大学生英语竞赛题型与应试方法总结(超详细).doc

一、概述 在人类社会的相互交流活动中，阅读是获取信息的重要途径。对阅读在英语学习中的重要性人们早已达成共识。阅读能力是学习英语必需的第一能力。阅读能力提高后，就可以阅读各种英文出版物，获取必要的信息。 阅读理解测试是检查通过阅读获取信息的能力，既要求准确性，也要求一定的速度。阅读理解测试在水平测试及英语竞赛中所占的比重都比较大，分值很高。 阅读理解试题的选材范围广泛，涉及到自然科学、社会科学、天文、地理、教育、科技、民俗民风等各方面；从体裁上讲，议论文和说明文都占有相当的比例，这就需要不但具有相当的语言水平，而且要求广博的知识面和熟练的阅读技能。 英语阅读理解测试主要考查以下技能：1预测技能；2获得特定信息的技能；3获得具体印象的技能；4推测作者态度和倾向性的技能；5根据上下文推断词义的技能；6识别文章中关联词语功能的技能。 阅读理解是一个获取信息的积极思维过程。阅读是透过文字表面，利用个人判断能力、常识及语言知识对文章内容不断分析、处理，最终达到弄懂文章所传达意思的过程。因此，阅读理解测试通常要求掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节，能够既理解其字面含义，又可以根据所读材料进行判断和推理，既明白个别句子的意思，又知道上下文的逻辑关系。许多高难度阅读理解测试还要求既理解句子含义，又懂得上下文的逻辑关系，领悟其隐含意思，既能够了解事实与细节，掌握主旨大意，又能够就文章内容进行判断、推理，领会作者的观点和态度。 大学英语竞赛试题中的阅读理解测试题有时带有图表，试题涉及的词汇量增加，篇章难度加大，句子结构交错重叠，长句多，分隔修饰语多，语义含蓄曲折，阅读速度也要求相应提高。该类试题强调对原文结构与信息的分析与把握，有时需要仔细观察图表并借助于正确的阅读技巧，提高应试能力。 提高英语阅读能力需要具备以下素质：1牢固的语法知识和丰富的词汇量；2开阔的文化背景知识；3熟练掌握各种阅读技巧。众所周知，扎实的语法和丰富的词汇是提高阅读速度和理解能力的基础和必备条件，广阔的文化背景知识是促进理解内容的重要因素。掌握不同的阅读技巧会使阅读过程得心应手，提高解题速度和正确率。 二、阅读理解中的障碍突破 阅读理解中的障碍突破是指在阅读过程中利用快速阅读的方法，尽快地理解内容，抓住重点的技巧。在各种题材和体裁的文章中，有些篇章或句子特别难懂，掌握一定的技巧，突破阅读中的障碍，就会起到事半功倍的作用。阅读理解中的障碍突破有利于在较短时间内判断文章的重点和关键词，从而决定哪些应该细读，哪些可以忽略过去，从而提高阅读速度，防止浪费时间。 提高阅读速度和效率，阅读理解中的障碍突破是成功的关键。运用预测技能，可以边读边了解原文的篇章结构和作者思路，把握具体细节，依据获得的信息进行推理、判断和引申，结合语境识别词语功能，巧推词义，领会作者的态度和倾向性。 实践证明，以下技巧有助于提高阅读速度和效率，实现阅读理解中的障碍突破。 1整体阅读 整体阅读是以意群为单位进行阅读。句子的阅读实际上是从一个意群跳到另一个意群。从划分的意群来看，英语句子中各单词的重要性并不一样，它们中有的是关键词，有的是结构信号，还有的只传达辅助信息。如果将这些辅助词、结构信号省去，原句的主要意思不会受很大影响。在了解英语句子结构的规律后，阅读时可以大胆抛开某些结构词或冠词、系词、连词等，对于起辅助作用的词，如：形容词、副词等可以稍加领会，重点是要抓住一些关键实词，如：动词、名词等。这样做不仅能使阅读速度加快，而且有助于理解。这样，阅读时就能克服“精耕细作”、逐字逐句的阅读方式，扩大视野，抓住关键词，培养以意群为单位进行思维的良好习惯。例： （为了方便叙述，以下英文实例中的符号均为笔者所注） （Some）books（are to be）tasted，others（to be）swallowed（and some）few（to be）chewed（and）digested 2抓主要环节 进行阅读理解时，应将细读、略读巧妙结合，恰当地调整阅读速度，把注意力集中在关键词句和段落上。文章中的章节或句子有的需要反复看几遍，有的则可以一带而过。要考查作者的推理过程，应首先学会把握主题句。“抓主要环节”是指抓关键词，抓主题句。如果在阅读时习惯于停留在句子水平上，靠语法分析理解句子，缺乏按段落阅读、分析寻找中心意思的技能，就可能失误率较高。尤其是在遇到主旨题、结论题时，解答时很难得心应手。实践证明，在阅读过程中只要抓住句中的关键词、段中的关键句、文中的重要段落，许多问题就会迎刃而解。这样做，思路清晰，脉络分明，即使遇到个别生词、难词，大多也能够触类旁通，答题的正确率会自然提高。例： （主题句）A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement spread even farther westwardThe early trains were impractical curiosities，and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problemsThe most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load，and the development of a safe，effective stopping systemOnce these were solved，the railroad was established as the best means of land transportationBy 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the M ississippiThere were also regional southern and western lines （主题句）The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental systemIn 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point，so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the PacificThe government helped the railroads generously with money and landActual work on this project began four years laterThe Central Pacific Company，starting from California，used Chinese labor，while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish LaborersThe two groups worked at remarkable speed，each trying to cover a greater distance than the otherIn 1869 they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of UtahMany visitors came there for the great occasionThere were joyous celebrations all over the country，with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movementIt also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets（主题句） In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States 1The major problems with Americas railroad system in the mid-19th century lay in! n5 q- s: T8 ?& l$ m! B A）poor quality rails and unreliable stopping systems B）lack of financial support for development C）limited railroad lines D）lack of a transcontinental railroad 2The building of the first transcontinental system- K& R) v8 x( J3 c7 |& A）brought about a rapid growth of industry and farming in the west B）attracted many visitors to the construction sites C）attracted laborers from Europe D）encourage people to travel all over the country 3The best title for this passage would be: S# X# l: V3 J _, a A）Settlements Spread Westward B）The Coast-to-Coast Railroad：A Vital Link C）American Railroad History D）The Importance of Railroads in the American Economy 4The construction of the transcontinental railroad took# L! Q& G$ u n! i H8 f A）9 years B）7 years C）4 years D）3 years 5What most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad？ A）The possibility of government support for such a task B）The need to explore Utah C）The need to connect the east coast with the west D）The need to develop the railroad industry in the west 答案：1A）2A）3B）4D）5C） 分析：该题主要内容是long-distance transportation in USA。其中关键词与重要信息包括：各段主题句：第一、二段第一句，第三段最后一句（与第五题答案有关）；“the development of a safe，effective stopping system”（与第一题答案有关）；“encouraging westward movement”（与第二题答案有关）。“In 1862 Congress authorized Actual work began four years later”“In 1869they met at a place called Promontory”（the year 186241866，186918663years与第四题答案有关）。“it helped unify the United States”（与第五题答案有关）。3用不同技巧 为了提高阅读速度，应学会运用略读法，通篇浏览，了解大意，领会文章的主要内容，必要时还可以采用寻读法，有目的地寻找文章的重要信息。在遇到but，however等转折词时，下句的意思肯定与上句相反，可稍加留意；当so，therefore等连词出现时，这就意味着段落的中心句可能落在此处，需要特别留意其中的关键词和主要信息。当遇到上下句子之间有and，or等表示顺延意思的连词时，可以一带而过。在阅读问题和选择项时，应该仔细品味各项的含义、它们之间的意思差别以及它们与原文中相关句子或段落意义的异同。有时候，这些差别是细微的。然而，通过仔细对比是可以分辨出来的，那个与所提问题内容针对性较强的选择项往往就是正确答案。例： Magnetic levitation vehicles，or maglev vehicles，will play an important role in the future of transportation，according to a report by Argonne National LaboratoriesBut before maglev vehicles can become a commercial success，the report says，people need to stop thinking of them as high-speed trainsInstead，consider them low-flying aircraft Argonne contends that maglev will be best suited to replace commuter aircraftPlane flights under 600 miles are the least energy-efficient，and maglev“planes“should cut these fuel needs by up to 75 percent Therefore，the next decade could see commuters speeding to work at about 300 miles per hour aboard magnetic levitation vehicles 1Argonne believes that people should regard maglev transportation as8 b* # H* p7 v$ l A）safe，efficient，high-speed trains B）the most exciting form of transportation for the future C）a kind of aircraft D）the most economical form of transportation 2Why could maglev trains replace short-flight commuter aircraft？ A）Maglev trains are faster B）Maglev trains are cheaper C）Maglev trains are more fuel-efficient D）Maglev trains are safer 3According to the passage，when could people start using a maglev commercially？ A）In 5 yearsB）In 10 years C）In 20 yearsD）In more than 5 years 4What is the best title for this passage？ A）The Future of Transportation B）Argonne Develops Maglev Train C）The Disadvantages of Commuting by Airplane D）Commuting in the Future 答案：1C）2C）3B）4D） 分析：该试题讲的是磁悬浮列车。第二句的But表示转折。紧接在Instead句中，人们将maglev transportation看成是一种交通工具，与第一题答案吻合。原文第五句说明了为什么maglev trains能替代飞机，涉及第二题答案C）。最后Therefore后面的句子涉及到第三、四题答案。1) 常见的提问方式有：（1） What is the general/ main idea of the passage?（2） The main theme of the passage is+ y7 m! d! K. V.（3） The passage is mainly about! l/ N% B3 I d, C: i.（4） The first paragraph tells us that6 N, u! T J2 ?0 g7 _ I.（5） Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?（6） Which of the following expresses the main idea?（7） What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?（8） What is the authors main point?2) 解题技巧：主旨题要求考生跨越文字本身，从整体上把握文章的结构形式和作者的推理过程。阅读理解文章多是议论文和说明文，这就要求考生必须熟悉这两种文体的结构特点。这两种文体的结构特点可归纳为：提出问题论述问题得出结论或者阐明观点。掌握这一结构，就可以迅速掌握文章的主题，把握文章的脉络。要想确定文章的主题思想，最容易且行之有效的方法就是找出文章的主题句。主题句在文章中的位置主要有四种情况：（1） 段首：大多数文章的主题句就是文章的首句，所以要认真阅读段首句。（2） 段尾：有的文章主题句出现在结尾。文章以列举事实开头，通过论证得出结论。（3） 段首段尾：更多的文章是开头提出问题，点明主旨，通过议论，最后重述文章的主旨，使得文章主题清楚、明确，更具说服力。（4） 中间：有些文章为了引人入胜，开头部分常会有个轻松、诙谐的引子，然后在中间部分提出自己的观点，接着再议论，最后得出结论。2. 细节题： 细节题主要是测试考生对文章提供的细节与事实（如时间、地点、原因、结果、特征、方式、数字等）的理解程度。这类题目的共同特点是：答案一般都能在文章中找到。当然，答案并不一定是文章中的原句，考生需要根据文章提供的信息自己组织语句回答问题。1） 常见的提问方式有：（1） According to the passage who (what, why, when, where). ?（2） What does the author say about. ?（3） What does the author think of. ?（4） According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?（5） In this passage, how many (how much, how often, how long). ?2) 解题技巧：（1） 词定位法：命题人在设计问题时，往往会在题干中运用近义词语替代短文中的词语。因此，考生应通过分析题干部分所提供的信息，把握重点词语，并根据这些词语，迅速准确地找到问题在文章中的位置。（2） WH-信息定位法：该题型内容大多涉及到时间、地点、人物、事件、情景、数字、原因等，往往以who, where, when, what, why 和how等提问。因此，考生要在迅速浏览全文时注意典型的WH-信息，并通过分析题干把握考查内容，从而确定问题的出处。3. 推断题： 这类考题旨在测试考生的逻辑推理能力、语言分析能力和综合归纳能力。它要求考生根据文章内容做出合乎逻辑的推断，包括考生对作者观点的理解，态度的判断，对修辞、语气、隐含意思等的理解。这种题的难度很大，考生很容易出错。1）常见的提问方式有：（1） Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated?（2） It can be inferred from the passage that_.（3） The author implies that_.（4） The passage suggests that_.（5） What can we learn from the passage?（6） It can be concluded from paragraph 3 that_.（7） What is the authors attitude towards.?（8） Which of the following best describes the authors tone in this passage?2) 解题技巧：推断题在文章中是无法直接找到答案的，考生必须在正确理解文章字面意思的基础上，运用逻辑推理的方法，综合主旨句、主题句和上下文信息以及作者的措辞，做出总结性的判断。切忌主观臆断，但要果断排除明显不可能成为答案的干扰项。 写作写作的一个重要标准就是要考查学生是否会用英语清楚而贴切地表达思想。而句子是表达一个完整独立思想的最小的语言单位。因此,合理的句子结构对表达思想至关重要,其好坏与否直接关系到一篇文章的成败。写好句子的基本要素: 1.简洁性(Conciseness)举世闻名的英国剧作家。诗人莎士比亚(William Shakespeare)有句名言:言以简洁为贵(Brevity is the soul of wit.)。所谓简洁,就是语言凝练概括,高度浓缩,简明扼要。用较少的语言表达尽可能丰富的内容,无冗长之弊,无拖沓之嫌,做到文约而事丰,言简而意赅,它充分体现了英语语言自身发展的要求。古今中外,作家们大都惜墨如金。中国著名作家鲁迅曾说过:竭力将可有可无的字。句。段删去,毫不可惜。美国作家海明威(Ernest Hemingway)的语言风格在西方文学中更是独树一帜。他的文笔含蓄简练,清新流畅,以善用小词。短句著称,人称电报式风格。他曾经告诫自己儿子说:Never use more words than you have toit detracts from the flow of actions.然而,有些学生在写作中却忽略了这一点。把本来可以很简洁的句子变成了冗长的词语堆砌,结果往往是佶屈聱牙,冗长费解。要写出语言优美。短小精悍的文章,就必须作到句子精短,用词简洁,使每个词在句中起到应有的作用。具体来说,在不影响准确。清晰表达的前提下,句子能简化的部分尽量简化,能省略的尽量省略,用精炼的语言表达丰富的思想,使人们要表达的深层语义明白流畅,一目了然,达到简明扼要。清澈晶莹的效果。1)尽可能把从句变成单句或短语 ,把短语变成单词If you compare the two methods carefully,you will find the difference.( ) l8 t# A3 J3 v2 u+ O- r这个句子本来用一个简单句就足以表达清楚,却用了一个含条件状语从句的复合句,反而显得冗长累赘。下面这句就精炼多了:Careful comparison of the two methods will show you the difference.When I pushed the door open, I saw a group of young people.8 B# M/ d# b3 l此句可用现在分词短语代替时间状语从句,使文字更简短紧凑。干净利落:Pushing the door open,I saw a group of young people.During the past forty years,the population of China has been rising at a rapid rate. 句中介词短语at a rapid rate根据其在句中的语法功能,完全可由单个副词rapidly取代,使句子文字简练。2)避免不必要的重复,包括语义重复和用词重复。She is attractive in appearance ,but she is rather a foolish person.前半句属于语义重复。用了attractive(迷人的;有吸引力的),无须再用in appearance ;后半句属于用词重复,全句宜改为:She is attractive, but rather foolish.改写后行文依然能表达完整意义,给人含英咀华之感。The workers and technicians in this factory have made a lot of new innovations.innovations(something newly introduced)已含有new 之义。汉语口语中有新发明这一说法。母语的负迁移(negative transfer)影响容易使人对等翻译英文,给人以叠床架屋之感。I will go to the movies together with my brother.与某人一起用with sb.就可以,而together with (as well as; in addition to)则意为和。加之或连同。例如:These new facts, together with the evidence you have already heard, prove the prisoners innocence.(这些新的事实,连同你已听到的证据,证明此在押被告是无辜的。)The final result of the match is 2:1 to our team.句中final result搬用了汉语的说法,而没有注意到result 本身意为结果,结局,用了final无异于画蛇添足。以上经过化简的句子,既保持了信息量大的优点,又避免了臃肿,达到以少胜多的效果。要避免句子的类似问题,一方面要了解英汉两种语言在语法,句型,词义等方面的异同,另一方面要用英语的思维和表达方式取代汉语,排除母语的负迁移干扰。3)改写不必要的冗长句子结构和被动语态,对原句的结构做一些必要的调整。It is necessary for students to fill out both registration forms.Students must fill out both registration forms.British was defeated by the United States in the war of 1812.British lost the war of 1812 to the United States.My short stay in the country gave me the greatest happiness that I have had, F1 l/ v7 R. r* P over the entire period of my life.My short stay in the country gave me the greatest happiness in my life.2.多样性(Variety)任何事情都不是绝对的。写作中如果一味追求短句,追求简洁,有时会弄巧成拙,适得其反。因为一篇文章如果都是千篇一律的简单句,势必导致割裂句(choppy sentence )过剩。文体松散,文章就会粗糙浅显。毫无生气。英语是世界上最富有表达力的语言之一。它的句型变化灵活多样,丰富多彩。同一思想内容可以用多种语言形式来表达。当然句型多样化决不可滥用,造成华而不实。只有在准确表达思想的基础上方可力求句型多样化,以求既有丰富的内涵,又有优美的文字。英语句子的多样性主要体现在以下两个方面:1)句式变化的多样性# $ u& l& S n: x) X5 P3 v这是语言运用能力的一种表现,也是避免句子单调乏味最简单有效的办法。通过句子变换(transformation of sentence),运用不同结构,选用不同句式来表达相同的内容,使表意手段更为多样化,具有异曲同工之妙。(1)既可以用主动式也可以用被动式,如:We certainly should make great efforts.Great efforts are certainly required.(2)既可以用肯定式也可以用否定式,如:The lesson will be firmly rooted in our minds.We will never forget this lesson.(3)既可以是正常语序也可以是倒装语序,如:One cant learn anything until he rids himself of complacency.Only when one rids himself of complacency can he learn something.(4)某些成分既可以放在句子前面也可以放在后面,还可以放在中间,如:With a car, people can get around freely.People can get around freely with a car.People, with a car, can get around freely.(5)既可以用简单句(simple sentence)也可以用并列句(compound sentence) 或者复合句(complex sentence)a.扩展为名词从句 One mans meat is another mans poison. What is one mans meat is another mans poison.(从句作主语)The manager is going to some place,but no one knows where. No one knows where the manager is going.(从句作宾语)b.扩展为形容词从句 Our present house suits us fine. The house that we are now living in suits us fine. Robert was not a man to tell a lie. Robert was not a man who told a lie. I placed the book on the table,and it is still there. The book that I placed on the table is still there. c.扩展为副词从句With the continuance of life,there is still hope.While there is life,there is hope.(表示时间)The ice was thick enough to walk on. The ice was so thick that we could walk on it.(表示结果) Not withstanding the heat of the sun,we must go out. Hot as the sun is,we must go out.(表示让步) Mrs Brown was getting older,so her hair turned grey gradually. As Mrs Brown was getting older,her hair turned grey gradually. (表示原因) Hold your tongue,or you will be sorry. Unless you hold your tongue,you will be sorry.(表示条件)三者各具功能。简单句简洁明快,措辞严谨,直截了当;并列句则表达同样重要的信息;复合句信息量大,轻重有别,结构上有枝有蔓,能体现出层次。这三种不同的句子形态为语言的表达提供了丰富的选择。使用什么样的句子应取决于实际需要,灵活选用。只有句型多样化,才会行文起伏,流畅自然。2)句子长度的多样性尽管人称海明威电报大师,但纵观其作品,句子也是长短相间,富于变化,给人以万峰起伏,层峦叠嶂之感。这一点值得我们在写作中好好借鉴。从整体效果考虑,好的文章应该是该用长句时用长句,该用短句就用短句。因为长句和短句各有千秋。长句的特点是结构层次多,凝重典雅,严密周详,气势畅达,利于复杂思想的表达。严密的论证,但使用起来不够活泼,不够简便。短句的特点是生动简洁,短小精悍,活泼有力,但容量较小,不利于表达复杂的语义内容。在具体语言活动中,为了达到简洁明快。生动活泼,又严密精确。细腻委婉的目的,往往是长短句交替使用。这既体现了节奏上的要求,也是意义上的需要。请看下面这段:John went to work on foot. He took a bottle of hot tea and delicious lunch in a paper bag. He walked slowly. He enjoyed the cool, early morning air. He also enjoyed the sights and sounds of the streets. The big city was rapidly waking up. It was noisy and turbulent. An energetic little boy was setting his battered shoeshine stand in front of a hotel entrance. A deliveryman was busily slapping down cartons of let-tuce on the sidewalk in front of a grocery store and he was dressed in a white uniform. John saw a friend. The friend was waiting for a taxi. He stopped briefly for a short chat. The walk could yield pleasurable observations. John usually walked to work and he seldom took taxis. Walking made him happy. It also kept him healthy.从语法和用词来看, 这段文字无可挑剔。但句子长度大体相当,且都是短句,读起来平淡无奇,不妨这样修改:6 _+ H& H! a% O3 F7 p$ nWith a bottle of hot tea and delicious lunch in a paper bag,John walked to work.Slowly he walked,enjoying the cool,early morning air and the sights and sounds of the streets.The big,noisy,turbulent city was rapidly waking up. An energetic little boy was setting his battered shoeshine stand in front of a hotel entrance.A deliveryman dressed in a white uniform was busily slapping down cartons of lettuce on the side walk in front of a grocery store.John saw a friend waiting for a taxi.He stopped briefly a short chat.As the walk usually could yield pleasurable observations,John seldom took taxis.Walking not only made him happy but also kept him healthy.# D& v/ I) |+ h, 改写后的段落中,长短句交替使用,语句叠峦起伏,音韵和谐,语言表达有张有弛,活泼而不乏凝练,紧凑而不显呆板。所以句子的好坏,并不在于长短,简单还是复杂,归根结底在于多变。句子是否多变是衡量一篇文章是否老练成熟的主要标志之一,当然也显示出一个人的英语水平的高低。句子多变主要表现在句型的多样化与长短句的交替使用。但这种交替使用并不是机械的,而是根据不同的语境,选择最能表达作者意图的句子。 总之,面对多种多样的句子,在写作时不分场合简单地偏爱某种句型,会使文字显得呆板,单调,而一味追求长句。复杂句,特别对于那些基本功不扎实的英语初学者来说,会使文章显得华而不实,甚至弄巧成拙。但也有一些初学者为保险起见,过多地使用简单句,甚至认为使用simple sentence符合我们提倡的 Simple English,这也是一种误解。一篇文章只有交替使用合适的长句。 短句,交替使用有效的简单句。复合句,才会显得生动有力。句子是最高一级的语法单位,是由一个或多个分句构成的。只有一个主语和谓语并能表达完整意思的独立句子是简单句(Simple Sentence),两个或两个以上分句通过并列互连便构成并列句(Compound Sentence);如构成句子的各分句间不是一种并列关系,而是一种主从关系,即一个分句是另一个分句的组成部分,这类分句互相结合的结果便构成复合句(Complex Sentence);如两个或两个以上的分句,其中一个带有主从结构并由并列连词连接起来,便构成并列复合句(Compound-complex Sentence)。上面这种对句子的分类法仅是从句子结构方面来分的,除这种分类法外,英语的句子还有许多分类方法,现分述之: 2 T, m8 K% b( j- J1.根据用途来分:; d9 B3 X/ R. q+ m4 W(1)陈述句(Declarative Sentence):叙述一项事实(包括肯定和否定),例如:/ g( F) ! u/ M. H2 bMark Twain is a great American writer.% i- w6 e7 P3 I have never been to Japan. R$ a4 J% 7 M z; b* Z(2)疑问句(Interrogative Sentence):用来提出疑问的句子。共有四种: 一般疑问句:Are you married？ 疑问句:Who is that person over there？ 疑问句:Are you going by bus or by train？ 疑问句:It is cold, isnt it？* U6 V+ D W) p t2 f. C(3)祈使句(Imperative Sentence):通常表示一种请求。命令或建议,例如:9 o7 k9 N0 Z( T ( 9 2 W: 8 W+ O4 g , ( Be careful. W5 E% X J9 ,