物流论文+英文版.doc

.物流专业英语班级：物流三班姓名：秦汉乾学号：2013041975Introduction to Logistics Logrstics is the management of the flow of the goods, information and other resources in a repair cycle between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet the requiements of customers. Logistics involves the integrtion of infomation, transportation, detailed list warehousing, materil handling, and packging, andand occasionally secwit. Logistics is a channel of th supply chain which adds the value of0f time and place utility. Today the complexity of poduction logistics can be modeled,d analyzed, visualized and optimized by plant simulation software The term logzshcs comes from the Greek logos (2byos), meaning speeclt, reason, ratro, mtionalit, language, phrase, and more specifically from th Greek word lqgisrtki gaytonkq),), meaning acounting and financial organization. The word logistics has its aigin in the French verbb loger to lodge or t quarter. Its original use wasto describe the science ofmovemcnt, srppying &g & maintenance of military forces in the feld. Lateron it was sed to desaibe the managemcnt ft 0f materials fiow through an o:ganization, from raw materials through to Saished good Logistics is considered to have originated in the militarys nead to supply themselves with arms, ammunition and rations as they moved 6rom their base to a forward position. In ancient Greek, Roma and Byzantine empires, military officers with the titie Lagistikass were responsible for financia and supply distribution matterss Logistics management is that part of the supply cbain which plans, implernents and controls the efficient, effective forwad and reverse flow and storage of goods, savices andd related information between te point of origin and the poin of consumptioo in crder tott mect customer and legal requirements. A professioal woricing in the feld of logisticscs management is called a logistician Logistics management is Known by many narnes; the most common are as foDows Materials Management Channel Management Distnbution (or Physical Distribution) Business or Logistics Managemenl Supply Chain ManagementBusiness Logistics Logastics as a business concept evolved m the 1950s Business logastics can be defined as having the right item in he rightt quantity at the right time at the tight place for the right pnce In te nght condition to the nght customer , and Is the science of processs The main fimchoas of a qualified logsshcran include invcntory managemeru, Inachasmg, transportabon, warehousing, consultation and the organizing nd plarming of these activitiess Logrsticrans combme a professional Imowledge of ech of these fimctrcn to coordmate resowcesee in ao organization. There are two ftmdamentally dfferent forms of logistic3: co8 opriniaoaa a steady flow of mateial; the other coordinates a sequence of resources to cnry otd some peujectc peopProduction logistics The tenn production logistics is used to describe logistic processes within an induatc) The purpose of production logistics is to ensure that each machine and workstation is being fed with he right product in the right quantily and qualityat the rigt time. The concem is nctncc the transportation itself; but to streamline and control the flow through value-adding prcessess and eliminate non-vlue-adding ones. Production logistics can be applied to existing as welll as new plants. Manufacturing in an existing plant is a constantly changing procss. Prothaetionn logistics provides he means to achieve customer response and capital efficienc) Warehouse management systems and warehouse control systems Although there is some ftinctionality overlap, the. differences between warehouse management systems) and warehouse control systems (WCS) can e significant. AA WMS plans a weekly ctivity forecast based on such factots as statistis and trends, whereas a WCA acts s4pervisor, working in real time to neaaa For Instance, a WMS get the job docbe b the mostt ctock-keepl gunft(SKU,)Aandfiveof. can tell the tystem rt n comsideratioos may avee SKU B hours m advance, bot by the_ trme It acts. other as going to need five of tri come into play, A WCS can ume and adapting to the situation and operational s 9tatus. Working synrgisticali, Dy making a last-minute decaston based preventthatproblembwarkinginreal1 1y, WMS and WCS can resolve these issues. Logistics has evolved to unmatched heights because of advances in the field all over the globe. Many organizations which used to treat the process as a buden are now focusingon the growth and development of logisties by making it as an integral organization. Those with an interest in the 6eld may find some 101 part of te ll uutially confusing, so we present definitions of some frequently used Dhraser phraser ABC aoalysis It refers to the process of classification of products as per the level of terms of their relative criteria such as purchase or sales volume. It can be :mportance ia l tectinique that is used in a business sense for denoting a categorization of lage voltt descnhed 18 a data into groups. These groups can be mrked as A, B and C. This means thatt ume or l activities thes l are considered high on prioriy are labeled as A, those witha lesser priority atete coder B and the groups of activities that are last on the list of priority are labeled C grouped Open Pollcy This refers to a cargo insurance pohcy that has an open contracL An open poll form of lcy asa l cargo insrance policy that is used to cover all grpes of sbipments undertakcn b J l tbe insured party. sometimes referred to as blanket coverage, the client is covred forr sl:ation specified in the tems and conditions of the insurancee agreement, as long s those ll shipments have been properly declared to the company that underwrites the policy Consagnee Tbis refers to an individual, company or manufacturer to whom a shipper or seller sends l merchandise. Intermediate consignee refrs to a patty who is responsible for merchandisee delivery to the ultmate consignee. intimate consignee, on te other hmd, refers to a party J l who is in the actual receipt of the merchandise in an export-related ransactionn Air Way bill This refers to a bill of lading that is related to air transportation which tends to serve as l the shipprs receipt. It indicates that the carrier company has consented to th licted goods J l and under an obligaion to carry the products that are delivered in the form of a ll consignment to the destination airport in accordance with te conditioos specifid to fr J l consignee and consignor. Air way bills are always non-negotableeLoglshcs can be referred to as an enternse planrung network used for the purnose off purpose information, material management, capital flows. In the words of a layman It cat bee described as deliveing at the right time, for the right prie and in the right condition. Whenen seen in te modem day competitive business action, it includes complex information alongg with importance to the control and communication systems of the organizaticrn. No matter the size and the area of operations of ati organization, logistics information plays an important role in the achievement of the goals of the organization Logistics does not refer to a single activity performed for delivery of goods; it extends to delivery of goods at the right time, at the right place, in the right condition and at the right price The loglshcs manager ensures that no fraud Is committed dunng the logrstrcs process and the logistics systems nm in accordance with the predefined plans and policies of the organization. An efective and efficient logistics system ensures the smooth fimctioning ofthee organization and it is rightly considerd as an integral part of the plans of th organizationon The plan must be clearly defined so that there is no confosion in the minds of the iogistics team. This clarity will help to accomplish the desired objectives of the organization. It must be drafed in accordance with the objectives of the organization. Itst aam must be to provide timely delivery of goods besides rendering noml ftmctions off logistics under strct deadlines and in conformity with busiess goals1s The loglstics team works under predefined objectives to ensure that the product Is delivered as and when needed, for an economtcal pnce and in the nght condition It may use the services of various modes of transportation such as trucks, bses, trolleys, COUTII er companies, flights, boats or outsource he task to third-party logistics (3PLS).I Thus, logistics do play an important role in the execution of normal tasks associated with an organization. The orgnization must make necessary plans and guidelines to0 enslue that their logistics information system is ftinctioning smoothly at all times.A Diversity of ModesTransport modes are the means by which people and freight achieve mobthty. They fall into one of tluee basic ypes, depending on over wbat suiface thcy travel - land (roadd nil and Papelines), water (shipping), and air. Esch mode is charactcrized by a set of teehnioal, opaational and commercial charactetistics: Road transportaton froad infrastriicbaes are large consumers of space with the lowest lcvel of physical co:iataints among tansponationa modes. Road transportation has an average opaatenalal flexibility as vehisles can serve several pnrposc but are ranely sble to move oirtcide roada. Road transport systems have high maintenance costs, both for the vehicles and infrastriictures. Tey are mainly liaked to light industries where rapd movements of freightht in smatl atches are the normm Rail transportation Railways ate composed of traced paths on wbieh sce bound vebicles. They have an average level of pbsical constrains linked to the types of tocomotives and a low gradient isB required, particularty fot freight. Heay industries are traditioaally linked with rail trnapprtrr systema, lthough containerization has improved th fexibi:ity o roil transportaion by by linking it with roa and maritime modes.I Pipelloes Pipeline routes ete practically unlimited as they can be laid on land ar under water Pipeline constriiction costs vary accoalg to the diameter and increase proportinally withitt the distance and wih the viscosigr of fiuids (from gas, low viscosity, to oit, ttigb viscosity).- The Trans Alaskan pipeline, which is 1,oo km long, was built under diffrcutt conditionss and bas to be above ground fbr most of ita path. Pipeline tenninals are very important aince they conespoad to refineries and harbors. Maritime transportation Maritime trensportation is the mast effective mode to move large quantities of cargo over long distances. Main maritimc routes are composed of oceans, coats, seas, lakes, riven and ebannels. Bowever. due to the location of economic activities mantime cinulation takes place on specific parts of the maritime space, particulerty over the Norht Atlantic and Inc Notb Prcific. Mantime tiansporlation has bigh terminl costs, since portrt infraatuchaes are aong the most expensie to btdld, maintain and impDoe. Higbigb inveotory costs also charactierize maritime transponation. Mcre than any other ade, maritime ransportiton is linkcd to heavy industris, such as steel and petrochemcalica1 frcilitie adjaeent to poct sites. Air transportation Air routes are practically unlimited, but they are denser over the North Atlantic, inside North Ameica and Europe and over the Noath Pacifi. Air transport constraints arere multidimensional and include he site (a commercial plane needs about 3,300 meters off runway fbr landing and taldng off ), the climate, fog and aerial currents. Air activities are linked to the tertiary and quatemary sectors, notbly finance and tourism, which lean on tete long distance mobility of people. More recently, air transportation has been acconunodating growing quantities of high vaue freight and is playing a growing role in global logisticss Intermodal transportation Concerns a variety of modes used in combination so that the respective advantages of each mode are better exploited. Althoug intermodal transporation applies for passengerer movements, such as he usage of the diffrent, but interconneted modes of a public transitsit system, it is over reight transportation that the most signficant impacts have beenen obsenred, Contrinerization has been a powerful vector of intermodal integration, enabling maritime and land tansportatin modes to more effectively inerconnectect Telecommunications Cover a grey area in terms of if they can be considered as a transport mode since uolike true transportation, telecommunications ofen does not have physicalhh ty Yet, they are structured as networks with a Practically unlimited capacity with verv 11 very low constraints, which may include te Physiogrphy and oceanic masses thatat may impair the settng off cables. Tey provide for the instantaneous movement of informati,l theory). Wave transmlssaons, because of their hmited coverage, often on (speed of light in require substations. such as for cellula phone networks. Satellites ar often uslsl Ing a geostationary orbit which is getting eowded. Hig network costs and low distribtioni0n costs chaacterize many telecommuication networks, which are linked to th tertiary and quaternary sectors (stockCK markets, business to business information networks, etc). Telecommunications can provide a substittion for personal movements in some economic sectorsIntroduction to Warehousing Wt.aeo:_hos_ing ia the storage of goods for profit as the part of firms logistics system. Thshpiz51-n:locujte,thewarchouse.isastoragefecrtly that recelves goos and productscts Hlstory Ware-houstng s roots date back to the crcatton of grananes to store food d of fbmine. As European explorers began ng arehouses at the ports grew In Importance for thc storage of products and commodn to creale Shipping-trade routes with other narions, from afar. As railmads began to expend ravel andd t les for the storage of materials became necessary. Later, because the trnnsportation, the creation of rail depots resinctions On railroads, govemment placed more commercial wa:ehousing began to grow. World War n also mpacted warehousutg. As mass productlon grew throughout mamfactunng, the needs off efficientand effective wuehousing capabilitiesgrewwith it. Modern Development arehouse industry also cofed with new methods of distribution, such as just-in-hme U) maoufacturing-where warehousing is unnecessary because products are shipped dvectly to customers. Warehousig companie8- are now striving to beb nnfly storage facilities. They a:e transforming temselves into third-party logisticss Provjders or 3PLS that provide a wide array of services aad flancioos. Con;emporaryy arebousing facilities ofrer ligkt manufacturing, caH centers, labeling, and othre non-sto:age optrons. Warebouse Classifications Warehouses are divided into public warehouse, private wa:ehouse, leased warehouse aod contract Werehouse. Public warehouse uwolves he client paying a staadard fee fior thee storage of merchandise. Private warehouse is storage and operations controlled completely .by a sinle manufacturer. Leaed warebouse is an optioa for more stabte inventoryrr Contract warehouse clients Fay fees regrdless of whether thy are usin the space or not:ot: the space is always there for them to use, however. Aecording to Overiew of Warebousingg in North America, contract waehouse accounts for more tban 60 percent of the U.S.+ Commercial market. Warebouse Fnnctions Warehousing is a key eomponent of the overall business supply chain. Warehouse fia:etions include the storage of goods to permit managing product fow or to accommodate longer production runs; a mixing point where products from difrerent suppliers are mixed and then distributed to fulfll customer orders;a sales branch and customer service location: a source of supplies for production; a staging area for final packaging or finishingWarehouse Operation and Management The basic function of a warehouse is to receive customer orders, retrieve requhed items, and finally prepare and ship those items. There are many ways to organize these operations but the overall process in most warehouses shares the following common phasea Receiving-the process of unloading, checking quality and quantity, and disassembling or repacking items for storage Put-away-4efining the appropriate location for items and transferring them to the specified storage location to wait for demand Order picking-retrieving items from their storage locations and transporting them either to a sorting process or straight to the shipping area Shipping-inspecting, packing, palletizing and loading items into a carrier for further delivery Warehouse operations need clear visibility and real-time information on the location and movement of items. Using bar code, RFID, advanced labeling and wireless data collection technologies, your warehouse eliminates costly inefficiencies in your receiving, put-away, picking and shipping processes. AII items are accounted for with bar code labels and RFID tags. Inventory locations are clearly identified with long-range scannable labels Wareisouse employees receive ptcking and put-away instructions through wireless handheld and vehicle-mount terminals communicating real-time with your hrms Warehouse management systems (WMS) are best descnbed as the advanced technology and operating processes that optimize all warehousing functio