Engineering英文翻译.docx

EngineeringBY Walter Monfried Engineering is the profession that puts scientific knowledge to practical use. Engineers use principles of science to design structures , machines, and products of all kinds. They look for better ways to use existing resources and often develop new materials. Engineers have had a direct role in the creation of most of modern technologythe tools，materials，techniques，and power sources that make our lives easier. 工程学就是把科学知识运用到实际的专业。工程师使用科学的原则来设计结构，机械以及各种产品。他们寻找更好的方式来利用现有资源，并经常开发新材料。工程师们在创造最先进的技术中扮演着直接的角色，诸如工具，材料，技术和能量来源，这些都使得我们的生活更轻松。 The field of engineering includes a wide variety of activities. For example, engineering projects range from the construction of huge dams to the design of tiny electronic circuits. Engineers may help produce guided missiles , industrial robots, or artificial limbs for the physically handicapped. They develop complex scientific equipment to explore the reaches of outer space and the depths of the oceans. Engineers also plan our electric power and water supply systems, and do research to improve automobiles, television sets, and other consumer products. They may work to reduce environmental pollution, increase the worlds food supply, and make transportation faster and safer. 工程领域包含各种各样的活动。例如，巨型水坝建设工程中范围中的微型电子电路的设计。工程师可以帮助制造导弹，工业机器人以及伤残人士的假肢。他们研发复杂的科学设备，用来探索未知的外太空和深海世界。工程师们不仅规划着我们的供电供水系统，还对提高汽车，电视机和其他消费产品的性能做了研究。他们致力于减少环境污染，增加世界粮食供应，使交通运输更快、更安全。 The history of engineering is the record of human ingenuity through the ages. Even in prehistoric times，people adopted basic engineering techniques from things that were available in nature. For example，sturdy sticks became levers to lift large rocks，and logs were used as rollers to move heavy loads. The development of agriculture and the growth of civilization brought about a new wave of engineering efforts. People invented farming tools, designed elaborate irrigation networks，and built the first cities. The construction of the gigantic Egyptian pyramids at Giza during the 2500s B. C. was one of the greatest engineering feats of ancient times. In ancient Rome，engineers built large aqueducts and bridges and vast systems of roads. During the 200s B. C., the Chinese erected major sections of the monumental Great Wall of China. 古往今来，工程学的历史就是人类聪明才智的结晶。即使在史前时代，人类所学到的工程技术都是从自然中而来的。举个例子，坚固的棍子可以变成杠杆从而可以提起大石块，木头可以当做滚轴来移动重物。农业的文明和发展带来了新一波工程学的成就。人们发明了农具，精心设计了灌溉网路，并建立了第一个城市。公元前2500年建造的埃及吉萨金字塔是古代最伟大的工程壮举之一。古罗马时期，工程师们建造了大型的输水系统，桥梁和广阔的道路系统。在公元前200年期间，中国人建造了极为庞大的中国长城的主要部分。 Early engineers used such simple machines as the inclined plane , wedge, and wheel and axle. During the Middle Ages，a period in European history that lasted from the A. D. 400s to the 1500s , inventors developed machines to harness water, wind, and animal power. The growing interest in new types of machines and new sources of power to drive them helped bring about the Industrial Revolution of the 1700s and 1800s，during which，their role expanded rapidly. The practical steam engine developed by the Scottish engineer James Watt in the 1760s revolutionized transportation and industry by providing a cheap，efficient source of power. New iron-making techniques provided engineers with the material to improve machines and tools and to build bridges and ships. Many roads, railroads, and canals were constructed to link the growing industrial cities. 早期的工程师们使用的是斜面，楔形，轮轴等简单机械。中世纪的欧洲历史上，在5世纪至16世纪的一段时期内，发明家开发机械以利用水力，风力和畜力。在18世纪至19世纪之间，对新型机械和新型能源日益增长的需求引发了工业革命，在此期间，工程师们的作用迅速扩大。18世纪60年代，由苏格兰工程师詹姆斯瓦特发明的实用的蒸汽机，为运输和工业提供了一种廉价、有效的动力，彻底改变了当时的现状。新的炼铁技术为工程师们提高机器和工具，建造桥梁和船只提供了材料。日益发展的工业城市之间也建起了连接互相之间的公路、铁路、运河。 Distinct branches of engineering began to develop during the Industrial Revolution. The term civil engineer was first used about 1750 by John Smeaton，a British engineer. Mechanical engineers emerged as specialists in industrial machinery，and mining and metallurgical engineers were needed to supply metals and fuels. By the late 1800s, the development of electric power and advances in chemical processing had created the fields of electrical and chemical engineering. Professional schools began to be founded as the demand for engineers steadily increased. 工业革命期间，不同分支的工程都开始有了发展。约1750年，一名叫约翰斯密顿的英国工程师首次引入了土木工程师的概念。机械工程师成为机械工业方面的专家，采矿和冶金工程师的需要提供金属和原料。到19世纪后期，电力的发展和化学处理的进步创造了电气和化学工程领域。随着对工程师需求的稳步增加，世界上成立了专业学校。 Since 1900, the number of engineers and of engineering specialties has expanded dramatically. Artificial hearts, airplanes, computers, lasers, nuclear energy, plastics, space travel, and television are only a few of the scientific and technological breakthroughs that engineers have helped bring about in this century. Because science and technology are progressing and changing so rapidly, todays engineers must study throughout their careers to make sure that their knowledge and expertise do not become obsolete. They face the challenging task of keeping pace with the latest advances while working to shape the technology of the future. 自1900年以来，工程师和工程专业的数量已经急剧扩大。人造心脏，飞机，计算机，激光，核能，塑料，太空旅行和电视机，这些工程师带来的科学的、技术性的突破仅仅只是这世纪里头的一小部分。由于科学技术的进步与不断改变，如今的工程师们的学习必须贯穿其整个职业生涯，这样才能确保他们的知识和经验不会过时。他们面临着与时俱进的、挑战性的任务，同时也肩负着努力塑造未来的技术。 The field of engineering offers a broad range of job opportunities. Engineers may work in factories, offices, and government laboratories or at construction sites. Some engineers are involved in the research and development of new products. Others are responsible for turning plans and specifications for new structures, machines, or systems into reality. Still others use their background and training to sell and service technical equipment. Many engineers work on projects in teams that include scientists, technicians, and other engineers, however. some engineers act as independent consultants who sell their services to people who need engineering assistance. Engineers may also hold teaching positions or move up into management positions in business. 工程领域提供了广泛的就业机会。工程师们可以在工厂，办公室，政府实验室或者建筑工地上班。一些工程师则参与新产品的研究与开发。有些工程师则将负责把计划、设想转变成结构、机械、系统或者其他实体。还有其他一些工程师靠着他们的背景和培训，为技术设备做销售和服务。许多工程师都有他们项目的工作团队，这其中包括科学家，技术人员和工程师，但是，也有一些工程师作为那些出售自己服务的却又需要他们技术支持的人的独立顾问。 Certain abilities and traits help qualify a person