2010专八写作讲义 赠送.doc

TEM-8 写作部分第一章 专业八级写作介绍高校英语专业八级考试大纲写作部分规定：写作部分设一题，20分，要求能根据所给题目及要求撰写各类体裁的文章，文章长度约400个单词，能做到内容充实、语言通顺、用词恰当、表达得体。考试时间45分钟。就写作体裁来看，迄今为止，历年真题考的都是议论文；就出题形式来看，都是给出背景和题目的写作；就写作内容来看，考到的基本上都是考生比较熟悉的关于大学生的话题或社会常见话题。以下为评分标准和实例。评分标准BANDSCOREDESCRIPTION520-18EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION WITH ACCURACIES1) The writing effectively addresses the writing task. 2) It demonstrates a well developed logical organizational structure with clearly stated main ideas and sufficient supporting details. 3) It has almost no errors of vocabulary, spelling, punctuation or syntax, and it displays an adequate ability to use the language with appropriacy. 4) No difficulty is experiencedby the reader.417-15GOOD COMMUNICATION WITH FEW INACCURACIES1) The writing adequately addresses almost all of the writing task, though it deals with some parts more effectively than others. 2) It demonstrates a generally well developed logical organizational structure with main ideas and supporting details. 3) It has relatively few significant errors of vocabulary, spelling, punctuation or syntax, and it displays an ability to use the language with appropriacy. 4) Very little difficulty is experienced by the reader.314-12PASSABLE COMMUNICATION WITH SOME INACCURACIES.1) The writing adequately addresses most of the writing task. 2) On the whole, it demonstrates an adequately developed organizational structure, though there may occasionally be a lack of relevance, clarity, consistency or support. 3) It has occasional errors of vocabulary, spelling, punctuation or syntax, which may, from time to time, obscure meaning, and for the most part it displays some ability to use the language with appropriacy. 4) Occasional difficulty is experienced by the reader.211-9PROBLEMATIC COMMUNICATION WITH FREQUENT INACCURACIES1) The writing only addresses some of the writing task. 2) It demonstrates an inadequate organizational structure, and there may quite often be a lack of relevance, clarity, consistency or support. 3) It has frequent errors of vocabulary, spelling, punctuation or syntax, and it displays a limited ability to use the language with appropriacy. 4) Some difficulty is experienced by the reader.18-6ALMOST NO COMMUNICATION1) The writing almost completely fails to address the writing task. 2) It has neither an organizational structure nor coherence. 3) Almost all sentences contain errors of vocabulary, spelling, punctuation or syntax, and it displays no ability to use the language with appropriacy. 4) Even after considerable effort on the part of the reader, the text is largely incomprehensible.评分实例2005年真题Part Writing (45 min)Interview is frequently used by employers as a means to recruit prospective employees. As a result, there have been many arguments for or against the interview as a selection procedure. What is your opinion? Write an essay of about 400 words to state your view.In the first part of your writing you should state your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. 样卷1Interview as an Effective Selection ProcedureThe English proverb “Seeing is believing” well addresses the importance of face-to-face communication. It also highlights the point of conducting job interview on the part of employers. For benefits of both employers and prospective employees, interview is an effective selection procedure. And I base my points of view on the following reasons. To begin with, interview provides a golden opportunity of mutual understanding between the recruiter and job applicants. Thanks to job interview, the employer can have an overall knowledge of the various qualities of a candidate. This proves to be very time-efficient, compared with other possibilities such as subjecting applicants to a series of tests like IQ test, aptitude test, English proficiency test, skill test, to name just a few. In an interview, the recruiter may design his or her questions with a clear-cut purpose of finding out the most desirable qualities from a group of candidates. By means of questions and answers, it is relatively easy to recognize the intelligence, critical thinking and problem solving of an interviewee. And in the meanwhile, job applicants may seize this chance to learn about the business, and obtain a concrete understanding of the corporate philosophy he or she is going to work under. It will lay a good foundation for the satisfying cooperation between management and labor in the future and avoid unnecessary friction as a consequence of misunderstanding. And interview appears critically important for new university graduates because there exists a multitude of cheaters in the job market, online want advertisements in particular. Job hunters decision should be based on face-to-face communication instead of some fancy propaganda. Furthermore, by means of interview employers may single out some false information of the candidates in resumes. With the increasing pressure of job hunting, there appears such a tendency of polishing resumes. Some applicants even go to the extreme of making their CV into a fancy document without any correlation to their actual caliber. Interview serves as a workable approach to screen dishonest practice and to relieve the HR staff of their headache. Finally, interview functions as an effective way to measure the EQ of a candidate. What kind of person is the candidate? Is he or she optimistic, thoughtful, tolerant, cooperative, patient or otherwise? The answer to those questions is as meaningful to employers as schooling, professional training, degree and so on. A problem staff member may bring threat, disharmony and discredit to the company. In that case the loss for the business is more than financial. Fortunately interview can be a helpful siege. Given the above analysis, we may arrive at the conclusion that interview is an effective and practical selection procedure for the sake of both employers and prospective employees. Like a bridge between recruit and applicant, interview shortens the distance between verbal description and reality. 样卷2The Interview Should Be as a Selection ProcedureInterview is frequently used by employers as a means to recruit prospective employees. As a result there have been many arguments for or against the interview as a selection procedure. As far as I see it, the interview should be as a selection procedure. Firstly, interview is a very significant method to measure the employees competence. For example, imagine numerous employees hunt for the same job at one time, the difficult situation will crop up. The employers are in dilemma, they are hard to choose which one is the best or the suitable for their business. The only way is by means of interview. The employers can choose the employees who are characterized by energetic, enterprising strong potential. Interview is indispensable in job market, especially in recent years. Therefore, as a standard interviews shouldnt be ignored. Secondly, interview is an indirect way that promote college students to work harder. As is known to all, as a multitude of college students graduate every year, they must face with the job hunting. Interview is the first step. If they cant perform well in the interview, it will detrimental to them. Therefore, college students have to work harder and harder so as to get a great deal of certificates, such as CET-6, TEM-8, NCRE-2 and so on. By their strenuous efforts they can obtain significant advantages when competing against their peers. Thirdly, interview plays a role in exercising ones perseverance. For instance, if an employee failed in the interview at the first time, he could try another one again. Interview is helpful to exercise ones characteristics. In a word interview should be as a selection procedure. As to college students, only through dedication to study and training at school can we be best prepared for the glamorous future. 样卷3Interviewa Selection ProcedureNowadays, interview is frequently use by employers as a means to recruit prospective employees. As a result, there have been more and more arguments for or against the interview as a selection procedure. In my point of view, interview should be a procedure to select employees. I will list my reasons here. The first reason is that through interview, employers can form direct aspects know a employee, vividly and clearly. Before interview, employers get some information of employee only from pictures and introductions. They know employees major and hobby, but they dont know the ability of employees. In a interview, talking in English can show the ability of communication and oral English; dressing and action can bring deeper impression to employers. These arent able to find from pictures. For short, interview can give employers information of employees from three aspects at least. 1. Dressing and action2. Real abilities of employees major3. Communication with othersSecondly, employees in interview can get more information about the company. They will decide that the post is fit or not. Interview is also a good opportunity to show themselves for employees. They prepare carefully through interview to give future boss a first good impression. A good interviewee always grasp talk to show his abilities and knowledge which can be find from the introductions on paper. Besides of these, polite action is another way to show. Interview gives employees the first door to enter the company. However, interview has some negative things. It is not very objective. For instance, employers and employees maybe have a nice talk and a good impression has been established. This feeling is not objective. And interview is not a good opportunity for some people who has poor oral ability but good work ability. Although interview is not the best selection procedure, it is still a better one than other ways. Interview, for employers or interviewees, is a good procedure to choose each other. 第二章 英语写作规则与技巧4Rhetorical Strategies in ParagraphsRhetorical strategies in writing are techniques for presenting ideas so that a writers intended message is delivered with clarity and impact. The rhetorical strategies available to you as a writer are sufficiently varied to give you many choices of ways to make your writing effective. As you can see from the explanations and examples in this chapter, all rhetorical strategies reflect the typical patterns of thought that humans use quite naturally. As you try out these strategies, especially as they keep you aware of sequencing and arranging sentences, you can apply them to composing your paragraphs and, in some situations, whole essays.4aUnderstanding paragraphsA paragraph is a group of sentences that work in concert to develop a unit of thought. Paragraphing permits you to subdivide material into manageable parts and, at the same time, to arrange those parts into a unified whole that effectively communicates its message.Paragraphing is signaled by indentation. The first line is indented five spaces in a typewritten paper and one inch in a handwritten paper. (Business letters are sometimes typed in “block format,” with paragraphs separated by a double space but no paragraph indentations. Generally, block format is not appropriate for essays.)The purpose of a paragraph helps you determine its structure. In college, the most common purposes for academic writing are to inform and to persuade. Some paragraphs introduce, conclude, or provide transitions. Most paragraphs, however, are topical paragraphs, also called developmental paragraphs or body paragraphs. They consist of a statement of a main idea and specific, logical support for that main idea. Consider paragraph 1, a topical paragraph that seeks to inform. (To help discussion and reference in this chapter, a red number appears at the left side of each sample paragraph.)Paragraph 1The cockroach lore that has been daunting us for years is mostly true. Roaches can live for twenty days without food, fourteen days without water; they can flatten their bodies and crawl through a crack thinner than a dime; they can eat huge doses of carcinogens and still die of old age. They can even survive “as much radiation as an oak tree can,” says William Bell, the University of Kansas entomologist whose cockroaches appeared in the movie The Day After. Theyll eat almost anythingregular food, leather, glue, hair, paper, even the starch in book bindings. (The New York Public Library has quite a cockroach problem.) They sense the slightest breeze, and they can react and start running in .05 second; they can also remain motionless for days. And if all this isnt creepy enough, they can fly too.Jane Goldman, “Whats Bugging You”Goldman states her main idea in the first sentence. She then gives concrete examples supporting her claim that there is much truth to the lore about cockroaches. This paragraph relates to the thesis of the whole essay: “Roaches cannot be banished from the world, but they can be controlled in peoples homes and apartments.”Consider this topical paragraph, which seeks to persuade. It, too, consists of a main idea and support.Paragraph 2The public library is the best, most democratic, most economical mechanism ever devised to provide access to information and enlightenment on issues that range from the intensely personal to those that are global in nature. Individuals of all ages and from all walks of life, community groups, agencies, businesses, unions, and government institutions of every kind increasingly turn to the public library for assistance. It is the only library that is available to everyone in the community. Typically, it receives half of 1 percent of the governments budget yet serves 30 to 50 percent of the people. No other community service is more cost effective.Clara Bennett, president of the board of trustees, Nassau County Library SystemBennett states her main idea in the first two sentences. The second sentence narrows the focus of the first and sets the stage for the supporting statements that follow.Goldmans and Bennetts paragraphs demonstrate the three major characteristics of an effective paragraph. (See Chart 22. |)Chart 22Major characteristics of an effective paragraph Unity: clear, logical relationship between the main idea of a paragraph and supporting evidence for that main idea Coherence: smooth progression from one sentence to the next within a paragraph Development: logical arrangement of paragraphs and specific, concrete support for the main idea of each paragraph4bWriting unified paragraphsA paragraph is unified when all its sentences clarify or help support the main idea. Unity is lost if a paragraph goes off the topic by including sentences unrelated to the main idea. Here is a paragraph about databases that lacks unity because two deliberately added sentences go off the topic.Paragraph 3NOWe have all used physical databases since our grammar school days. Grammar school is known today as grade school or elementary school. Our class yearbooks, the telephone book, the shoebox full of receipts documenting our deductions for the IRSthese are all databases in one form or another, for a database is nothing more than an assemblage of information organized to allow the retrieval of that information in certain ways. Anyone who is well organized has a better chance of succeeding in college or in the business world.In paragraph 3, the second and last sentences wander away from the topic of databases. As a result, unity is lost. A reader quickly loses patience with material that rambles and consequently fails to communicate a clear message. Paragraph 4 is the original version. It is unified because all its sentences, including the ones adding interesting details, relate to the subject of databases.Paragraph 4YESWe have all used physical databases since our grammar school days. Our class yearbooks, the telephone book, the shoebox full of receipts documenting our deductions for the IRSthese are all databases in one form or another, for a database is nothing more than an assemblage of information to allow the retrieval of that information in certain ways. A telephone book, for example, assuming that you have the right one for the right city, will enable you to find the telephone number for, say, Alan Smith. Coincidentally it will also give you his address, provided there is only one Alan Smith listed. Where there are several Alan Smiths, you would have to know the address, or at least part of it, to find the number of the particular Alan Smith you had in mind. Even without the address, however, you would still save considerable time by the telephone database. The book might list 50,000 names but only 12 Alan Smiths, so at the outset you could eliminate 49,988 telephone calls when trying to contact the elusive Mr. Smith.Erik Sanberg-Diment, “Personal Computers”The sentence that contains the main idea of a paragraph, called the topic sentence, shapes and controls the content of the rest of the paragraph. Some paragraphs use two sentences to present a main idea. In such cases, the topic sentence is followed by a limiting or clarifying sentence, which serves to narrow the paragraphs focus. In paragraph 4, the second sentence is its topic sentence, and the third sentence is its limiting sentence.Professional essay writers do not always use topic sentences, because these writers have the skill to carry the reader along without explicit signposts. Student writers are o