工程管理专业英语翻译.doc

1. A decision whether to pump or to transport concrete in buckets will directly affect the cost and duration of tasks involved in building construction. 用泵送混凝土还是用吊斗浇筑混凝土的决定将直接影响建筑物施工中各项任务的成本和时间2. In selecting among alternative methods and technologies, it may be necessary to formulate a number of construction plans based on alternative methods or assumptions. 在选择施工方法和技术时，有必要根据各种备选的施工方法和假设制订若干套施工计划。3. This examination of several alternatives is often made explicit in bidding competitions in which several alternative designs may be proposed or value engineering for alternative construction methods may be permitted这种对几个备选方案之间的评比在公开招标中表现的十分明显：在设计招标中会要求提交数个设计方案；在施工招标中会用到价值工程的方法4. In this case, potential constructors may wish to prepare plans for each alternative design using the suggested construction method as well as to prepare plans for alternative construction methods which would be proposed as part of the value engineering process. 在这个案例中，潜在的承包商需要针对每个备选设计方案根据被建议的施工方法来制定具体的计划；也需要针对每个备选施工方法制定具体计划，而这些施工方法选择会被推荐应用价值工程方法5. In forming a construction plan, a useful approach is to simulate the construction process either in the imagination of the planner or with a formal computer based simulation technique.根据施工计划人员的想象或者利用以计算机为工具的仿真技术队施工过程进行模拟。在制定施工计划时，非常有用的办法是6. For example, a decision to use a particular piece of equipment for an operation immediately leads to the question of whether or not there is sufficient access space for the equipment. 例如，当我们决定使用一台特定的机械设备进行施工时，可能马上会遇到这样一个问题，即，是否有足够的工作面来容纳这台设备。7. Three dimensional geometric models in a computer aided design(CAD) system may be helpful in simulating space requirements for operations and for identifying any interferences.使用计算机辅助设计系统中（CAD）的三维图形模型对施工中的空间进行模拟，并对干扰因素进行识别是非常有用的，从而解决我们的问题。8. Similarly, problems in resource availability identified during the simulation of the construction process might be effectively forestalled by providing additional resources as part of the construction plan. 类似地，我们还可以用计算机对施工过程中的资源使用情况进行模拟，并根据模拟结果提前制定资源供应计划。9.The various categories of activity float are illustrated in figure 9-2 in which the activity is represented by a bar which can move back and forth in time depending upon its scheduling start time. 各种工作时差的分类如图9-2所示，图中一项工作的时间安排用一条能根据它的工作开始时间适时前后移动的横线表示10. Three possible scheduled starts are shown, corresponding to the cases of starting each activity at the earliest event time, E(i),the latest activity start time LS(I,J),and at the latest event time L(i). 有三种计划开始时间，分别是与工作最早开始时间相对应的事件最早时间E(i)，工作最迟开始时间LS(I,J)以及事件最迟时间L(i).11. Thus the start of the activity could be scheduled anytime between time 4 and 14 after the project began without interfering with the schedule of other activities or with the earliest completion time of the project. 因此，该工作可以被安排在项目开工后4到14中的任意时间开始，而不会影响其他工作的进度或者整个项目最早完工时间。12. Graphical presentation of project schedules are particularly useful since it is much easier to comprehend a graphical display of numerous pieces of information than to sift through a large table of numbers. 项目计划图示的表达特别有用，因为大量的信息通过图的形式表现出来比用包含大量数据的表来表现要容易理解得多。13. Early computer scheduling systems were particularly poor in this regard since they produced pages and pages of numbers without aids to the manager for understanding them.早期的计算机进度系统在这方面做得非常欠缺，他们只是产出大量的数据，而不能帮助项目经理去理解他们。14.It is extremely tedious to read a table of activity numbers, durations, schedule time, and floats and thereby gain an understanding and appreciation of a project schedule 阅读有关工作数目、持续天数、计划时间、以及工作时差的表格，并由此来理解和评价一个项目的计划安排是一件极端乏味无趣的事。15.These diagrams provide a powerful visualization of the precedence and relationships among the various project activities这种图提供了一种表达各种项目工作之间的先后逻辑顺序和相互关系的可视化工具16. Project planning is often conducted by producing network representation of greater and greater refinement until the plan is satisfactory项目计划通常是通过对网络图的一次次的改进，达到令人满意的计划结果为止。17. The activity diagrams shown in the previous section were topological networks in that only the relationship between nodes and branches were of interest在前面章节中出现的工作图是基于拓扑学的网络图，其中只有节点与分支之间的联系才是值得注意的。18. In time-scaled network diagrams, activities on the network are plotted on a horizontal axis measuring the time since project commencement而在时标网络图中，网络图中的工作时按水平坐标方向绘制的，以衡量从项目开始后所用的时间。19. Obviously, this time scaled diagram is produced as a display after activities are initially scheduled by the critical path method. 很明显地，这种时标网络图是在用关键线路法初步确定了各种工作安排后才制定出来的。20. During the course of monitoring a project, useful additions to the basic bar chart include a vertical line to indicate the current time plus small marks to indicate the current state of work on each activity. 在项目监测过程中，除基本的横道图外还会用到其他有用的方法，包括用垂直线表示现在的时间、加上一些小标记来标示各项工作当前的状况。21. For planning purpose, bar charts are not as useful since they do not indicate the precedence relationships among activities. Thus, a planner must remember or record separately that a change in one activitys schedule may require changes to successor activities. 从计划的目的来看，横道图并不十分有用，因为他并不表示各项工作之间的先后逻辑关系。所以，计划制定者必须记住或者单独记录好一个工作安排的变化可能会引起后续工作的变化。22. The first schedule would occur if each activity was scheduled at its earliest start time, ES(i,j) consistent with completion of the project in the minimum possible time. With this schedule, Figure 10-5 shows the percent of project activity completed versus time. 第一条进度先表示每项工作都安排在其最早开始时间ES(i,j)，它与项目在可能的最短时间完成是相一致的。用这种计划表，如图10-5表示的就是各种项目工作随着时间变化完成的百分比23. The horizontal time difference between the two feasible schedules gives an indication of the extent of possible float.两条可行的计划曲线水平方向之间的时间差就表明了可能的时差范围24. In practice, a vertical axis representing cash expenditures rather than percent completed is often used in developing a project representation of this type实际上，以这种形式描述一个项目时，纵坐标更多的是表示资金的支出，而不是完成的百分率25. Separate “S-curves” may also be prepared for groups of activities on the same graph, such as separate curves for the design, procurement, foundation or particular sub-contractor activities. 在同一张图上，有时需要针对不同工作内容绘制不同的s-曲线，比如，设计、采购、基础工程或者特定分包商的各项工作26. With limited resources of some kind , graphs of this type can indicate when the competition for a resource is too large to accommodate; in cases of this kind, resource constrained scheduling may be necessary as described in section 10.9.当某些资源有限时，这种图可以显示出何时所需资源太多而不能满足要求。在这种情况下，就需要10.9中所描述的资源限制计划表了。26. Thus, a planner might alter a schedule through the use of available activity floats so as to level or smooth out the demand for resources.因此，计划着会利用工作的是插队原计划进行修改，以使得资源需求趋于均衡。27. The problem of displaying numerous activities becomes particularly acute when accessory information such as activity identifying numbers or phrases, durations and resources are added to the diagram.当一些附属信息，比如工作的识别码、持续时间、资源等也标在图上时，同时展现众多的工作成为尤为棘手的问题。28.Unfortunately，activity durations are estimates of the actual time required , and there is liable to be a significant amount of uncertainty associated with the actual durations. 但遗憾的是，工作持续时间只是对实际需要时间的估算，而工作的实际持续时间却往往带有很大的不确定性。29. During the preliminary planning stages for a project, the uncertainty in activity durations is particularly large since the scope and obstacles to the project are still undefined. 在项目的初始计划阶段，由于项目的范围和潜在的障碍还无法明确定义出来，所以，蕴含在工作持续时间当中的不确定性是很大的。30. other external events such as adverse weather，trench collapses , or labor strikes make duration estimates particular uncertain. 此外，不利的气候条件、基坑塌方后者工人罢工等其他事件都会使工作持续时间变得极不确定。31.Two simple approaches to dealing with the uncertainty in activity durations warrant some discussion before introducing more formal scheduling procedures to deal with uncertainty. 在我们深入探讨处理不确定性的进度计划方法之前，先介绍两种处理工作持续时间中不确定性的简单方法32. First, the uncertainty in activity durations may simply be ignored and scheduling done using the expected or most likely time duration for each activity.第一种方法是，我们干脆忽略工作持续时间中的不确定性，在进度计划中用每项工作的预期或者最有可能持续时间来进行计算。33.As field managers appreciate, activity durations vary considerable and can be influenced by good leadership and close attention.正如现场经理们所体会的那样，工作持续时间有时会发生相当大的变化，并且也会受到良好的领导能力和专注的工作态度等的影响。34. Clearly, the use of fixed activity durations in setting up a schedule makes a continual process of monitoring and updating the schedule in light of actual experience imperative. 在制定进度计划时，使用固定的工作持续时间就必须时刻根据实际情况对进度计划进行监控和更新35. For example，an activity with an expected duration of two days might be scheduled for a period of 2.2 days, including a ten percent contingency .Systematic application of this contingency would result in a ten percent increase in the expected time to complete the project.例如，一项预期持续时间为2天的工作，在排进度计划时按照2.2天来对待，这里就包含了10%的应急时间。如果整个项目均把应急时间系统性地考虑在内的话，那么项目完工的预期工期也将增加10%.36. While the use of this rule-of-thumb or heuristic contingency factor can result in more accurate schedules, it is likely that formal scheduling methods that incorporate uncertainty more formally are useful as a means of obtaining greater accuracy or in understanding the effects of activity delays与第一种方法相比，考虑了应急时间在内的第二种处理不确定性的进度计划方法，尽管在精度上有所提高，但是为了获得更高的精确性和为了了解进度拖延的影响和原因，我们通常会使用将在下面予以介绍的把不确定因素考虑在内的更为正式的进度计划方法37. Using expected activity durations and critical path scheduling, critical path of activities can be identified. This critical path is then used to analyze the duration of the project incorporating the uncertainty of the activity durations along the critical path. The expected project duration is equal to the sum of the expected durations of the activities along the critical path.我们利用预期的工作持续时间和关键线路法，先判别出进度计划的关键线路及关键工作，然后把关键线路上关键工作的不确定性考虑进度，再进一步分析项目的工期。项目的预期工期等于关键线路上各关键工作的预期持续时间。38. Assuming that activity durations are independent random variables, the variance or variation in the duration of this critical path is calculated as the sum of the variances along the critical path. With the mean and variance of the identified critical path known, the distribution of activity durations can also be computed假定工作持续时间是相互独立的随机变量，关键线路持续时间的方差或者变化可有对关键线路上各关键工作的方差进行求和计算而得出。得到了已判别的关键线路的均值和方差后，就可以计算工作持续时间的分布了39. Positive correlations of this type between activity durations imply that the PERT method underestimates the variance of the critical path and thereby produces over-optimistic expectations of the probability of meeting a particular project completion deadline. 由于没有考虑工作持续时间之间的这种正相关性，PERT计划技术就有可能忽略了关键线路的变异性，因而对于一个项目能否满足工期要求就可能产生过于乐观的概率期望值。40. Budgeting was undertaken on the basis of government formulae for the cost of houses, schools, hospitals, etc., and the skill of the cost planner lies in optimizing these in relation to the particular project.过去，预算是基于例如住宅、学校、医院等政府项目的成本预算公式而开展工作的；同时，成本计划者的技术主要是优化与这些特殊项目有关的成本预算。41. It must be emphasized that the purpose of cost planning is not to obtain minimum standards and a “cheap job” but to budget correctly for a desired standard and then ensure that the resulting budget is spent effectively.必须强调是，成本计划的目的不在于获得最低标准和“廉价工程”，而在于恰当的预算，从而获得一个合理标准并且确保最终的预算方案能有效进行。42. Many years ago a quantity surveyor was often not appointed until the architect had prepared the working drawings of the final scheme, or, if appointed earlier, would play no part in things until this stage was reached and work could start on the bills of quantities (BQs).在以前，工料测量师是在建筑师准备好最后的施工详图之后才被委以控制成本的任务。否则，即使是更早一点委派，也得到了此阶段（在施工图之后），工料测量师才能开始进行有关工程量清单的工作。44. Things have changed since those days, and now the quantity surveyor, or other cost controller, is sometimes appointed before any other professional adviser and takes over total responsibility for the clients financial interests in the scheme.近期，情况有所转变了。现在的工料测量师或者说其他的成本控制者是先于其他专业顾问而被委派任务的，并且在计划中全权负责客户的财务利益。45. As changes or discrepancies between the plan and the realization occur, the project schedule and cost estimates should be modified and new schedules devised.由于计划和现实之间存在着变化和差异，因而我们需要对项目计划和预算成本进行调整，这样一来，就会形成新的进度计划。46. Even in projects for which the design is finalized before construction begins, change orders representing changes in the “final” design are often issued to incorporate changes desired by the owner.然而，即使是在项目施工开始之前设计工作已全部完成，业主由于某些原因也会以“变更通知”的形式来要求修改“最终的”设计，以体现其希望的改变。47. What is required is a means of identifying discrepancies, diagnosing the cause, forecasting the effect, and propagating this effect to all related activities.我们所需要的是一种能够识别偏差、诊断原因、预测结果以及分析这个结果对相关工作的影响的方法。48. Updating activity duration estimations, changing scheduled start time, modifying the estimates of resources required for each activity, and even changing the project network logic(by inserting new activities or other changes)should all be easily accomplished.唯有如此，项目经理才能对调整工作作业时间、改变计划初始时间、修正每项工作的资源需要量估算，甚至是改变项目的网络图逻辑关系（通过插入新的工作或者其他变化）等各项属于更新与调整范围的工作感到得心应手。49. For example, an activity for the preparation of a foundation would involve laborers, cement workers, concrete forms, concrete, reinforcement, transportation of materials and other resources. Even a more disaggregated activity definition such as erection of foundation forms would involve numerous resources such as forms, nails, carpenters, laborers and material transportation.例如，一项桩基础的施工准备工作可能会包含劳动力、水泥工、混凝土搅拌、混凝土浇筑与养护、材料运输以及其他一些资源等。甚至想预制桩的吊装这样综合性并不强的工作也会需要模板、钉子、木工、工人和材料运输等多种资源。50. To integrate cost and schedule information, the disaggregated charges for specific activities and specific cost accounts must be the basis of analysis.因此，为了对成本和进度信息进行综合，我们必须把针对具体工作和具体成本报告的分解费用作为分析的基础。51. In some cases, it might also be desirable to identify work elements by the responsible organization or individual. In this case, a three dimensional representation of wok elements is required, with the third dimension corresponding to responsible individuals.在有些情况下，有关负责的组织和个人也想对作业要素进行识别，这样一来，作业要素就需要一个三维的表达方式，其中第三维对应于有关负责的组织或个人。52. In particular, the costs associated with specific activities could be obtained as the sum of the work elements appearing in any row in Table 10-1. These costs could be used to evaluate alternate technologies to accomplish particular activities or to derive the expected project cash flow over time as the schedule changes.尤其是，通过汇总出现在图10-1内任一行的作业要素，我们可以得到具体工作的相关成本，这些成本可以用来评价完成具体工作的各个技术方案，或者得出随着进度变化的预期现金流量。53. From the management perspective, problems developing from particular activities could be rapidly identified since costs would be accumulated at such a disaggregated level. 从管理角度而言，由于成本已经能在如此细的程度上进行累计，源于具体工作的一些问题就可以及时地予以识别。54. However, even a density of two percent (so that each activity would have eight cost accounts and each account would have eight associated activities on the average) would involve nearly thirteen thousand work elements.然而，及时只有2%的集中度（即每项工作被反映在8个成本报告中和每个成本报告平均包含8项工作），那就会有仅13000个的作用要素。55. Moreover, the benefits from integration of schedule and cost information are particularly noticeable in materials control since delivery schedules are directly affected and bulk order discounts might be identified.此外，因为运输计划可以直接调整，同时大宗订单的折扣也能识别出来，这就使得进度和成本信息综合所带来的好处更加明显。56. In the absence of a work element accounting system, costs associated with particular activities are usually estimated by summing expenses in all cost accounts directly related to an activity plus a proportion of expenses in cost accounts used jointly by two or more activities.如果没有作业要素会计系统，我们则通过汇总所有成本报告中与意向工作直接相关的费用，再加上一定比例的成本报告中的两个或者两个以上工作共同发生的费用来估算具体的相关成本。57. For example, cost associated with supervision might be allocated to different concreting activities on the basis of the amount of wok (measured in cubic yard of concrete) in the different activities.例如，现场监理发生的费用可根据不同工作的劳动量（以立方英尺混凝土计）分摊到不同的混凝土施工工作中。58. Indirect costs of insurance, inspection and regulation are increasing rapidly due to these increased direct costs. Good project managers try to ensure that the job is done right the first time and that no major accidents occur on the project. 而随着这些直接成本的增加，工程保险和监督检查等间接费用也会迅速增加。好的项目经理应努力确保工作一开始就顺利，在项目的进展过程中不出现大的意外。59. It is during these preliminary stages that component configurations, material specifications and functional performance are decided. Quality control during construction consists largely of insuring conformance to these original designs and planning decision。正是在前期阶段，我们做出了有关结构体系、材料规格和功能要求等方面的重要决策。而施工阶段的质量控制则是确保对于这些初始设计和规划的遵守和执行。60. First, unforeseen circumstances, incorrect design decisions or changes desired by an owner in the facility function may require re-evaluation of design decisions during the course of construction. 首先，不可预见事件、设计失误或者业主提出的关于实施功能的变更都会要求在施工过程中对设计进行重新评价。61. For example, some tunneling methods upon observation of soil conditions during the tunneling process. Since such decisions are based on better information concerning actual site conditions, the facility design may be more cost effective as a result.例如，有关隧道掘进中支撑数量方案的决策需要建立在隧道掘进过程中对不同位置土壤状况进行观测的基础上。由于这样的决策是建立在有关现场实际条件的更为详尽的信息基础之上，所以设计方案会更为符合实际。62. In either case, insuring safe and quality construction is a concern of the project manager in overall charge of the project in addition to the concerns of personnel, cost, time and other management issues.而无论在那种情形下，确保施工的质量和安全，是除了人力、成本和进度等管理问题之外，项目经理在项目整个过程中必须予以关注的事情。63. However, only a small fraction of construction sites are visited by OSHA inspectors and most construction site accidents are not caused by violations of existing standards. As a result, safety is largely the responsibility of the managers on site rather than that of public inspectors. 然而，OSHA的检查人员所能查访到的施工现场毕竟有限，加之大多数施工现场的意外事件并非由于违反现行标准而引起。因而，现场的安全责任说到底还是应当又项目经理来承担。64. In addition to the various organizational bodies involved in quality control, issues of quality control arise in virtually all the functional areas of construction activities. 除了各组织实体会涉及质量控制之外，实际上几乎所有施工活动的功能领域都会涉及质量控制。65. Materials obtained from suppliers or work performed by an organization is inspe