高中英语语法 冠词及其用法讲解.doc

第一讲冠词及用法讲解冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种：定冠词、不定冠词、零冠词。一、不定冠词: 基本用法不定冠词用于单数可数名词之前，其中 a 用于以辅音音素（辅音音素24个 /p/、/b/、/t/、/d/、/m/、/l/、/r/ 等,不是辅音字母）开始的词前。而 an 是用于以元音音素（元音音素20个/i:/、/i/、/e/、/au/ 等, 不是元音字母a，e，i，o，u）开始的词前。如：a university，a useful tool，a computer，an orange，an hour，an 800-meter bridge，典型例句1、与可数名词单数连用，表示类别。-I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over the keyboard.-You shouldnt put drinks near a computer. （2006 年北京卷）2、泛指某人或某物， 表示“某一个”，相当于 a certain。 -Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith? （2006年全国I卷） -Sorry, wrong number. There isnt a Mr. Smith here.3、用于数量、时间等名词前，表示“每一（单位）的”相当于 per。 I earn 10 dollars an hour as a supermarket cashier on Saturdays. （2003年上海卷)4、用于固定词组中。 a knowledge of ，have a gift for，give sb. a ride，a couple of，have a good time，keep a diary，in a hurry，once in a while，at a loss，tell a lie，do sb. a favor。二、定冠词的基本用法1、用来特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。所特指的名词常被短语或定语从句所所修饰。Of all the reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my fathers advice was the most important one.（2006年辽宁卷）2、指说话的双方都知道的人或事物。Dont worry if you cant come to the party. Ill save some cake for you. （2006年浙江卷）3、复述上文中提到的事物。 There is a shelf in my fathers room. The shelf is new.4、用于单数可数名词之前，表示该类事物，相当于 a。 When you come here for your holiday next time, dont go to the hotel; I can find you a bed in my flat. （2004年全国I卷）5、序数词和形容词最高级前。比较级前若表示特指时也要用定冠词 the 。The cakes are delicious. Hed like to have a third one because the second one is rather too small. （2002年上海春季卷） I want to chat with the taller of the two men.6、在表示方位、乐器的名词前。Summer in the south of France is for the most part dry and sunny. （2000年北京春季卷） play the piano, play the violin7、用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。 the Smiths8、表示世界上独一无二事物的名词前。 the sun，the moon，the earth，the world。9、用于由普通名词构成的专有名词、江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾运河及某些建筑物等名称前。 According to the World Health Organization, health care plans are needed in all big cities to prevent the spread of AIDS.（2006年全国II卷 ）After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson a ride to the Capital Airport. （2005年安徽卷）10、在某些形容词之前，可表示某一类人。 the rich，the poor，the old，the wounded，the living，the dead。三、不用冠词(零冠词)情况：1、人名、地名（街名、广场名、公园名）、大学名、国名、病名前。 Wang Fu Jing Street，Pei Hai Park 北海公园，Beijing University 但也可说 the University of Beijing。2、抽象名词表示一般概念时，一般不用冠词。 When you finish reading the book, you will have a better understandingof life. （2004年辽宁卷）3、物质名词表示一般概念时，一般不用冠词。 The warmth of the sweater will of course be determined by the sort of wool used.（2001年全国卷）4、表示职位或头衔的抽象名词前，常不用冠词。但表示具体的人时，加 the 。 We will elect engineer Liu director of our factory. 类似的名词还有：president，monitor，headmaster，mayor 等。5、表示季节、月份、星期几、节、假日等表示时间的名称前，不用冠词。但我国的阴历节前要用the。 Childrens Day，Womens Day，May Day the Spring Festival。6、三餐、学科名称、球类活动和棋类游戏的名称前，不用冠词。 play basketball，play chess。7、man 作“人类”讲时，同 human，mankind 一样不用冠词。 While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made a discovery, which completely changed mans understanding of color. （2004年广东卷）8、by 与表示“通信、交通”的词连用，表示通信,交通手段时，不用冠词。 If you go by train, you can have quite a comfortable journey, but make sure you get a fast one. （2005年全国III卷）9、复数名词前不用冠词泛指类别。 It is often said that teachers have a very easy life. （2005年北京卷）10、有些名词与介词搭配表示抽象意义，不加冠词，常作状语。 His daughter is always shy in public and she never dares to make a speech to the public.（2001年上海卷） in surprise/wonder/danger/tears/comfort，in love with，under pressure，beyond expression 等。典例精析：1. _ walk is expected to last all day, so bring _ packed lunch. （2007年山东卷）A. A； a B. The； 不填 C. The； a D. A； 不填解析：the walk 是指大家心中都明白的 walk ，因此用定冠词特指；a packed lunch 是泛指，指一份盒饭。答案：C。2. -Could you tell me the way to _ Johnsons, please?-Sorry, we dont have _ Johnson here in the village. （2007年全国II卷）A. the； the B. the； a C不填； the D. the； 不填解析：“the +复数姓氏”表示“夫妇”或“全家”。在人的姓前加 a ，表示“某个姓的人”。所以选 B 。3. I looked under _bed and found _book I lost last week. （2007年北京卷）A. the； a B. the； the C. 不填；the D. the； 不填解析：bed特指说话的双方心目中的那张床，要用定冠词 the 。book 后接定语从句，特指上周丢失的那本书，要用定冠词 the 。所以选 B 。4. I wanted to catch _early train, but couldnt get _ride to the station. （2007年天津卷）A. an； the B./； the C. an； / D. the； a解析：early train 特指早班火车，要用定冠词 the 。ride 表示泛指要用不定冠词 a。所以选 D 。5. Christmas is _ special holiday when _whole family are supposed to get together.（2007年辽宁卷）A. the； the B. a； a C. the； a D. a； the解析：这句话的意思是：圣诞节是一个整个家庭应该聚在一起的特殊的节日。 A special holiday“一个特殊的节日”，是泛指，用不定冠词 a 。the whole family 特指“整个家庭”，用定冠词 the 。所以选 D 。冠词用法口诀四冠词的活用。1. 抽象名词具体化时，被具体化的名词可能会和a, an 连用。 如a heavy rain, a surprise 一件惊奇的事, a pleasure, a success/ failure等。Exercises: 1. I dont think my chances of _ success were very good. 2. The gift came as _ complete surprise to me.2. 表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前面一般要加定冠词，但是如果此类名词有修饰成分，也可以用a/ an 如： the moon, a full moon, in the world, in a world without air3. 牢记高考中常见的纯不可数名词，它们前面永远不能加不定冠词。如：weather, space, fun, advice, news, information, progress4. 专有名词前冠词的用法比较复杂，但一般情况下不含普通名词的专有名词前不用冠词，如Beijing, New York. The Changjiang River, The Great Wall5. 易混结构 the +比较级 表示两者中比较的一个 the taller one of the two brothers a + 比较级， 表示一个更的 The story is not very interesting. I will tell you a more interesting one. a most= a very 无比较范围，无比较含义 He is a most hard-working student. the +序数词 表示顺序 This is the second one. a/an +序数词, 不表顺序，表示又一，再一 can you give me a second chance? 1._recent report stated that the number of Spanish speakers in the U.S .would be higher than the number of English speaker by_ year 2090.A, the B. A, / C. The ,/ D. The, a2.If you go by _train ,you can have quite a comfortable journey ,but make sure you get _fast one.A. /, / B./, a C. the, a D./,/ 3. It is often said that _teachers have _very easy life.A /,/ B. /,a C. the,/ D. the, a4. I cant remember when exactly the Robinsons left _city ,I only remember it was _ Monday.A. the , the B. a ,the C. a, a D. the, a5.If you grow up in _large family ,youare more likely to develop _ability to get on well with _others .A. /,an the B. a, the ,/ C. the ,an ,the D. a, the ,the 6.Mrs ,Taylor has _8-year-old daughter who has _gift for painting she has won two national prizes.A. a, a B. an ,the C. an ,a D. the7.Afetr dinner he gave Mr. Richardson _ride to _Capital Airport.A .the, a B. a the C. /, a D. /, the 8.On May 5,2005,at _World Table Tennis Championship ,Kong Ling hui and WangHaowon the gold medal in mens with _score of 4:1.A. a ,a B. / the C. a ,/ D. the ,a 9.I knew _John Lennon ,but not _famous one.A. /,a B. a ,the C. /,the D. the, a 10.The book tells _life story of John Smith ,who left _school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16.A. the, the B. a , the C. the./ D. a,/ 11.When you come here for your holiday next time, dont go to _hotel ; I can find you _bed in my flat.A. the ,a B. the,/ C. a ,th e D. a,/12.If you buy more than ten, they will knock 20 pence off_.A. a price B. price C. the price D. prices 13._on-going division between English speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is _major concern of the country.A. The ,/ B. The ,a C. An ,the D. An,/14.When he left _college ,he got a job as _reporter in a newspaper office .A. /, a B/, the C .a the D .the, the15The most important thing about cotton in history is _part that it played in _Industrial Revolution.A. /,/ B. the,/ C. the , the D. a ,the16.While he was investigating ways t improve the telescope Newton made _discovery which completely changed _ mans understanding of color.A. a ,/ B. a ,the C. /, the D. the ,a17.It is _world of wonders, _world where anything can happen.A. a. the B. a, a C. the, a D. /,/19.Tom owns _larger collection of _books than any other student in our class.A. the ,/ B. a,/ C. a ,the D. /, the20.For a long time they walked without saying _word .Jim was the first t break _silence. A. the, a B. a ,the C. a ,/ D. the,/21.There was _time _I hated t go to school.A. a ,that B. a ,when C. the ,that D. the ,when 22.When you finish reading the book ,you will have _better understanding of _life.,A. a, the B. the .a C. /,the D.a,/23.I earn 10dollars _hours as _supermarket cashier on Saturday.A.a, an B. the ,a C. an ,a D . an ,the24The sign reads “in ease of_fire ,break the glass and push _red button”A. /,a B. /,the C. the ,the D. a ,a 25.I dont like talking on _telephone ; I prefer writing _letter.A.a, the B. the./ C. the ,the D. A ,/26.Jumping out of _airplane at ten thousand feet is quite _exciting experience.A. /, the B. /, an C. an. an D. the, the 27.One way to understand thousands of new words in gain _good knowledge of basic word formation.A./ B the C. a D. one28.The cakes are delicious . Hed like have _third one because _second one is rather too small.A. a, a B. the .the C. a ,the D. the ,a 29.A bullet hit the solider and he was wounded in _leg. A. a B .one C. the D. his30.The warmth of _sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _wool used.A. the, the B. the ,/ C. /, the D. /,/答案：1A report 可数名词， a recent report 一份近来的报告 ，是泛指；第二个空填the 表特指示2090年。2B. by train 乘火车，by 在接交通工具类的同时，一般不接冠词，如by bike , by ship ; 根据句意第二个空应该是泛指。3B teachers 此处用名词复数表泛指，指一切老师；have a life 相当于live /lead alife 过一种、样的生活4D. leave the city 离开这座城市。a Monday 一个星期一，表泛指。5.B. a large family 一个大家庭； the ability此处表泛指“与别人相处好的能力”； others其他人表泛指。6C. have a gift for 有做、的天赋，相当于have a talent for.7.B. give sb. a ride 让某人搭车，此处ride 是可数名词，表示“搭车”。 8.D. the World Table Tennis Championship是专有名词，由普通名词构成的专有名词，一般前面要加the；with a score of 比分是9.B. a John Lennon 一个叫做John Lennon的人，表泛指。10. C leave school 毕业11A. go to the hotel 去旅店 ；a bed 此处表泛指，“一个地方”12C. the price 此处表特指，“原价”。13B.此句的意思是：在讲英语的加拿大人和讲法语的加拿大人之间的那种逐渐增长的分