Social-Psychology-社会心理学简述导论PPT课件.ppt

SocialPsychology Chapter16 SocialPsychology Today stopicsAttributionTheoryAttitudesConformityandObedienceAltruism BystanderIntervention 1 SocialPsychology Chapter16 SocialPsychology Socialpsychology thescientificstudyofhowwethinkabout influence andrelatetooneanother Howdoesthepresenceofotherpeopleinfluenceourthoughts feelings andbehavior 2 AttributionTheory Chapter16 SocialPsychology AttributionTheorysuggestshowweexplainsomeone sbehavior weeitherattributeittotheperson sdispositionortothesituationdispositionalattribution behaviorcausedbyfactorsinternaltothepersonsituationalattribution behaviorcausedbyexternalfactors 3 FundamentalAttributionError Chapter16 SocialPsychology FundamentalAttributionError tendencytooverestimateinternalfactors e g traitsorattitudes andtounderestimatesituationalfactorsinexplainingbehaviorExample poorgrades wetendtoattributepoorgradestosomethinginternal unintelligentorlazy ratherthansituational familyproblems 4 Actor ObserverEffect Chapter16 SocialPsychology Actor ObserverEffect tendencyfortheactor thepersonperformingabehavior toattributethebehaviortothesituationandfortheobserver thepersonwatchingtheactorbehave toattributethesamebehaviortotheactor sdisposition 5 Attitudes Chapter16 SocialPsychology Attitudes feelingswehavetowardanobject person oridea basedonourbeliefs affectourbehavior Doyoubelievenuclearplantsaresafe 6 Foot in the DoorPhenomenon Chapter16 SocialPsychology Foot in the doorphenomenon thetendencyforpeoplewhohavefirstagreedtoasmallrequesttocomplylatertoalargerrequestFreedman Fraser 1966 wentdoortodoorsayingtheywerefromtheCommitteeforSafeDriving askedtosignpetitionaskingsenatorstoworkforlegislationtoencouragesafedriving almostallagreedtosign differentexperimenterslatercontactedsamehomeownersaswellashomeownerswhohadnotbeenapproachedbefore womenwereaskedtoputalarge unattractivesign DriveCarefully intheiryard over55 whohadpreviouslyendorsedpetitionalsoagreedtopostthesign only17 oftheotherwomenagreedtopostthesign conclusion makingtheoriginalsmallcommitment homeownersmayhavecometobelieveinthecausetheywereaskedtosupport Oncecommitted theywerewillingtosupportthecausetoagreaterextent 7 Role Playing Chapter16 SocialPsychology PhilipZimbardo 1972 malecollegestudentsvolunteeredtospendtimeinasimulatedprison studentsrandomlychosentobeguardsorprisoners prisonerslockedincells worehumiliatingoutfits guardsgivenuniformsandbillyclubs andinstructedtoenforcecertainrules guardsbecamecruelandabusive prisonersbrokedownorrebelled Designedtogoonfor2weeks buthadtobecalledoffafter6days www prisonexp org 8 CognitiveDissonance Chapter16 SocialPsychology CognitiveDissonance anunpleasantstateoftensioncreatedwhenwebecomeawarethatourattitudesandactionsaren tconsistentwitheachother werelievethistensionbybringingourattitudesintolinewithouractions 9 Conformity Chapter16 SocialPsychology Conformity adjustingone sbehaviororthinkingtowardthegroupstandard SolomonAsch 1955 subjectstoldtheywouldbejudgingthelengthsoflines showncardswiththreelinesofvaryinglength matchlineofcorrectlengthtolineonasecondcard 5subjectsansweredaloudinorderinwhichtheywereseated onfirsttwotrials therewerenodisagreements onthirdtrial thefirst4subjectsgavethesameobviouslywronganswer 5thsubjectwastroubled theotherswereclearlygivingwronganswers Peopleinthe5thpositionsometimesgavewronganswer theywentalongwiththeotherseventhoughtheyknewitwasincorrect wronganswergivenabout35 ofthetime therealsubjectsdidnotknowthatthefirst4subjectswereinontheexperiment andgavethewronganswerratherthandisagreewiththeothers itwasnotuncertaintyaboutthecorrectchoice thesubjectswereverysureofthecorrectchoice Theyconformeddespitethefactthattheyknewthecorrectanswer 10 ReasonsforConforming Chapter16 SocialPsychology normativesocialinfluence desiretogainsocialapprovalandavoidsocialdisapproval oursensitivitytosocialnorms rulesforacceptedandexpectedbehavior example weclapwheneveryoneelseclapsinformationalsocialinfluence whenwe renotsurehowtoact welooktootherpeople theyaresourcesofinformationregardinghowtobehave weassumetheyknowwhatthey redoing andwewelcometheinformation example firstdayatnewjobandfirealarmgoesoff 11 Obedience Chapter16 SocialPsychology StanleyMilgram 1963 placednewspaperadsformentoparticipateinstudyontheeffectsofpunishmentonlearning oneselectedas learner andoneselectedas teacher teacherreadsaloudpairsofwordsthatthelearnerwastomemorize everytimethelearnermadeamistake teacherwastoadministerapunishment teachersatat shockmachine rangefrom15 450volts learnersatinanotherroom communicationviaintercom learnermentionedthathe hadaweakheart duringtesting learnermademanyerrors andeachtime teachertoldhimhewaswronganddeliveredashock asthelevelofshockincreased thelearner sreactionsbecameincreasinglydramatic heyelled begged poundedthetable kickedthewall througheverything theexperimenterurgedtheteachertocontinue 12 Milgram sResults Chapter16 SocialPsychology Pre experimentsurvey mostpeople including40psychiatriststhoughtthesubjectswouldstoptheshocksafterthelearnerfirstindicatedpainResults all40subjectsdeliveredthe300 voltshock 65 continuedtothefinal450 voltlevel eventhoughthelearnerscreamedformercy hadaheartcondition andwasapparentlyexperiencinggreatpain Milgram suseofdeceptionandstressonhissubjectscausedadebateovertheethicsofhisresearch Laterfindings obediencehighestwhen 1 thepersongivingtheordersisnearbyandperceivedtobealegitimateauthorityfigure2 theauthorityfigurewassupportedbyaprestigiousinstitution3 thevictimwasdepersonalizedoratadistance4 therewerenorolemodelsfordefiance nootherparticipantswereseendisobeyingtheexperimenter 13 Altruism BystanderIntervention Chapter16 SocialPsychology Altruism unselfishregardforthewelfareofothersKittyGenovese repeatedlystabbedandrapedwhilecallingforhelp 38neighborsheardher butnoonehelpedWhetherornotwehelpothersislargelydependentonthepresenceofothers 14 BystanderIntervention Chapter16 SocialPsychology Bystander