with因感到高兴 be different from与不同be familiar with sth. 对熟悉 be famous for因著名be far from离远 be filled with装满be fit for适合 be fond of喜爱be full of充满 be good at擅长于be good for对有益 be interested in对感兴趣be kind/good to sb. 对某人友好 be pleased at/about因感到高兴be pleased/satisfied with对感到满意 be popular with sb. 受某人欢迎be proud of为感到自豪 be short of缺少be strict with sb. 对某人要求严格 be successful in在某方面成功be sure/certain of对有把握 be tired of厌卷be useful to对某人有益 be weak in在某方面差be worried about当心练习单选1.The 3-D film The Angry Birds opened in Chinese cinemas_ May 20,2016AonBatCinDto2.Id like to hold our next meeting_June 23rdIs that OK for you?AinBatCon3.Her birthday is _winter,the most beautiful season in a yearAinBatCon4.-Would you please provide us_some information about the accident? -SureIt happened_the morning of June 5thA to;onBfor;inCwith;inDwith;on

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