词汇学构词法Word ATION.doc

Chapter4 Word information IIThe expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation. There is a variety of means being at work now.The most productive are ：affixation, compounding and conversion词缀法、复合法和转类法And there are minor processes of word formation几个次要构词方法： blending, clipping, acronymy, back-formation and words from proper name4.1Affixation词缀法4.1.1Prefixation前缀法Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. 前缀法是在词干上加前缀构词的一种方法。We shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups我们可从语义的角度把前缀分为九类。1.“negative” prefixes表示否定意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesa- not,the converse of amoral, apoliticaldis- disloyal, disobeyin- injusticeil- illegalir- irresistibleim- immaturenon- non-smoker, non-classicalun- unfair, unwilling2.“reversative or privative”(“非”“缺”) prefixes表示逆向意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesde- reversing the actiondecentralize, de-composedis- disunite, disallowun- unhorse, unwrap3.“pejorative” prefixes（贬损）表示贬义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesmal- wrongly maltreat, malpracticemis- bad misconduct, mistrustpseudo- false pseudo-science4.Prefixes of size or degree表示程度、大小等意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesarch- supreme archbishopextra- superior extra-stronghyper- extreme hyperactivemacro- large macrocosmmicro- small microcomputermini- little mini-electionout- surpassing outliveover- excessive overweightsub- below subheadingsuper- more thansuperfreezesur- over surtaxultra- extreme ultra-conservativeunder- too little underdeveloped5.Prefixes of orientation and attitude表示倾向和态度等意义的前缀 prefixes meaning examplesanti- against anti-nuclear, anti-government, anti-clockwisecontra- against contraflowcounter- against counterattackpro- for pro-student, pro-democracyco- with cooperate 6.locative prefixes表示方位意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesextra- out extraordinary, extramaritalfore- front forehead, forearminter- between,among inter-city, interpersonal, internationalintra- inside intra-party,tele- distant telecommunicationtrans- across transcontinental, transplantsub- under subway7.Prefixes of time and order表示时间和顺序等意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesex- former ex-professor, ex-presidentfore- before foretell, foreknowledge, foreseepost- after post-election, postindustrialpre- in advance pre-prepared, preschoolre- again reconsider, resell8.number prefixes表示数字的前缀prefixes meaning examplessemi-,demi-,hemi- half semi-naked,demi-circle,hemisphereuni-,mono- one uniform,monorail bi-,di- two bilingual,bicycle,dioxidetri- three tricycle,triangledeca- ten decadalcenti- hundred centimetre,centimillionarekilo-,milli- thousand kilogram,milligrammega- million megacitypoly-,multi- many polysyllable,multi-purpose9.a miscellaneous category (auto-, neo-, pan-, proto-, semi-, vice-).其他种类意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesauto- self autobiography neo- new neo-Nazi pan- all pan-Europeanvice- deputy vice-chairman4.1.2后缀法Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. Therefore, we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes, verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, etc. By noun suffix or adjective suffix, we mean that when the suffix under discussion is added to the stem, whatever class it belongs to, the result will be a noun or an adjective. 后缀法是在词干上加后缀构成新词的方法。不像前缀主要是改变词干的意义，后缀只带有很弱的语义，其主要功能是改变词干的语法功能。换句话说，后缀主要改变词类。因此，我们将把后缀按语法分成名词后缀、动词后缀、形容词后缀等类别。所谓名词后缀和形容词后缀，意思是说这些后缀无论加在什么样的词干上，所构成的新词就一定是名词和形容词。If a suffix is fixed at the end of a verb and derives a noun, then this noun is called deverbal nouns.（由动词转化的名词）employ + er =employerIf a suffix is fixed at the end of a noun and derives a noun, then this noun is called denominal mouns.（由名词转化的名词）village + er = villager1.Noun suffixes名词后缀1）Denominal nouns由名词转化的名词a. Concrete suffixes具体后缀suffixes meaning exampl-ster person engaged in an occupation or activity gangster, songster -eer pro fiteer, engineer-er(or) teenager, driver-ess female priestess, hostess-let small, unimportant booklet,-ette small; imitation; female cigarette, kitchenetteb. Abstract suffixes抽象后缀uffixes meaning examples-age amountwastage, mileage-dom real mofficialdom-ship co dition dictatorship-ery slavery-hood status adulthood, childhood-ing state farming, bathing-ism doctrine terrorism-ship friendship, sportsmanship.2）Deverbal nouns由动词转化的名词suffixes meaning examples-ant denoting people assistant, informant-ee employee, trainee-ent dependent-age state linkage, carriage-al action dismissal, survival, arrival-ance state attendance, performance-ation(tion,ion,ition) stateprotection, decision, oppression-ence state existence, persistence-ing state building, savings-ment state statement, judgment, movement3）De-adjective nouns: 由形容词转化的名词suffixes meaning examples-ity state popularity, productivity-ness state happiness, largeness4）Noun and adjective suffixes名词和形容词后缀A small number of suffixes, when added to stems related to human beings or nationality names, form words that can be used both as nouns and adjectives：有一小部分后缀加在表示人或国家名的词干上既构成名词，又构成形容词suffixes meaning examples-ese added to stems related to human beings or nationality names, form words that can be used both as nouns and adjective Lebanese, Chinese -an Australian, Elizabethan -ist socialist, violinist2. Adjective suffixes形容词后缀1）Denominal suffixes：加在名词后的形容词后缀suffixes meaning examples-ed having wooded,simple-minded-ful full of hopeful, successful-ish somewhat like foolish, childish-less without priceless, nameless -like like childlike, lady-like, dreamlike-ly having the quality of cowardly, friendly-y somewhat like smoky,bloody-al (-ial, -ical) typical of cultural, residential-icty pical of economic, historic-ous（-eous, -ious）full of courageous, marvelous-esque like picturesque2）Deverbal suffixes: 加在动词后的形容词后缀suffixes meaning examples-able（-ible） capable washable, arguable permissible-ive（-ative, -sive） having the quality of active, decisive, productive3. Adverb suffixes：副词后缀suffixes meaning examples-lyin a manner calmly, naturally, publicly-ward(s) directionof movement homeward, downward, onward-wise in the manner of as far asis concerned clockwise education-wise 4. Verb suffixes：动词后缀suffixes meaning examples-ateto become originate-en darken, heighten, strengthen-ify solidify, beautify-ize modernize, symbolizeA seemingly productive vogue affix: suffixes meaning examples-nik people who like sth folknik, peacenik, jazznik4.2CompoundingCompounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is alexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word（Quirk et al 1985）. 将两个或两个以上的根词合在一起构成新词的方法叫复合构词法。这类词叫复合词。复合词可定义为“由不只一个根词组成，但只起一个词的语法和词义作用的词汇单位”silkworm，honey-bee，tear gas，easy chairThese examples show that compounds can be written solid（合在一起）, hyphenated（用连字符） and open（分开写）.Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects.1. Phonetic features（语音特征）. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stress. In cases of two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the secondary stress, if any, on the second whereas the opposite is true of free phrases. 语音上的特点。复合词中重音通常在第一个构词成分上，而名词词组的重音在第二个词上（如果该词只有一个重音）；如果有两个重音，复合词的主要重音在第一个构词成分上，次重音在第二个构词成分上。Compound Free phrasea fat head a fat heada hot house a hot housea black horse a black horsea green room a green roomBut these stress patterns of compounds are not absolute.ash-blondebottle-green socio-linguisticpsycho-analysis2. Semantic features（语义特征）. Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. 在语义的统一性上复合词与自由词组也有区别。每个复合词所表达的意思是一个概念，如同一个词一样。For examplegreen handinexperienced personred meatbeef or lambhot doga typical American sausage in between two pieces of bread.Nevertheless, a lot of compounds are transparent（透明的）, that is the meanin