高中各类型英语书面表达学习讲义与范文.doc

第五章 书面表达张腊明高考对写的要求：写作是四项语言技能中不可分割的一个重要组成部分，更是语言生成能力的重要表现形式。高考英语书面表达部分要求考生根据情景和提示，书面表述事实、观点、情感和想象。要求考生应能围绕主题，准确应用语法结构和词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的思想。-摘自福建省高考考试说明高考书面表达的写作方法：高考的书面表达写作时，应抓住以下四个要点：(一) 认真审题（Carefully read the directions.）明确要求。审题是做好书面表达的前提，题前应先认真阅读提示/题示，理解和明确题目要求，审题时主要从这么几个方面入手。审文体：弄清要写何种体裁的文章，如记叙文、说明文、应用文（书信、日记、通知、条）议论文等。以及该用什么时态。审格式：书面表达中一定的体裁有特定的格式，比如书信有信头、称呼、正文、结尾、署名等部分须写完整。审人称：即弄清书面表达要求用何种人称来写，是第一人称、第二人称、还是第三人称。(二) 抓住要点（Mainly catch the points.）紧扣主题。是书面表达的评分依据之一，因此，弄清题意的基础上，应逐条地、完整地将内容要点写全，必要时在紧扣主题时可适当发挥。(三) 合理组织（Closely organize the passage.）行文连贯。写作中要点要写全，合理安排，分清文章的层次，弄清先说什么，后说什么，并使之连贯，过渡要自然，注意使用恰当的连接成分。(四) 准确表达（Accurately express the ideas），遣词造句。一篇好的书面表达应做到开门见山，切中题意，文章结尾应起到画龙点睛的作用，文章内容的表达要甄酌用词，做到表达准确。 写作中应避免用一种句型显得单调，注意前几句和后几句，文章要有亮点，可以套用阅读理解短文中的好句子。高考书面表达的几点备考策略：(一) 练书写；记录高中英语中的高频使用但又是自己经常拼写错的词汇。英文书写应符合规范，英文字母要写清楚、写整齐、写美观，字母的大小和字母间距要匀称。好的书写是高考书面表达成功获得高分的一半；好的书写具有“一白遮千丑”的功效你的一些小错误会因为好的书写而被忽略。印英文字帖加以指导训练是很有效的做法。在复习过程中将描述学校生活、社会热点常用的词汇有心地加以记录并背诵，保证拼写无误。如：convenient, environment, behavior, opinion, energy, opportunity, measure, symbol, habit, discussion. 等等。(二) 养成用英语思维的习惯，学习写好句子，地道的句子。使用较高水平词汇和与别人不同的表达方式；如：我们学校的教学楼在学校东边，又大又新。【原句】Our school building is in the west of our school, big and good.【修正】Our school is located in the west, big and well-furnished.（用 be located, well-furnished等较高水平的词汇）你八月十五日的来信我今天早晨收到了。【原句】I received your letter which was written on August 15th this morning. (多数人使用的方式)【修正】Your letter of August 15th reached me this morning.(与多数人使用的方式不同,简洁)使用一些强势句式，如强调句、感叹句、倒装句等，增强语句的表现力。我们很高兴地看到孩子们被照顾得很好。【原句】We were glad to see the children are well-looked after. (一般陈述句)【修正】How glad we were to see the children well-looked after！(感叹句,)这问题很难，没人能算得出。【原句】It is a difficult problem that no one can work it out【修正】It is so difficult a problem for us to work out.我直到他摘下帽子才认出他来。【原句】I didnt recognize him until he took off his hat.【修正】Not until he took off his hat did I recognized him.【修正】It is not until he took off his hat that I recognized him.有效地使用语句间的连接词。【原文】Im Wang Shan. I am sixteen years old. Now, I am studying in Beijing Yanguang Middle School. I like music and I like classical music best. Im also interested in photography. It makes/lets me record the beautiful moments in my life.I would like to join the PeaceFriendship Summer Camp since it would be a great chance to make friends with young people from different countries and learn about their culture.该短文用词平淡，虽然没有语法错误，但简单句堆砌，语句间缺乏连接成分。【修正】I am Wang Shan, a girl of sixteen, presently attending Beijing Yangguang Middle School. I am crazy about music, especially classical music. I am also interested in photography because it allows me to record the wonderful moments in life.I am eager to join the PeaceFriendship Summer Camp since it would be a great opportunity to make friends with young people from various countries and at the same time learn about their culture .(三) 目标明确地进行背诵和默写。“背诵+默写”虽然是即“笨”而又“耗时”的方法，但有什么学习英语的方法会比它更奏效。通过默写，我们可以改掉诸如：大小写、标点符号乃至拼写之类的错误。背诵的东西多了，语感加强了，写作时自然也就“下笔如有神”了。目标明确地进行背诵是指：背诵文章的“骨架” 短文的框架和文章的“肉” 短文的内容。同学们可以背诵New Concept English(新概念英语)、高中课文优美段落、谚语、网上提供的写作背诵佳句、篇章。题材应以你们的认知水平和生活经验为基础，有利于你们体验、实践英语语言的特点、技巧和规律。（高考考试说明对命题的要求）这些作为短文的内容。（以上选自网上资料及漳州一中蔡丽英老师的论文高考英语书面表达高分策略）第一讲 常用文体与范例记叙文：1. 记叙事件的写作一般按照事件发展的顺序来写作。2. 由于活动往往有很多环节, 考生可以用一些与时间相关的副词如then, later, next, afterwards, soon after that等或一些时间状语从句After., before.等把要点合理连贯地连接在一起。3. 若试题要求考生写自己的感受, 考生不能只是用I am very happy等简单句, 而是尽量用复合句来充分表达自己的观点。另外, 记叙文多涉及情感相关的用词, 考生平时可以多积累这样的单词或短语, 如an unforgettable experience, to my joy/delight, be satisfied/ content with等等。 （一）英文日记范例：(2008年深圳一模)假设你参加了你校组织的“关爱生命 携手艾滋儿童”的活动。请你写一篇英文日记，叙述活动情况, 内容包括：时间：2007年12月1日 星期六8：30 启程集合地点：校门口车程：一个半小时自行车车程目 的 地：红十字会医院活动内容：亲切交谈、牵手跳舞、赠送礼物、拍照留念、共进午餐后返回感受：写作要求只能使用5个句子表达全部内容。注意: 日记的开头已写好。December 1st 2007 Saturday Fine参考范文 December 1st 2007 Saturday Fine Today is the World Aids Day, so our school organized an activity called “Take care of our lives, hand in hand with Aids children”. At 8:30 a.m. , we volunteers gathered at the school gate and started our bike trip, which took us about one hour and a half. Soon after we got to the Red Cross Hospital, where most Aids children are staying, we began to have close chats with them to see how their life is going, and then we danced happily together. Having got to know them so well, we presented our gifts, took lots of photos and ate lunch together before we came back. I feel very great to see the Aids children so happy when they are not ignored and taken good care of.（二）人物介绍相关短语1.be born in a poor family出生贫穷家庭2. attend school 上学3.at the age of 在岁时4.during his childhood在他童年时5.sense of humour幽默感 6. be always ready to总是乐于7. modest and honest谦虚诚实8. be regarded as被认为是9. have a gift for在方面有天赋10. work hard at致力于11. devote ones life to致力于12. graduate from 从毕业13. take an active part in积极参加14. open-minded and optimistic乐观开朗15. be admitted to被录取; 考入 16. go abroad for further studies出国深造17. be honored for因而受到尊敬18. dream of being a writer梦想成为作家19.make contributions to对做出贡献20.have a strong interest in对有浓厚兴趣相关句式1. When he was a boy, he showed a great interest in maths.他小时候就对数学非常感兴趣。2. Born in a small town in 1812, Charles Dickens was able to attend school for only two years owing to his poor family.查尔斯狄更斯于1812年出生在一个小镇, 由于家里穷,只上了两年的学。3. As a teacher, she is kind, helpful and patient, so all of us like her.作为一名教师, 她善良、助人而有耐心, 因此我们都喜欢她。4. Wang Ping, an 18-year-old girl from Class 3, Senior 3, loves reading books. 王萍, 来自高三三班的一个十八岁女孩, 热爱读书。5. She is always ready to help her fellow classmates improve their reading.她总是乐于帮助同学提高他们的阅读。6. She devoted herself to scientific research and made great contributions to her country. 她为科研献出了一切, 对国家作出了巨大贡献。7. He is considered to be one of the greatest scientists in China.他被认为是中国最伟大的科学家之一。8. She was awarded the Nobel prize in Chemistry for her scientific achievement. 她因在化学方面的科研成就被授予了诺贝尔奖。范例：你校将在假期组织部分学生赴英国学习。作为该项目的负责人, 你需负责将两位赴英学生的情况介绍给英方家庭。写作内容请根据以下表格内容, 写信给英方家庭介绍这两位学生的姓名李华陈伟特点开朗、乐观待人友善.有点害羞爱好体育活动、阅读、听音乐与李华一样担心的问题饮食不习惯沟通困难期望多了解英国的历史文化多交朋友，提高英语水平参考范文Dear Mr. & Mrs. Smith， Thank you for your offer to host two of our students. The boys names are Li Hua and Chen Wei. Here is a little bit about them. Li is an open-minded and optimistic boy and Chen Wei is very friendly but a little shy. Both boys love sports, especially basketball and football and they also enjoy reading and listening to music. As its the first trip to the U.K, they both feel a little anxious. Li Hua is worried that he has trouble adjusting to British food while Chen Wei is more concerned about being able to communicate clearly with others. Li Hua is really looking forward to learning more about the history of UK and culture and Chen is eager to make some new friends and improve his English.Once again thank you for your generosity.Sincerely Yours，Secretary of the project应用文:（一）口头通知一、掌握口头通知特点口头通知即以口头的形式表达通知的内容，其特点是：用词较口语化，句子不会太复杂，通常只需用一段话讲清其内容即可。另外，口头通知的开头和结尾通常都有一定的固定套语，同学们也应特别注意。二、妥用口头通知呼语口头通知的开头称呼语通常需根据听众的具体情况来确定，有时还要考虑其场合是否正式。如在比较正式且男女听众兼有的场合，通常用Ladies and gentlemen来称呼听众，同时注意该表达的词序，不要想当然地将其倒过来，且一定要用复数。当然，若听众中只有男士，则只用Gentlemen；或者只有女士，则只用Ladies。但是，如果在非正式场合，则比较随便。对学生用的称呼语通常是Boys and girls。三、熟记口头通知套语(1)在用口头下达通知时，发通知者通常要将听通知人的注意力吸引过来，这类表达常见的有：May I have your attention, please?Attention please, everyone. I have an announcement to make.Be quite. There is something important I have to tell you.I have something (important) to tell you.Im glad to tell you something important.(2)其他用于口头通知的固定套语(如叫听者不要迟到、欢迎某人参加某活动等)：Everyone is asked to be there on time.Be sure not to be late.Please be present on time.Please take your notebooks with you and be sure on time.Those who are interested in it are warmly welcome.(3)口头通知的结束套语主要有：Thats all. Thank you very much.四、牢记口头通知时态口头通知是要告诉大家即将进行的活动，因此要以一般将来时为主。如：We will go to the Great Wall tomorrow.Well have a meeting about it after the sixth class.There will be an English film in our school tonight.The match will be put off to next week.We are going to hold a meeting to discuss the problem.范例：假如你是班长，根据下面的内容和提示，写一篇100左右的口头通知，以便向同学们宣布。事由：欢迎澳大利亚学生来校参观。参观时间：6月15日上午9:00-12:00.参观人数：约60人。活动安排：1. 8:30在校门口。2. 9:00带客人到会议室开联欢会。3.领客人参观植物园、校办工厂。4. 11:00在操场进行篮球比赛。5.客人12:00离校。注意事项：1.对客人要友好。2.要用英语交谈。Boys and girls,May I have your attention, please? About sixty Australian students will come to visit our school on June 15. Well meet them at the school gate at 8:30. Well take them to the meeting-room, where a get-together will be held. After that,well show them around our botanical garden and the school-run factory.At11:00 there will be a basketball match on the playground. Theyll leave our school at 12:00.Please be friendly to them. We must talk with them in English.Thats all. Thank you.(二)书面通知一、掌握书面通知特点书面头通知即以书面的形式表达通知的内容，其特点是：措辞较严谨，句子结构相对口头通知会更复杂，尤其会使用一些非谓语动词短语(如用不定式表目的等)和从句(如if 从句、when从句、so that从句等)。二、熟记书面通知格式与口头通知不同，书面通知在用书面形式表达出来时，它有自己比较固定的格式：如通知开头要有标题(通常为Notice或Announcement)，标题下面是正文，正文后通常还应有发通知的单位(通常写在右下角)和写发通知的日期(通常写在左下角)等。三、注意与口头通的区别口头通知一般有开头称呼语(Ladies and gentlemen, Boys and girls等)，而书面通知通常不用这些开头称呼语；口头通知用来吸引听众注意力的句子(如May I have your attention, please? / Attention please, everyone. I have an announcement to make. / Be quite. There is something important I have to tell you.等)在书面通知中通常不可以用；口头通知的结束套语(Thats all. Thank you very much.)在书面通知中也不会使用。四、熟记书面通知套语尽管书面通知与口头通知有很多表达套语不一样，但有些表达(如叫听者不要迟到、欢迎某人参加某活动等方面的套语)是可以通用的，不过有时可能在措辞方面会有所不同(书面通知措辞可能会略正式些)。如：口头通知：Everyone should be there on time.Be sure not to be late.Please be present on time.书面通知：Everyone is required to be present on time.口头通知：Be sure to attend it on time.书面通知：Everybody is expected to attend it on time.另外，书面通知的以下套语也需注意：All teachers and students are required to(全体师生务必要)Notice is hereby given that(兹通知)Our school / The Student Union will / is going to holdA lecture will be given at 7:00 this evening in五、牢记书面语通知时态与口头通知一样，书面通知也以一般将来时为主。如：The students of Senior Grade One will go to Jingshan Park on May 4.We will climb up the hill and have a picnic on the top of it. After that we will visit the famous botanical garden nearby.On July 22, Saturday, we will visit the following places a school or a hospital. We will be divided into four groups and each group can visit one of the places.范例：请根据提示写一份通知。(1) 高二(5)在本周五晚上要开个英语晚会。(2) 晚饭后6:30在教室集合，晚会7:00开始。(3) 每个同学都要表演一个节目，内容不限。(4) 欢迎老师和全班同学参加。(5) 出通知的时间是2005年3月15日。NOTICEAn English evening party will be held on Friday Evening. Every one of our class is requested to be in the classroom at 6:30 after supper. The party will begin at 7:00 P.M. Each of the students should perform during the evening party.You may tell a story, sing a song, make a speech or read a poem and so on.All the teachers and students are welcome to attend our English evening.Everybody is expected to attend it on time.Class 5, Grade Two March 15, 2005（三）建议倡议1. 在建议倡议的写作中, 应开门见山指出写作目的, 陈述建议或倡议的内容。如：I am writing to give suggestions about. (建议信)或In order to., I am going to make the following suggestions (倡议书)。2. 建议倡议类型的作文都有相关的一些固定句型, 考生需要熟练掌握使用这些句型和相关的语法。比如, 在句中使用到advise, suggest或advice, suggestion等表示建议的词时, 要考虑到虚拟语气的使用。范例（建议信）：假设你是小明的好朋友李华，小明参加了一个英语演讲比赛，他对比赛非常担心，向你求助，请你根据以下内容给他写一封建议信。赛前准备做好充分准备：如平时可对着镜子练习用语简练, 使评委印象深刻比赛时保持微笑忘词时不紧张，继续演讲写作内容1. 说明回信的意图；2. 向小明提出建议；3. 预祝小明比赛成功。 参考范文Dear Xiaoming, You have told me that you are very nervous about the coming speech contest and I will try to make some suggestions which I hope can help you. In my opinion, you should get well prepared before the speech contest by practicing before a mirror. Besides, you had better use a brief and concise language in your speech so that you can leave a deep impression on the judges. When you are giving the speech, remember to keep smile and even if you forget your words, dont be panic and just continue your speech, because no one will notice it. Wish you success in the speech! Yours， Li Hua范例（倡议信）：由于废气、污水、白色垃圾等环境污染已危及到人类的健康与生存, 为鼓励大家节能环保,你们学校将举办一次“低碳行动”的环保活动, 假设你是高三6班的一名学生, 将要在这个活动中向全体师生发起“低碳生活”的倡议,以下是倡议的内容：1. 尽量绿色出行：采取步行或自行车方式; 2. 少喝一次瓶装水；3. 尽量不用一次性制品, 如一次性木筷子和塑料袋；4. 每周至少手洗衣服一次； 5. 每周少开手机、电视一天。写作内容1. 活动背景; 2. 倡议目的; 3. 倡议内容。Hello everyone, I am Li Hua from Class Six, Senior Three. I believe everyone, as a member of this global village, should take responsibility to take part in the global green campaign!参考范文 I am Li Hua from Class Six, Senior Three. We human beings are seriously threatened by the environmental pollution, such as waste gases, dirty water and white pollution. In order to encourage all of us to save energy and protect our environment, I am going to make the following suggestions. It is suggested that we should walk or take bikes if we go out. To avoid white pollution， we can reduce the use of bottled water and unrecyclable items such as disposable chopsticks and plastic bags. Whats more, if we can wash clothes by ourselves at least once a week as well as turn off our TVs and mobile phones for one day every week, it will be of great benefit to saving energy. I believe everyone, as a member of this global village, should take responsibility to take part in the global green campaign!（四）投诉申告1. 投诉信要开门见山写明来信目的, 即投诉的具体内容, 切忌表达转弯抹角, 久久不入正题。2. 写信时, 要注意写信的对象, 运用得体的语言表达, 并可在句中适当增加to ones disappointment, unluckily, unfortunately, worse still, to make matters worse等符合投诉信感情色彩的副词短语,以加强语气, 使表达更加丰富。例如：What I ordered was a pair of black size-nine shoes but to my disappointment, I received a pair of white, size-8.5 shoes instead. Worse still, there was a ten-day delay in delivering my shoes, which should have been received on April 10.范例（投诉信）：假设你叫李华, 最近在某英文购物网站上购买了一双鞋子，但出现了一些问题。请给网站写一封投诉信, 包括以下内容：1.写信的目的；2.投诉内容：申购情况实际情况颜色黑色白色号数98.5到货日期4月10日4月20日3.要求：重新邮寄或退款；4. 询问：若寄回, 谁承担寄费?例题导写1. 开门见山、写明目的。凡书信开头, 一般可使用“Im writing to.”的句型开门见山点明写信目的。请根据中文完成句子。(1) I am writing to make a complaint about _.(我在你网站上购买的鞋子)(2)I am writing to complain that _(我在你网站上购买的鞋子有点问题)(3) I am writing to inform you that _. (我不满意在你网站上购买的鞋子)(4) I am writing to _ (对表示失望)the shoes I bought from your website.2. 确定文体、规范语言。这是一封投诉信, 因此必须注意语言的规范性和得体性, 不能使用与朋友书信交流时的亲切语言, 但也不能出现语气倔强等不礼貌用语。3. 划分信息、统筹全文。根据写作内容, 可把五句话写作信息划分如下：(1)写信目的; (2)申购情况; (3)实际情况; (4)要求; (5)询问。写信目的可在引入部分找到, 投诉的主要内容是“在某英文购物网站上购买了一双鞋子, 但出现了一些问题。”特别需要注意, 写作前要把“要求和询问”的内容补充为完整句子, 明确动作的主语, 写作时才不会出错。4.突破难点、正确翻译。参考范文 Dear Sir， Im writing to complain about a pair of sneakers I recently purchased from your website. What I ordered was a pair of black size-nine shoes but I received a pair of white, size-8.5 shoes instead. Worse still, there was a ten-day delay in delivering my shoes, which should have been received on April 10. For the above reasons, I demand either a new pair of black size-nine shoes be posted to me immediately or I be given a full refund. Also, if I send back the wrong shoes, will your company pay for the postage? Thank you for your consideration. Yours sincerely, Li Hua （五）招聘应聘1.招聘广告的写作属于应用文, 写作时往往使用被动语态和第三人称使文章显得客观公平。2. 考生在写应聘信的时候要注意写作语气, 不能口气狂妄, 但要有自信。3. 无论招聘广告还是应聘信, 都涉及到对应聘者的要求, 因此考生要多掌握表示技能技巧的短语句子,写作过程中才能显示出语言的多样性, 避免过分单调。相关短语：1. be born on/in 出生于2. be in good health 身体健康3. meet your ability requirements 符合你的能力要求 4. be skillful at 熟悉5. communicate with 与交流6. have some related knowledge about 关于有一些相关的知识7. be informed of 获悉；听说8. be skilled at 熟练于9. fill in the form 填表10. on the website 在网站上11. upload a photo of life 上传一张生活照12. website maintenance 网站维护13. warm-hearted and patient 热心和耐心的14. in my spare time 在我的空余时间15. ability of communication 交际能力16. teamwork spirit 团队精神相关句式1. Im willing to work for your company. 我愿意为贵公司工作。2. Would you please tell me whether I can get the job? 你可以告诉我我能否得到这个工作吗？3. The applicants are supposed to have relevant experience. 申请者应该具备相关的工作经验。4. Dont hesitate any more; its now or never. 不要再犹豫了; 机不可失, 时不再来。5. I am writing to ask about your work.我写信来询问你的工作状况。6. I look forward to hearing from you in the near future.我期待不久收到你的来信。范例（招聘广告）：假定你是英文早报的编辑, 你需要招聘兼职小记者在暑假做暑期工, 请根据下列内容用英语写一则招聘广告。写作内容要求(1) 性格外向, 善于与人沟通，有奉献精神(2) 较强的英语听说能力和写作能力(3) 懂得运用微博获得信息其他优秀的小记者将在工作结束后获得“优秀小记者”证书报名方式(1) 登录(网上填写表格, 上传一张生活照）(2) 截止日期为：6月10日(3) 6月31日前网上公布结果The English Morning Post is looking for part-time young reporters who can work in this summer vacation from July 25th to August 25th. The applicants are supposed to be out-going, good at communicating with others as well as devoted. Besides, not only must the applicants have high speaking, listening and writ